Fratura precoce da porcelana em restaurações com infra-estrutura de zircônia: influência de gradientes térmicos no desenvolvimento e magnitude de tensões residuais e transitórias

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da temperatura gerada e do tempo gasto durante o preparo do tecido ósseo com a utilização de brocas de diferentes sistemas de implantes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise do comportamento térmico de paredes de madeira

This study consists in the observation and evaluation of the thermal behavior and distribution of wood composite walls, MDF – Medium Density Fiberboard, HDF – High Density Fiberboard, OSB – Oriented Strand Board and EGP – Edge Glued Panel. This study had the objective to present the experimental thermal behavior and to verify which one fit the thermal comfort standards for human labor For this work, was developed a thermal chamber, with one interchangeable side, so the wall prototypes would fit for each experiment. We studied walls made of MDF, HDF, OSB and EGP, which one had its own distinct behavior due to the panel construction. The EGP wall had shown the most reliable material for this usage at high temperatures. With this work, it was demonstrated the importance of choice for the right material and construction method for wooden composite walls, because if they were scaled poorly, the people exposed to them would be uncomfortable by the proportionate environment, and the costs for a resizing would be too high

Análise macro e micrográfica da liga AA-356 conforme a taxa de resfriamento

The present work aims to study the characteristics of the alloy Al - 7 % Si - 0 , 3Mg ( AA356 ) , more specifically characterize the macrostructure and microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy ingots AA356 obtained in metal molds and sand molds for power studying the structures through the difference of cooling rates . This alloy is explained by the fact of referring league has excellent combination of properties such as low solidification shrinkage and good fluidity, good weldability , high wear resistance , high strength to weight ratio, has wide application in general engineering , and particularly in the automotive and aerospace engineering . In this work we will verify this difference in properties through two different cooling rates . We monitor the solid solidification temperatures by thermocouples building with them the cooling curve as a tool that will aid us to evaluate the effectiveness of the grain refining because it achieved with some important properties of the alloy as the latent heat of solidification fraction the liquid and solid temperatures, the total solidification time, and identify the presence of inoculants for grain refinement. Thermal analysis will be supported by the study of graphic software “Origin “will be achieved where the cooling curve and its first derivative that is the cooling rate. Made thermal analysis, analysis will be made in macrographs ingots obtained for observation of macrostructures obtained in both types of ingots and also analysis of micrographs where sampling will occur in strategic positions ingots to correlate with the microstructure. Finally will be collecting data from Brinell hardness of ingots and so then correlating the properties of their respective ingots with cooling rate. We found that obtained with cast metal ingots showed superior properties to the ingots obtained with sand mold

Comparação termométrica entre preparos cavitários realizados com turbinas de alta-rotação e laser de Er:YAG

The aim of this study was to compare temperature increases produced by a well-known equipment, the high-speed handpieces, with a relatively new instrument, the Er:YAG laser (350 mJ/10 Hz). Thirty-five bovine mandibular incisors, which were reduced to an enamel/dentin thickness of 2,5 mm, were used. Cavity preparation was done till a depth of 2, 5 mm. A thermocouple was placed to read the temperature inside of the pulp chamber. Analysis was performed in these groups: I - high-speed handpiece without water-cooling (n=10); II - high-speed handpiece with water-cooling (n=10); III - Er:YAG laser without water-cooling (n=5); IV- Er:YAG laser with water-cooling (n=10) Group III had only 5 teeth because it was impossible to properly make the cavity preparations by the laser equipment without water cooling. The temperature increases were recorded in a computer linked to the thermocouples and the data of the groups I, II and IV were submitted to Dunn's multiple comparison test (p<0,05). The medium temperature increases were: 11,64ºC for group I, 0,96ºC for group II, 40,86ºC for group III and 2,9°C for group IV. There were no statistical differences between groups lI and IV, and these were different from group I. The cavity preparations made by the high-speed and the laser equipment generated very similar heat increases under water-cooling. The water-cooling is essential to avoid aggressive temperature increases, both when using the high-speed and the laser equipment, and with laser it is especially necessary for ablation of enamel

Modelo matemático aplicado na vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis

