Species Diversity and Flagellate Infections in the Sand Fly Fauna near Porto Grande, State of Amapá, Brazil (Diptera: Psychodidae. Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)

Forty-six species of Lutzomyia and one species of Brumptomyia were identified among 20,008 sand flies collected in central Amapá. L. squamiventris maripaensis, L. infraspinosa, L. umbratilis and L. ubiquitalis accounted for 66% of the specimens caught in light traps, and L. umbratilis was the commonest of the 16 species found on tree bases. Seven species of Lutzomyia including L. umbratilis were collected in a plantation of Caribbean pine. Sixty out of 511 female sand flies dissected were positive for flagellates. Among the sand flies from which Leishmania was isolated, promastigotes were observed in the salivary glands and foregut of 13 out of 21 females scored as having very heavy infections in the remainder of the gut, reinforcing the idea that salivary gland invasion may be part of the normal life cycle of Leishmania in nature. Salivary gland infections were detected in specimens of L. umbratilis, L. whitmani and L. spathotrichia. Parasites isolated from L. umbratilis, L. whitmani and also from one specimen of L. dendrophyla containing the remains of a bloodmeal, were compatible with Le. guyanensis by morphology and behaviour in hamsters.

Descriptions of Lutzomyia (Evandromyia) georgii n. sp. and a Synopsis of the Series infraspinosa (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Lutzomyia georgii n. sp. and the female of L. tarapacaensis in the Series infraspinosa of the subgenus Evandromyia are described, from specimens collected in rainforest in the north of the State of Pará, Brazil. The new species was taken together with five other Evandromyia species including L. infraspinosa (sensu strictu) in the same locality. L. georgii has previously been confused with both L. begonae and L. infraspinosa, whereas L. tarapacaensis would run to L. infraspinosa in recent taxonomic keys. The fact that both L. georgii and L. tarapacaensis are locally sympatric with L. infraspinosa helps to clarify the taxonomic limits of the latter species. New keys to the subgenus Evandromyia are provided.

Effects of timber harvest on phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a production forest: abundance of species on tree trunks and prevalence of trypanosomatids

The Amazon forest is being exploited for timber production. The harvest removes trees, used by sand flies as resting sites, and decreases the canopy, used as refuges by some hosts. The present study evaluated the impact of the timber harvest, the abundance of sand flies, and their trypanosomatid infection rates before and after selective logging. The study was accomplished in terra-firme production forest in an area of timber harvest, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Sand fly catches were carried out in three areas: one before and after the timber harvest, and two control areas, a nature preservation area and a previously exploited area. The flies were caught by aspiration on tree trunks. Samples of sand flies were dissected for parasitological examination. In the site that suffered a harvest, a larger number of individuals was caught before the selective extraction of timber, showing significant difference in relation to the number of individuals and their flagellate infection rates after the logging. The other two areas did not show differences among their sand fly populations. This fact is suggestive of a fauna sensitive to the environmental alterations associated with selective logging.

Lutzomyia maruaga (Diptera: Psychodidae), a new bat-cave sand fly from Amazonas, Brazil

A new species of parthenogenetic, autogenic and apparently extremely endemic phlebotomine is described from a sandstone cave located in primary terra firme forest to the North of the city of Manaus. Specimens were collected in the aphotic zone of the Refúgio do Maruaga cave by light trap and reared from bat guano. The adult morphology suggests a closer relationship to some Old World Phlebotominae than to species of Lutzomyia França encountered in the surrounding rainforest, but it shares characteristics with the recently proposed Neotropical genera Edentomyia Galati, Deanemyia Galati and Oligodontomyia Galati.

