Studien an der Helminthenfauna von Alaska. IV. Haploparaxis galli n. sp., Ein Cestode aus dem Schneehuhn, Lagopus rupestris (Gmelin) = Studies on the Helminth Fauna of Alaska. IV.

Eine neue Haploparaxis--Art, H. galli, aus dem Darm des Schneehuhns, Lagopus rupestris (Gmelin), wird beschrieben und von den verwandten Formen differenziert. Die typische Lokalität ist Tolugaksee, Brooksgebirge, arktisches Alaska.

9-28 d of exposure to elevated pCO2 reduces avoidance of predator odour but had no effect on behavioural lateralization or swimming activity in a temperate wrasse(Ctenolabrus rupestris)

Most studies on the impact of near-future levels of carbon dioxide on fish behaviour report behavioural alterations, wherefore abnormal behaviour has been suggested to be a potential consequence of future ocean acidification and therefore a threat to ocean ecosystems. However, an increasing number of studies show tolerance of fish to increased levels of carbon dioxide. This variation among studies in susceptibility highlights the importance of continued investigation of the possible effects of elevated pCO2. Here, we investigated the impacts of increased levels of carbon dioxide on behaviour using the goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), which is a common species in European coastal waters and widely used as cleaner fish to control sea lice infestation in commercial fish farming in Europe. The wrasses were exposed to control water conditions (370 µatm) or elevated pCO2 (995 µatm) for 1 month, during which time behavioural trials were performed. We investigated the possible effects of CO2 on behavioural lateralization, swimming activity, and prey and predator olfactory preferences, all behaviours where disturbances have previously been reported in other fish species after exposure to elevated CO2. Interestingly, we failed to detect effects of carbon dioxide for most behaviours investigated, excluding predator olfactory cue avoidance, where control fish initially avoided predator cue while the high CO2 group was indifferent. The present study therefore shows behavioural tolerance to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the goldsinny wrasse. We also highlight that individual fish can show disturbance in specific behaviours while being apparently unaffected by elevated pCO2 in other behavioural tests. However, using experiments with exposure times measured in weeks to predict possible effects of long-term drivers, such as ocean acidification, has limitations, and the behavioural effects from elevated pCO2 in this experiment cannot be viewed as proof that these fish would show the same reaction after decades of evolution.

Parental contribution to progeny during experimental spawning of jungle perch, Kuhlia rupestris

When releasing captive-bred animals into wild populations, it is essential to maintain the capacity for adaptation and resilience by minimising the effect on population genetic diversity. Populations of the jungle perch (Kuhlia rupestris) have become reduced or locally extinct along the Queensland coast; thus, captive breeding of K. rupestris for restocking is presently underway. Currently, multiple individuals are placed in a tank to produce larvae, yet the number of adults contributing to larval production is unknown. We performed a power analysis on pre-existing microsatellite loci to determine the minimum number of loci and larvae required to achieve accurate assignment of parentage. These loci were then used to determine the number of contributing participants during a series of four spawning events through the summer breeding season in 2012-2013. Not all fish contributed to larval production and no relationship was found between male body size and parentage success. In most cases, there was a high skew of offspring to one mating pair (62% was the average contribution of the most successful pair per tank). This has significant implications for the aquaculture, restocking and conservation of K. rupestris.

Delirium rupestris. Caosmosis y creación artística

330 p.

Detection of Rupestris stem pitting associated virus in seedlings of virus - infected maternal grapevine plants.

Rupestris stem pitting associated virus (RSPaV) is a species in the genus Foveavirus (Martelli and Jelkman, 1998) and the family Flexiviridae. The virion has a positive sense, single stranded, polyadenylated RNA genome of 8.7kb in size and a coat protein of 28kD (Martelli and Jelkman, 1998). The virus has been reported to be present in pollen (Rowhani et aI., 2000) and seeds (Stewart and Nassuth, 2001), however, it has not been proved to be seed-transmitted. In our investigation reported here we have proven that RSPaV transmits by seed from RSPaV-infected mother plants to their siblings.

Isolado de Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus causando necrose das nervuras da videira.

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) está associado à virose das caneluras do tronco de Rupestris, é transmissível pela enxertia, não possui vetores conhecidos e forma o complexo do lenho rugoso da videira. A doença é responsável por incompatibilidade da enxertia, brotação tardia, declínio e até morte de plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi comprovar a associação de uma estirpe específica do GRSPaV com sintomas de necrose de nervuras.