O objetivo deste estudo é obter um modelo matemático logístico que representa a vaporização de toras de Eucalyptus grandis, em função do diâmetro e do tempo de permanência das toras no tratamento térmico a vapor. Para tanto, foram coletadas toras nas classes diamétricas de 25 a 40 cm de três árvores de E. grandis provenientes do Horto Florestal de Mandurí, SP. Em cada uma das toras foram inseridos três termopares, com profundidades distintas, 1/3 do raio; 2/3 do raio e o terceiro, próximo ao seu centro. Posteriormente, as toras foram vaporizadas a 85ºC e 100% de umidade relativa, até que o último termopar atingisse uma temperatura de 80ºC. Um Datalogger CR10 registrou as temperaturas, no interior do material, durante o tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que o modelo matemático logístico foi bem ajustado, obtido no tratamento térmico com vapor, levando em consideração as três classes de diâmetro e a profundidade máxima de 50 mm de raio, o modelo gerado, apresenta-se uma viabilidade técnica na aplicação do processo de aquecimento de toras com vapor, promovendo um consumo ideal de energia.

Monitoramento do tempo de prensagem e do comportamento da temperatura através da espessura de painéis LVL (Laminated veneer lumber)

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of the flow of heat (temperature) through the thickness of panels LVL (Laminated veneer lumber) produced with phenol formaldehyde adhesive, in laboratorial and industrial scales. Experimental program was conducted with five LVL panels (three produced in laboratorial scale and two in industrial scale) with different arrangements of a mix of commercial veneers from tropical pinus from the south region of Sao Paulo State, Brazil, bonded using phenol formaldehyde adhesive. The temperature inside the panels during the pressing process was evaluated using thermocouples type T (cooper-constantan), installed mostly in the center of the glue lines and connected to a data acquisition system. The graphics of temperature as a function of the time showed a gradual increase of temperature up to pre-set values, remaining constant from them. The temperature reached at the center of the panels was adequate to promote the curing of the adhesive. These pre-set values were similar to the minimum values presented by other authors and manufacturers of these adhesives that affirm that temperatures above 100ºC at the center of laminated panels bonded with phenolic adhesives are sufficient to ensure proper cure of the resin. The time necessary for curing of the adhesives confirmed the validity of practical expressions provided by adhesive manufacturers.

Análisis de Estimación Óptima del Accidente de Pérdida de Refrigerante por Rotura Pequeña de 1”en Cabeza de Vasija en un Reactor tipo PWR

En el año 2002 durante una inspección se localizó una importante corrosión en la cabeza de la vasija de Davis Besse NPP. Si no se hubiera producido esa detección temprana, la corrosión hubiera provocado una pequeña rotura en la cabeza de la vasija. La OECD/NEA consideró la importancia de simular esta secuencia en la instalación experimental ROSA, la cual fue reproducida posteriormente por grupos de investigación internacionales con varios códigos de planta. En este caso el código utilizado para la simulación de las secuencias experimentales es TRACE. Los resultados de este test experimental fueron muy analizados internacionalmente por la gran influencia que dos factores tenía sobre el resultado: las acciones del operador relativas a la despresurización y la detección del descubrimiento del núcleo por los termopares que se encuentran a su salida. El comienzo del inicio de la despresurización del secundario estaba basado en la determinación del descubrimiento del núcleo por la lectura de los temopares de salida del núcleo. En el experimento se registró un retraso importante en la determinación de ese descubrimiento, comenzando la despresurización excesivamente tarde y haciendo necesaria la desactivación de los calentadores que simulan el núcleo del reactor para evitar su daño. Dada las condiciones excesivamente conservadoras del test experimentale, como el fallo de los dos trenes de inyección de alta presión durante todo el transitorio, en las aplicaciones de los experimentos con modelo de Almaraz NPP, se ha optado por reproducir dicho accidente con condiciones más realistas, verificando el impacto en los resultados de la disponibilidad de los trenes de inyección de alta presión o los tiempos de las acciones manuales del operador, como factores más limitantes y estableciendo el diámetro de rotura en 1”

Desarrollo metodológico mediante análisis experimental de la valoración de la degradación en situación de incendio de uniones carpinteras en estructuras de madera laminada encolada