Attraction of Chagas disease vectors (Triatominae) to artificial light sources in the canopy of primary Amazon rainforest

Adult triatomines occasionally fly into artificially lit premises in Amazonia. This can result in Trypanosoma cruzi transmission to humans either by direct contact or via foodstuff contamination, but the frequency of such behaviour has not been quantified. To address this issue, a light-trap was set 45 m above ground in primary rainforest near Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil and operated monthly for three consecutive nights over the course of one year (432 trap-hours). The most commonly caught reduviids were triatomines, including 38 Panstrongylus geniculatus, nine Panstrongylus lignarius, three Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus, five Rhodnius robustus, two Rhodnius pictipes, one Rhodnius amazonicus and 17 Eratyrus mucronatus. Males were collected more frequently than females. The only month without any catches was May. Attraction of most of the known local T. cruzi vectors to artificial light sources is common and year-round in the Amazon rainforest, implying that they may often invade premises built near forest edges and thus become involved in disease transmission. Consequently, effective Chagas disease prevention in Amazonia will require integrating entomological surveillance with the currently used epidemiological surveillance.

Diversity of sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) captured in sandstone caves from Central Amazonia, Brazil

In the present paper we describe the diversity of phlebotomine sandflies collected in three sandstone caves in the municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The phlebotomines were captured during 2006 with CDC light traps. Guano samples from inside the Gruta Refúgio do Maruaga were collected to investigate the presence of immature specimens. A total of 2,160 adult phlebotomines representing 15 species were captured. Pintomyia pacae was the dominant species in Gruta dos Animais (1,723 specimens) and Gruta dos Lages (50 specimens) and Deanemyia maruaga new comb (280 specimens) was the dominant species in Gruta Refúgio do Maruaga. A total of 18 guano samples were collected and seven of these samples included immature specimens. A total of 507 immature specimens were captured; 495 of these specimens were larvae and 12 were pupae. The presence of paca (Agouti paca) footprints near Gruta dos Animais and Gruta dos Lages suggests the association of Pi. pacae with this rodent. This finding may explain the abundance of Pi. pacae in these locations, while the species is relatively rare in the forest. Deanemyia maruaga is a cave species that uses guano to breed during its immature stages. Adult specimens of this species are apparently parthenogenetic and autogenous and represent the second record of parthenogenesis for the subfamily Phlebotominae.

Sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Central Amazonia and four new records for the Amazonas state, Brazil

Sand flies from Central Amazonia and four new records for the Amazonas state, Brazil. A survey was conducted in May and June 2008 to study the fauna of insects in Central Amazonia, Brazil. As part of the survey, we report here that sixty species of phlebotomine were identified, totaling 13,712 specimens from 13 genera. The collection sites were located at the border between the states of Pará and Amazonas, comprising three municipalities from the Amazonas state (Borba, Maués, and Nhamundá). Malaise, CDC and Shannon traps were used to collect the insects. Most of the sand flies were collected by CDC traps (89.5%), while Malaise and Shannon traps collected 7% and 3.5%, respectively. The most abundant genera, representing 97.1% of the total sand flies identified were: Trichopygomyia Barretto, 1962 (47.6%), Psathyromyia Barretto, 1962 (17.9%), Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 (17.5%) and Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 (14.3%). The genera with the largest number of species identified were: Psychodopygus (14), Psathyromyia (10), Evandromyia Mangabeira, 1941 (7), Trichophoromyia (5) and Trichopygomyia (5). The most abundant species was Trichopygomyia trichopyga (Floch & Abonnenc, 1945), which represented 29% of the total sand flies identified. Here we also report new records for four species in the Amazonas state: Ps. complexus (Mangabeira, 1941), Ps. llanosmartinsi Fraiha & Ward, 1980, Ty. pinna (Feliciangeli, Ramirez-Pérez & Ramirez, 1989), and Th. readyi (Ryan, 1986). The results of this study provide new, additional information on the distribution of sand flies in the Amazon and increase the number of species in the Amazonas state from 127 to 131.

Genome-wide association study of blood pressure extremes identifies variant near UMOD associated with hypertension.