Detection of dsRNA from Cleistothecia and Conidia of the Grape Powdery Mildew Pathogen, Uncinula Necator

Double-stranded RNA species ranging in molecular weight from 0.95 to 6.3 × 106 were detected in grapevines in New York. We recently showed that two of the species (Mr = 5.3 and 4.4 × 106) are associated with rupestris stem pitting disease. In this report, we show that the other eight detectable dsRNA species are associated with the powdery mildew fungus, Uncinula necator. These dsRNAs associated with the powdery mildew fungus were previously detected in leaves and epidermal stem tissue of grapevines infected with powdery mildew. The same dsRNA species were also detected from extracts of isolated cleistothecia and conidia of U. necator devoid of plant tissue. Isometric and rigid rodlike particles were observed in single cleistothecia preparations when examined under transmission electron microscopy.

Fisheries resources of the Bohle River, Queensland.

The fisheries resources of the Bohle River and its small catchment area adjacent Townsville, north Queensland, were investigated through available literature, scientific research surveys and analysis of commercial and recreational catch and effort data. Research surveys produced a total of 4383 fish from the waters of the Bohle River during 1997-1998. These were classified into 104 fish species from 49 families. Gillnetting, cast netting, fish trapping and crab potting techniques were used in the estuarine waters of the Bohle River with freshwater reaches in the upper catchment surveyed by electrofishing. This range of survey techniques was used to estimate the relative abundance of ten commercially and recreationally important species: Barramundi (Lates calcarifer), king threadfin (Polydactylus macrochir), blue threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum), mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), banded and spotted grunter (Pomadasys kaakan and Pomadasys argenteus), pikey and yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus berda and Acanthopagrus australis), tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), jungle perch (Kuhlia rupestris) and mud crab (Scylla serrata). The results of each survey method are discussed with a focus on spatial and temporal patterns in diversity and catch rate.

Atypical correlation of otolith strontium : calcium and barium : calcium across a marine–freshwater life history transition of a diadromous fish

Variation in strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) within otoliths is invaluable to studies of fish diadromy. Typically, otolith Sr : Ca is positively related to salinity, and the ratios of Ba and Sr to calcium (Ca) vary in opposite directions in relation to salinity. In this study of jungle perch, Kuhlia rupestris, otolith Sr : Ca and Ba : Ca, however, showed the same rapid increase as late-larval stages transitioned directly from a marine to freshwater environment. This transition was indicated by a microstructural check mark on otoliths at 35–45 days age. As expected ambient Sr was lower in the fresh than the marine water, however, low Ca levels (0.4 mg L–1) of the freshwater resulted in the Sr : Ca being substantially higher than the marine water. Importantly, the otolith Sr : Ba ratio showed the expected pattern of a decrease from the marine to freshwater stage, illustrating that Sr : Ba provided a more reliable inference of diadromous behaviour based on prior expectations of their relationship to salinity, than did Sr : Ca. The results demonstrate that Ca variation in freshwaters can potentially be an important influence on otolith element : Ca ratios and that inferences of marine–freshwater habitat use from otolith Sr : Ca alone can be problematic without an understanding of water chemistry.

毛茛科铁线莲属长瓣铁线莲组的分类学修订

毛茛科（Ranunculaceae ）铁线莲属(Clematis L.)长瓣铁线莲组(Sect. Atragene) 植物全世界约有14－18 种，我国约有6 种，广泛分布于北温带的高山上。该组植物由于外部形态变异大，种间或种下划分十分困难，目前已发表的种及种下分类群名称多达130 余个，名称使用较为混乱，组内系统关系尚存争议。本文通过文献考证、标本研究、野外观察及形态性状统计分析的综合研究，对长瓣铁线莲组进行了全面的分类学修订，结果如下： 1、性状分析 深入研究了1000 余号该组植物标本的形态性状变异式样、范围及其相关性，发现复叶类型、小叶大小、萼片毛被和质地、萼片脉突出与否、退化雄蕊长度等是较为稳定的分种性状。生长习性、萼片颜色、萼片边缘是否具短绒毛带、退化雄蕊形状等对种下划分具有重要的意义。 2、分类学处理 1）根据该组植物的萼片和退化雄蕊的特征和演化趋势，建立了5 个新系：Ser. 1. Occidentales、Ser. 2. Alpinae、Ser. 3. Koreanae 、Ser.4. Tomentosae 和Ser. 5. Macropetalae 。 2）对长期以来分类上争议很大，且分类十分困难的类群作出以下新的处理：把C. sibirica 和C. ochotensis 作为C. alpina 的亚种；把日本的C. fusijamana 和C. fauriei 降级为半钟铁线莲C. alpina ssp. ochotensis 的变种；把伊犁铁线莲C. iliensis 降级为西伯利亚铁线莲C. alpina ssp. sibirica 的变种；把C. chiisanensis 降级为朝鲜铁线莲C. koreana 的变种；把紫红花长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. punicoflora 和石生长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. rupestris 处理为长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala 的异名；把C. dianae 归并入白色长瓣铁线莲C. macropetala var. albiflora；支持长白铁线莲C. nobilis 作为一个独立的种。此外，还新指定了5 个名称的后选模式；纠正了前人对中国C. subtriternata 的鉴定错误。 3）确认该组植物有9 种2 亚种和9 变种（包括3 新等级），给出了各个分类群详细的文献引证、描述、生境、地理分布、标本引证和外部形态图，并编写了组下分系和分种检索表。认为亚洲东北部是本组植物分布的多样性中心。 3、形态性状演化趋势和各系的亲缘关系 探讨了该组植物形态性状演化的趋势和新建立的5 个系的亲缘关系，提出：退化雄蕊可能由外部雄蕊演化而来，并沿两条路线演化发展：其一是退化雄蕊伸长，与萼片近等长或长于萼片，顶端渐狭，呈披针形；其二是退化雄蕊不伸长，与雄蕊近等长，上部加宽，顶端由钝形、圆形发展至微凹，呈匙形。萼片演化的趋势可能由质地薄到质地厚，萼片脉由不凸出到3 条脉凸出。由此推测北美洲类群Ser. Occidentales 可能是本组的原始类群；Ser. Macropetalae 可能是退化雄蕊在第一条演化路线上最进化的类群；Ser. Alpinae 和Ser. Koreanae 之间亲缘关系较近；Ser. Tomentosae 的系统位置尚未确定。