En situación de incendio, los elementos estructurales de madera laminada encolada (?MLE?) sufren una degradación térmica que les lleva a una pérdida de sección portante. El Código Técnico de la Edificación cuantifica esta pérdida en 0,55 - 0,70 mm/min por cada cara sometida a carga, según especie y densidad, pero no propone una metodología específica para el cálculo de uniones carpinteras en situación de incendio. Para conocer el comportamiento de este tipo de uniones en situación de incendio, la Plataforma de Ingeniería de la Madera Estructural (PEMADE) de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, el Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja y el Centro Tecnológico CIDEMCO-Tecnalia han realizado conjuntamente una serie de ensayos experimentales sobre probetas ensambladas con unión carpintera del tipo cola de milano. Se han sometido las probetas a cargas térmicas variantes en el tiempo siguiendo la norma ISO 834-1, tal y como indica el CTE. Se registró usando termopares la variación de la temperatura a lo largo de la duración del ensayo. En este trabajo se expone en detalle la metodología desarrollada para realizar los ensayos, así como los primeros resultados obtenidos. In a fire event, glued laminated timber ("GLULAM") elements suffer a thermal degradation that produces in them a decrease of bearing section. Spanish technical building normative (?CTE?) quantify this decreasing from 0.55 to 0.70 mm / min according to species and density, but does not propose a specific methodology for calculating carpenter joints in a fire situation. In order to understand the behavior of such joints in a fire situation, the Platform for Structural Timber Engineering (PEMADE) of University of Santiago de Compostela; Institute of Science Construction Eduardo Torroja and Technology Center CIDEMCO-Tecnalia conducted together a series of experimental tests on glulam specimens assembled with a carpenter union type called ?dovetail?. Specimens were subjected to thermal loads varying in time according to ISO 834-1, as indicated by the CTE. Thermocouples were inserted in the specimens, recording the temperature variation along the length of the test. This paper details the methodology developed for the test and the first results.

Vigilancia por análisis de ruido de los sensores de temperatura

En este proyecto se van a aplicar las técnicas de análisis de ruido para caracterizar la respuesta dinámica de varios sensores de temperatura, tanto termorresistencias de platino como de termopares. Estos sensores son imprescindibles para él correcto funcionamiento de las centrales nucleares y requieren vigilancia para garantizar la exactitud de las medidas. Las técnicas de análisis de ruido son técnicas pasivas, es decir, no afectan a la operación de la planta y permiten realizar una vigilancia in situ de los sensores. Para el caso de los sensores de temperatura, dado que se pueden asimilar a sistemas de primer orden, el parámetro fundamental a vigilar es el tiempo de respuesta. Éste puede obtenerse para cada una de las sondas por medio de técnicas en el dominio de la frecuencia (análisis espectral) o por medio de técnicas en el dominio del tiempo (modelos autorregresivos). Además de la estimación del tiempo de respuesta, se realizará una caracterización estadística de las sondas. El objetivo es conocer el comportamiento de los sensores y vigilarlos de manera que se puedan diagnosticar las averías aunque éstas estén en una etapa incipiente. ABSTRACT In this project we use noise analysis technique to study the dynamic response of RTDs (Resistant temperature detectors) and thermocouples. These sensors are essential for the proper functioning of nuclear power plants and therefore need to be monitored to guarantee accurate measurements. The noise analysis techniques do not affect plant operation and allow in situ monitoring of the sensors. Temperature sensors are equivalent to first order systems. In these systems the main parameter to monitor is the response time which can be obtained by means of techniques in the frequency domain (spectral analysis) as well as time domain (autoregressive models). Besides response time estimation the project will also include a statistical study of the probes. The goal is to understand the behavior of the sensors and monitor them in order to detect any anomalies or malfunctions even if they occur in an early stage.