Hypertension is a heritable and major contributor to the global burden of disease. The sum of rare and common genetic variants robustly identified so far explain only 1%-2% of the population variation in BP and hypertension. This suggests the existence of more undiscovered common variants. We conducted a genome-wide association study in 1,621 hypertensive cases and 1,699 controls and follow-up validation analyses in 19,845 cases and 16,541 controls using an extreme case-control design. We identified a locus on chromosome 16 in the 5' region of Uromodulin (UMOD; rs13333226, combined P value of 3.6×10(-11)). The minor G allele is associated with a lower risk of hypertension (OR [95%CI]: 0.87 [0.84-0.91]), reduced urinary uromodulin excretion, better renal function; and each copy of the G allele is associated with a 7.7% reduction in risk of CVD events after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and smoking status (H.R. = 0.923, 95% CI 0.860-0.991; p = 0.027). In a subset of 13,446 individuals with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements, we show that rs13333226 is independently associated with hypertension (unadjusted for eGFR: 0.89 [0.83-0.96], p = 0.004; after eGFR adjustment: 0.89 [0.83-0.96], p = 0.003). In clinical functional studies, we also consistently show the minor G allele is associated with lower urinary uromodulin excretion. The exclusive expression of uromodulin in the thick portion of the ascending limb of Henle suggests a putative role of this variant in hypertension through an effect on sodium homeostasis. The newly discovered UMOD locus for hypertension has the potential to give new insights into the role of uromodulin in BP regulation and to identify novel drugable targets for reducing cardiovascular risk.

Tuovilan museosilta, Mustasaari : Museosillan hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelma

Tuovilan museosilta (Toby stenbro), siltanumero V-845, sijaitsee Pohjanmaan maakunnassa Mustasaaressa (Korsholm). Sillan tieosoite on 17639-001-00094, Toby-Helsingby-Pundars. Joen pohjoispuoleinen tie on numero 7161, Tuovilantie (Tobyvägen) ja eteläpuoleinen tie numero 17715 Karkkimalantie (Karkmovägen). Tuovilan silta on noin 15 kilometrin päässä Vaasan kaupungista hyvien liikenneyhteyksien päässä. Tuovilan silta on liitetty Liikenneviraston (silloin Tie- ja vesirakennuslaitos) museokohdekokoelmaan vuonna 1982, ensimmäisten kohteiden joukossa. Silta ylittää Laihianjoen (tunnetaan myös nimellä Tuovilanjoki tai Toby å). Silta muodostuu kahdesta holvisillasta ja niitä yhdistävästä penkereestä, jota tukevat kylmämuuraustekniikalla rakennetut kivimuurit. Siltasaarella on pysähdyspaikka parille autolle. Opastaulu on kohtuullisen siistissä kunnossa, mutta malliltaan vanhanaikainen. Kohteen historiatiedot ovat olleet poikkeuksellisen kevyet. Hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelman historiaselvittelyssä voitiin todeta, että Laihianjoki on ylitetty suunnilleen Tuovilan sillan kohdalta jo Jaakko Teitin tieluettelon (1556) Pohjanlahden rantatiellä. Sillan rakennusvaiheet ja nykyisen siltapaikan valinta ovat olleet monipolvinen tapahtumaketju. Tuovilan kivisilta korvasi aikaisemman puusillan. Tuovilan sillan rakentaminen vuonna 1781 liittyi toiseen kustavilaisen aikakauden suurhankkeeseen Pohjanmaalla. Suora Postitie Närpiöstä Tuovilaan oli Suomen suurimpia tiehankkeita aikoinaan ja uudisti sekä tienrakennusta että maanviljelyä. Myös Tuovilan sillan rakennustekniikka, kylmämuurina muurattu holvi, oli uutta Suomessa. Suunnilleen samanaikaisesti, muutamaa vuotta aikaisemmin, rakennettiin Espoonkartanon sillat. Liikenneviraston museokohdekokoelmassa Tuovilan museosilta liittyy ajanjaksoon: ”1600–1700-lukujen maantieverkon rakentuminen”, missä rakentamisen pontimena olivat sisämaan kauppayhteydet satamiin, sotilaskuljetukset, hallinto ja erityisesti postin kulku. Ajanjaksolle tyypillistä oli maaliikenneyhteyksien rakentaminen Savo-Karjalan ja Pohjanlahden välille, mutta edellä mainittu postitie oli aikansa tärkeimpiä liikenneolojen kehittämistoimia. Tuovilan siltaan liittyy sotahistoriallinen tapahtuma Suomen sodan 1808–1809 ajalta, jolloin molemmat osapuolet käyttivät Pohjanmaan teitä sekä sotatoimiin että ennen kaikkea huoltoon. Tuovilan silta kuuluu Museoviraston rakennettujen kulttuuriympäristöjen luetteloon (RKY). Tuovilan sillan kunto on museaalisesta näkökulmasta hyvä, joskin sen ulkoasu on muuttunut selvästi turvallisuusjärjestelyjen takia aivan viime vuosina. Museokohteena Tuovilan silta on helposti saavutettava, mutta melko vaikeasti löydettävä. Sen ympäristö ei vastaa sillan historiallista arvoa. Hoito- ja ylläpitosuunnitelman tavoitteena on säilyttää Tuovilan museosilta todisteena 1600–1700-luvun kustavilaisen kauden sillanrakennuksesta, jota tekivät kivirakentamisen ammattimiehet urakkatyönä. Sillan säilyttäminen museointihetken (1982) asussa edellyttää hienovaraisia toimenpiteitä, joissa erityisesti otetaan huomioon sillan liittyminen ympäristöönsä ja sillan arvon korostuminen. Toimenpiteillä pyritään korostamaan sillan ja sen ympäristön tulkittavuutta. Suunnitelmassa on esitetty toimenpiteitä sillan ja sen lähiympäristön kehittämiseksi ja hoitamiseksi sekä tienpitäjän että maanomistajien näkökulmasta. Suunnitelma sisältää alueurakkaan sisällytettävät tieympäristön hoitotoimenpiteet sekä pitkän aikavälin tavoitteena kohteen ympäristön kunnostustoimenpiteitä ja suuntaviivoja sillan mahdolliselle korjaukselle.