MADS-box基因在水稻和太行花中的相关研究& SAGE 在水稻上应用的生物信息学分析

本论文主要涉及两部分内容：第一部分是水稻和太行花中MADS-box基因的相关研究，第二部分是水稻中SAGE技术的生物信息学分析。 MADS-box基因家族在花发育过程中起着重要的作用。水稻是单子叶植物的模式植物，其基因组序列的公布为在基因组水平上鉴定MADS-box基因提供了条件。根据已发表的水稻MADS-box基因序列，利用关键词搜索、HMMER分析、同源比较、系统进化树分析等手段，对GeneBank和TIGR水稻基因组注释中所有已知和未知的水稻MADS-box基因进行了分析。结果表明，水稻中有64个MADS-box基因编码不同氨基酸，其中已知cDNA序列的为43个。在64个基因中，有23个属于ABCDE类基因，并且其cDNA序列已知，其中的10个已有功能方面的研究。通过3’-RACE和筛选水稻花器官的cDNA文库，得到了一个A类基因片断（A5B2），两个E类基因片断（MW1，MW2）。这三个基因分别与OsMADS14，OsMADS7和OsMADS5相似或相同。禾本科植物花器官的起源，尤其是内外稃的起源仍存在疑问，A功能基因是否以及如何参与其形成成为问题的关键。初步原位杂交分析表明，OsMADS14在花发育的早期开始表达。在小穗原基发育过程中，OsMADS14在内外稃原基中有较强的表达。随着小穗的发育，OsMADS14在整个花序中都有表达。在小穗发育的后期，OsMADS14在胚珠中有较强的表达。OsMADS14的表达模式与FUL类基因一致，并且证明了其在花发育的后期仍然表达强烈，暗示其可能与胚珠发育有重要关系。 SEPALLATA基因被认为是花的特异因子，参与了花的四轮花器官的决定过程。在本文中，通过3’-，5’-RACE，从太行花花芽中克隆了一个MADS-box基因。该基因推导的的氨基酸序列含有典型的M，I，K和C四个结构域，与FBP2和SEP3的相似性较高，系统进化树分析表明该基因属于SEP3亚家族，于是将其命名为TrSEP3。TrSEP3首先在花分生组织中表达，然后在雌雄蕊原基及花瓣中表达;在成熟花中，TrSEP3仅在花瓣和雌蕊中表达。这种表达模式与其它的SEP-like基因有稍不同。TrSEP3拟南芥中过量表达后并未导致表型的改变，暗示其功能与拟南芥的SEP基因可能存在差异。选择压力分析显示TrSEP3受到了不显著的负选择压力。这些结果暗示TrSEP3的功能可能与其它的SEP-like基因有差别，值得进一步研究。 SAGE(Serial Analysis of Gene Expression)是对比样品间转录谱的差异、发现新基因的有效的方法。tag mapping是将SAGE-tag与其转录本匹配的过程，其效率直接影响对转录谱的解释，该过程受多种因素影响。目前，对水稻tag mapping过程缺少详细研究，导致其效率不高。为了确定参考数据库和其它合适的条件，我们利用EST序列和基因组序列构建了不同的参考图谱，从全长cDNA数据库中提取虚拟的SAGE-tag，研究了参考图谱、锚定酶、tag长度以及匹配方法对tag mapping效率的影响，并比较了tag mapping的准确率。结果表明，用EST序列构建的参考图谱能够匹配大多数的SAGE-tag，并具有较高的准确率;利用迭代的方法，可以充分利用基因组序列。各种锚定酶之间的差别不明显，其中NlaIII， HpyCH4V 和 AluI 表现较好;17bp的tag比较适合水稻;而用双锚定酶和17bp的tag则可以显著提高tag mapping的效率和准确率。

Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora

Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 human (Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Ghrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.