Mathematical modeling of drying process of unripe banana slices

Unripe banana flour (UBF) production employs bananas not submitted to maturation process, is an interesting alternative to minimize the fruit loss reduction related to inappropriate handling or fast ripening. The UBF is considered as a functional ingredient improving glycemic and plasma insulin levels in blood, have also shown efficacy on the control of satiety, insulin resistance. The aim of this work was to study the drying process of unripe banana slabs (Musa cavendishii, Nanicão) developing a transient drying model through mathematical modeling with simultaneous moisture and heat transfer. The raw material characterization was performed and afterwards the drying process was conducted at 40 ºC, 50 ºC e 60 ºC, the product temperature was recorded using thermocouples, the air velocity inside the chamber was 4 m·s-1. With the experimental data was possible to validate the diffusion model based on the Fick\'s second law and Fourier. For this purpose, the sorption isotherms were measured and fitted to the GAB model estimating the equilibrium moisture content (Xe), 1.76 [g H2O/100g d.b.] at 60 ºC and 10 % of relative humidity (RH), the thermophysical properties (k, Cp, ?) were also measured to be used in the model. Five cases were contemplated: i) Constant thermophysical properties; ii) Variable properties; iii) Mass (hm), heat transfer (h) coefficient and effective diffusivity (De) estimation 134 W·m-2·K-1, 4.91x10-5 m-2·s-1 and 3.278?10-10 m·s-2 at 60 ºC, respectively; iv) Variable De, it presented a third order polynomial behavior as function of moisture content; v) The shrinkage had an effect on the mathematical model, especially in the 3 first hours of process, the thickness experienced a contraction of about (30.34 ± 1.29) % out of the initial thickness, finding two decreasing drying rate periods (DDR I and DDR II), 3.28x10-10 m·s-2 and 1.77x10-10 m·s-2, respectively. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations were possible to perform through the heat and mass transfer coefficient estimated by the mathematical modeling.

Desenvolvimento de um elemento combustível instrumentado para o reator de pesquisa IEA-R1

Após o aumento de potência do reator IEA-R1 de 2 MW para 5 MW observou-se um aumento da taxa de corrosão nas placas laterais de alguns elementos combustíveis e algumas dúvidas surgiram com relação ao valor de vazão utilizada nas análises termo-hidráulicas. A fim de esclarecer e medir a distribuição de vazão real pelos elementos combustíveis que compõe o núcleo do reator IEA-R1, um elemento combustível protótipo, sem material nuclear, chamado DMPV-01 (Dispositivo para Medida de Pressão e Vazão), em escala real, foi projetado e construído em alumínio. A vazão no canal entre dois elementos combustíveis é muito difícil de estimar ou ser medida. Esta vazão é muito importante no processo de resfriamento das placas laterais. Este trabalho apresenta a concepção e construção de um elemento combustível instrumentado para medir a temperatura real nestas placas laterais para melhor avaliar as condições de resfriamento do combustível. Quatorze termopares foram instalados neste elemento combustível instrumentado. Quatro termopares em cada canal lateral e quatro no canal central, além de um termopar no bocal de entrada e outro no bocal de saída do elemento. Existem três termopares para medida de temperatura do revestimento e um para a temperatura do fluido em cada canal. Três séries de experimentos, para três configurações distintas, foram realizadas com o elemento combustível instrumentado. Em dois experimentos uma caixa de alumínio foi instalada ao redor do núcleo para reduzir o escoamento transverso entre os elementos combustíveis e medir o impacto na temperatura das placas externas. Dada a tamanha quantidade de informações obtidas e sua utilidade no projeto, melhoria e capacitação na construção, montagem e fabricação de elementos combustíveis instrumentados, este projeto constitui um importante marco no estudo de núcleos de reatores de pesquisa. As soluções propostas podem ser amplamente utilizadas para outros reatores de pesquisa.

Avaliação térmica provocada pela furação no tecido ósseo

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da temperatura no osso devido ao aquecimento provocado pelo processo de furação. Foram realizadas visitas a duas clínicas para acompanhamento da técnica de implantologia dentária e recolhidas imagens termográficas para a leitura da temperatura gerada na broca após o processo de furação. Na colocação de implantes dentários por exemplo, as variáveis que interferem no processo de furação do osso são: a velocidade, o material, o diâmetro, o comprimento e a geometria da ponta da broca. Com este trabalho pretende-se verificar, experimental e numericamente, as variáveis que interferem no aquecimento da estrutura óssea. Para isso, são utilizados materiais compósitos com características similares ao osso cortical e trabecular. A metodologia apresentada revela-se útil e diferenciadora de outros trabalhos, pois são utilizados materiais com características similares aos materiais in vivo. Os métodos experimentais utilizados em laboratório são baseados nas técnicas de termografia e termopares durante a furação dos diferentes materiais. Paralelamente, são utilizados modelos teóricos numéricos, com o recurso à técnica de elementos finitos, para a discussão de resultados. Após a elaboração do trabalho conclui-se que a temperatura na broca é superior à temperatura no osso e aumenta consoante a estrutura do material, isto é, se o material possuir cavidades na sua estrutura a temperatura na broca não é tão elevada como no material compacto.