Jmodels: Java models of earth system regulation

The JModel suite consists of a number of models of aspects of the Earth System. They can all be run from the JModels website. They are written in the Java language for maximum portability, and are capable of running on most computing platforms including Windows, MacOS and Unix/Linux. The models are controlled via graphical user interfaces (GUI), so no knowledge of computer programming is required to run them. The models currently available from the JModels website are: Ocean phosphorus cycle Ocean nitrogen and phosphorus cycles Ocean silicon and phosphorus cycles Ocean and atmosphere carbon cycle Energy radiation balance model (under development) The main purpose of the models is to investigate how material and energy cycles of the Earth system are regulated and controlled by different feedbacks. While the central focus is on these feedbacks and Earth System stabilisation, the models can also be used in other ways. These resources have been developed by: National Oceanography Centre, Southampton project led by Toby Tyrrell and Andrew Yool, focus on how the Earth system works.

Java computer modelling of the Earth System

The JModel suite consists of a number of models of aspects of the Earth System. The Java programmes model in detail aspects of the cycles of some major biogeochemical elements that exemplify the range of geochemical processes in marine environments.

Las interacciones organizacionales desde la visión ecológica: el mutualismo

No es requerido en este caso

AQA GCSE science core foundation.

Esta serie de compone de dos libros, uno para el profesor y otro para los alumnos. El primero de ellos tiene preguntas y otros recursos que refuerzan los conocimientos de los temas expuestos en el libro del estudiante. En éste, el texto desarrolla un enfoque analítico y de evaluación de los problemas y las cuestiones científicas, para que los alumnos comprendan la naturaleza de la ciencia y su importancia para ellos mismos y la sociedad.

Raiders and invaders : the British Isles c. 400-1100.

Abarca el período de seiscientos años, en los que las islas Británicas sufrieron las sucesivas invasiones de sajones, vikingos y normandos, que dejaron unas huellas que perduran hasta hoy en la cultura, idioma y gobierno de Inglaterra, Escocia, Gales e Irlanda. Este contenido se adapta a las pruebas de evaluación que realiza el organismo Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR) para alcanzar el título de General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE) en historia. Se completa con un material online de apoyo al profesorado.