Contribución al conocimiento de las algas epicontinentales del SE de España II: Los rodófitos (Rhodophyceae)

Tras el estudio de 329 localidades distribuidas por todo el SE de España, especialmente en la cuenca del Segura, en el período de 1982-85, comprobamos la escasa representación de las algas rojas, sólo se reconocieron seis especies en un total de 45 puntos. Algunos táxones (Batrachospermum moniliforme, Chroothece rupestris y Audouinella pygmaea) están ligadas a las condiciones de los arroyos de aguas puras, otros, en cambio, sólo se recogen en aguas salobres interiores o próximas al mar (Compsopogon coeruleus) y, por último,existe un tercer grpo de especies más eurioicas (Chroodactylon ramosum y Audouinella violacea). Audouinella pygmaea, que proponemos como nueva combinación, no había sido citada con anterioridad para la flora algal española.

Nomenclature and syntaxonomic notes on some high-rank syntaxa of the European grassland vegetation

We present descriptions of a new order (Ranunculo cortusifolii-Geranietalia reuteri and of a new alliance (Stachyo lusitanicae-Cheirolophion sempervirentis) for the herbaceous fringe communities of Macaronesia and of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, respectively. A new alliance, the Polygalo mediterraneae-Bromion erecti (mesophilous post-cultural grasslands), was introduced for the Peninsular Italy. We further validate and typify the Armerietalia rumelicae (perennial grasslands supported by nutrient-poor on siliceous bedrocks at altitudes characterized by the submediterranean climate of central-southern Balkan Peninsula), the Securigero-Dasypyrion villosae (lawn and fallow-land tall-grass annual vegetation of Italy), and the Cirsio vallis-demoni-Nardion (acidophilous grasslands on siliceous substrates of the Southern Italy). Nomenclatural issues (validity, legitimacy, synonymy, formal corrections) have been discussed and clarified for the following names: Brachypodio-Brometalia, Bromo pannonici-Festucion csikhegyensis, Corynephoro-Plantaginion radicatae, Heleochloion, Hieracio-Plantaginion radicatae, Nardetea strictae, Nardetalia strictae, Nardo-Callunetea, Nardo-Galion saxatilis, Oligo-Bromion, Paspalo-Heleochloetalia, Plantagini-Corynephorion and Scorzoneret alia villosae. 

The pancreatic islet system of the rock bass /|nby Edward Francis Squires. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

The endocrine pancreas of the rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Two cell types with staining properties similar to mammalian A and B cells, and a third, non-staining cell type were found in the spherical pancreatic islets that were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and embedded in two small masses of exocrine tissue. From an analysis of the ultrastructure of the A and B cells, a secretory cycle for each of these cell types was proposed. The secretory cycle of the A cell consisted of three well defined stages: (1) A cell production stage: during which A granule formation occurred in the sacs of the Golgi apparatus and the cell was characterized by the presence of numerous secretory granules, some elements of lamellar endoplasmic reticulum, and a homogeneously granular nucleus. The cytoplasm contained few distended cisternae, variable numbers of free ribosomes, microtubules and small vesicles. (2) A cell release stage: during which the release of A granules occurred and the cell usually contained several large distended cisternae and variable numbers of secretory granules. Granule release mechanisms included exocytosis, by which individual granules were released into the extracellular space after their membranes fused with the plasmalemma, and emiocytosis, by which one or more granules were released into a large cisterna whose membrane fused with the plasmalemma and formed a pore through which the cisternal contents passed out of the cell. (3) A cell reorganization stage: during which the changeover from the release stage to the production stage occurred and the reorganization of organelles and membrane structures took place. The cell contained few secretory granules and numerous small endoplasmic reticular cisternae. The cytoplasm exhibited less electron density than either of the other two stages. The A granule after formation underwent a series of morphological changes which were described in four numerically identified phases. The secretory cycle of the B cell consisred of two stages: (1) B cell production stage: during which the B granule formation occurred in the sacs of the Go1gi apparatus. The cell was characterized by an irregular outline, the presence of numerous secretory granules, and an irregularly shaped nucleus which contained variable amounts of clumped chromatin. The cytoplasm contained moderate amounts of lamellar endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, several small vesicles, and an active Go1gi apparatus. (2) B cell release stage: during which the release of B granules occurred. The cell contained a rounded nucleus with dispersed chromatin, several distended endoplasmic reticular cisternae and a variable number of secretory granules. Granule release occu~ by emiocytosis and exocytosis similar to that found for the A cell.