Construção, caracterização e aplicação de eletrodos para descarga por arco de cátodo oco

The system built to characterize electrodes and, consequently, deposited fine films are constituted by a hollow cathode that works to discharges and low pressures (approximately 10-3 to 5 mbar), a source DC (0 to 1200 V), a cylindrical camera of closed borossilicato for flanges of stainless steel with an association of vacuum bombs mechanical and spread. In the upper flange it is connected the system of hollow cathode, which possesses an entrance of gas and two entrances for its refrigeration, the same is electrically isolated of the rest of the equipment and it is polarized negatively. In front of the system of hollow cathode there is a movable sample in stainless steel with possibility of moving in the horizontal and vertical. In the vertical, the sample can vary its distance between 0 and 70 mm and, in the horizontal, can leave completely from the front of the hollow cathode. The sample and also the cathode hollow are equipped with cromel-alumel termopares with simultaneous reading of the temperatures during the time of treatment. In this work copper electrodes, bronze, titanium, iron, stainless steel, powder of titanium, powder of titanium and silício, glass and ceramic were used. The electrodes were investigated relating their geometry change and behavior of the plasma of the cavity of hollow cathode and channel of the gas. As the cavity of hollow cathode, the analyzed aspects were the diameter and depth. With the channel of the gas, we verified the diameter. In the two situations, we investigated parameters as flow of the gas, pressure, current and applied tension in the electrode, temperature, loss of mass of the electrode with relationship at the time of use. The flow of gas investigated in the electrodes it was fastened in a work strip from 15 to 6 sccm, the constant pressure of work was among 2.7 to 8 x 10-2 mbar. The applied current was among a strip of work from 0,8 to 0,4 A, and their respective tensions were in a strip from 400 to 220 V. Fixing the value of the current, it was possible to lift the curve of the behavior of the tension with the time of use. That curves esteem in that time of use of the electrode to its efficiency is maximum. The temperatures of the electrodes were in the dependence of that curves showing a maximum temperature when the tension was maximum, yet the measured temperatures in the samples showed to be sensitive the variation of the temperature in the electrodes. An accompaniment of the loss of mass of the electrode relating to its time of use showed that the electrodes that appeared the spherical cavities lost more mass in comparison with the electrodes in that didn't appear. That phenomenon is only seen for pressures of 10-2 mbar, in these conditions a plasma column is formed inside of the channel of the gas and in certain points it is concentrated in form of spheres. Those spherical cavities develop inside of the channel of the gas spreading during the whole extension of the channel of the gas. The used electrodes were cut after they could not be more used, however among those electrodes, films that were deposited in alternate times and the electrodes that were used to deposit films in same times, those films were deposited in the glass substrata, alumina, stainless steel 420, stainless steel 316, silício and steel M2. As the eletros used to deposit films in alternate time as the ones that they were used to deposit in same times, the behavior of the thickness of the film obeyed the curve of the tension with relationship the time of use of the electrode, that is, when the tension was maximum, the thickness of the film was also maximum and when the tension was minimum, the thickness was minimum and in the case where the value of the tension was constant, the thickness of the film tends to be constant. The fine films that were produced they had applications with nano stick, bio-compatibility, cellular growth, inhibition of bacterias, cut tool, metallic leagues, brasagem, pineapple fiber and ornamental. In those films it was investigated the thickness, the adherence and the uniformity characterized by sweeping electronic microscopy. Another technique developed to assist the production and characterization of the films produced in that work was the caloteste. It uses a sphere and abrasive to mark the sample with a cap impression, with that cap form it is possible to calculate the thickness of the film. Through the time of life of the cathode, it was possible to evaluate the rate of waste of its material for the different work conditions. Values of waste rate up to 3,2 x 10-6 g/s were verified. For a distance of the substratum of 11 mm, the deposited film was limited to a circular area of 22 mm diameter mm for high pressures and a circular area of 75 mm for pressure strip. The obtained films presented thickness around 2,1 µm, showing that the discharge of arch of hollow cathode in argon obeys a curve characteristic of the tension with the time of life of the eletrodo. The deposition rate obtained in this system it is of approximately 0,18 µm/min

Predicción de la distorsión en anillos rolados sin costura durante tratamiento térmico de temple y revenido usando simulación numérica

La corrección de una falla por distorsión puede ser compleja ya que involucra efectos microestructurales y esfuerzos residuales que son la causa principal del fenómeno de distorsión. Las fallas por distorsión son serias debido a que pueden conducir a que el producto final no cumpla con los requerimientos dimensionales y no sea aceptado para desarrollar su función. Hoy en día, la problemática es la distorsión que sufren los componentes cuando se les somete a un tratamiento térmico temple, debido a las transformaciones de fase y esfuerzos residuales que se generan por el enfriamiento rápido, así como del tratamiento térmico de revenido donde el exceso de carbono es liberado de la estructura cristalina de la martensita y/o bainita y genera la deformación en la estructura cristalina, con esta problemática es posible hacer uso del modelo de Tratamiento Térmico que contiene el paquete comercial computacional FORGE HPC 2011®, para tratar de reproducir estos fenómenos que se llevan a cabo durante los tratamientos térmicos mencionados, y posteriormente generar información relacionada al tratamiento térmico de revenido, para desarrollar un modelo matemático que sea capaz de predecir las propiedades mecánicas finales. Este trabajo consistió en 3 etapas, la primer etapa se basó en estudiar detalladamente el grado de acero 42CrMo4 al aplicarle un tratamiento térmico de temple, bajo condiciones industriales con la finalidad de generar mayor conocimiento de los fenómenos de distorsión del acero antes mencionado, los cuales muchos autores atribuyen que este fenómeno se presenta con mayor frecuencia durante el temple, debido a la transformación de fase martensita, fase metaestable más dura en los aceros que tienen la capacidad de generar esta estructura cristalina, el experimento se desarrolló tratando térmicamente 16 anillos con las siguientes dimensiones; diámetro exterior = 2631 mm, pared = 164 mm y altura de 188 mm, instrumentados cada componente con 20 termopares tipo “k” de γ mm de diámetro, orientados cada 90°, esta metodología se desarrolló con la finalidad de obtener el máximo dato posible durante temple para posteriormente asociarlo con los coeficientes de transferencia de calor h, y así modelar la distorsión en las piezas utilizando un paquete comercial computacional, así como las condiciones de enfriamiento de la primer prueba experimental, encontrando errores máximos de 10 % comparando los resultados experimentales con los resultados obtenidos de la simulación. La segunda parte del proyecto consistió en una matriz de experimentos de tratamientos térmicos de temple y revenido, donde las variables principales fueron la temperatura y el tiempo, aplicadas en 13 probetas con las siguientes dimensiones; 100 mm X 100 mm X 200 mm, para generar conocimiento de la evolución de la dureza así como las propiedades mecánicas del mismo grado de acero, esta parte del experimento tuvo como finalidad el desarrollo y evaluación de un modelo matemático implementado en computadora que gobierne dicho comportamiento, encontrando errores en el rango de 1 hasta 40 %, comparando los resultados experimentales vs los resultados simulados. La tercera etapa del proyecto consistió en evaluar el grado de acero AISI 8630 y AISI 4340 utilizando el modelo de tratamiento térmico de revenido y datos experimentales de tres tiempos y tres temperaturas para cada uno de los aceros ya mencionados, encontrando que el modelo de tratamiento térmico de revenido no es capaz de reproducir perfiles de dureza en aceros de madia y alta aleación como están clasificados los aceros mencionados, ya que los resultados entre la parte experimental y la simulada no coincide con una línea recta para el acero AISI 8630, se encontró un coeficiente de correlación de 0.87 y errores entre 22 y 44 %, y para el acero AISI 4340, se encontró un coeficiente de correlación de 0.53 y errores entre 17 y 33 %