Morfologia foliar de Theobroma grandiflorum Schum

As folhas de Theobroma grandiflorum Schum. são morfologicamente descritas. A espécie apresenta elementos histológicos comuns para a família, destacando-se tipos de tricomas, estômatos e contornos das células epidérmicas em visão frontal. Empregou-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura para a caracterização de segmentos foliares jovens, em que ficou evidenciada a presença de tricomas estrelados nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial dos mesmos. As folhas de cupuaçu são hipoestomáticas com número elevado de estômatos anomocíticos. As nervuras principais apresentaram-se desprovidas de tricomas, com estômatos esparsamente distribuídos.

Gas exchange in lisianthus plants (Eustoma grandiflorum) submitted to different doses of nitrogen

The effect of different doses of nitrogen (N) on gas exchange, relative chlorophyll (Chl) amount, and the content of N in the aerial biomass of lisianthus was evaluated. The treatments consisted of six different concentrations of N (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 g m(-3) noted as N-50, N-100, N-150, N-200, N-250, and N-300, respectively), applied through the fertirrigation technique. N-250 and N-300 induced increase in the contents of foliar Chl and N in the aerial biomass, that in turn contributed to an increase of photosynthetic activity in lisianthus.

Growth of Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum in Different Peats and Change of Peat Properties during Cultivation

Marketable chrysanthemums were produced in several different peat types. Only the plants in one of the dredged frozen black peats and one of the milled white peats had a significant lower shoot dry weight than those in one of the sod and milled white peats, respectively. As the N-contents of the fertilized peats show neither deficiency nor excess in nutrient supply, possibly they are not the reason for the differences in shoot dry weight. The air capacity, which is extremely low in both dredged frozen black peats and dropped further during the cultivation period due to decomposition, also cannot explain the differences in shoot dry weight sufficiently (R-2=0.44*; n=12). A close linear negative correlation (R-2=0.77**; n=12) was found between the CAT (VDLUFA) soluble Fe and the shoot dry weight. Therefore, the Fe-contents might be a quality factor of peat to be used as a growing medium.

Comparação de dois métodos de aplicação de fungicidas, irrigação por gotejamento e pulverização convencional no controle do mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr.) em vasos com plantas de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.)

Plan disease control techniques are used through the irrigation water, which reduces the labor and it improves application uniformity with smaller contact of the operator with toxic products, lower environmental impact and lower production cost. In order to control Botrytis cinerea the lisianthus culture, this work aimed to evaluate two fungicide application methods with different treatments. The fungicides were: thiophanate methyl (50 g i.a. L-1), thiophanate methyl + chlorothalonil (50 g i.a. L-1 + 35 g i.a. L-1) and iprodione (50 g i.a. L-1). Number of lesions, number of diseased floral buttons and height of the lisianthus plants were evaluated. It was possible to deduce, that in the growth stage (number of lesions in the plant) as well as in the final stage (number of floral buttons) of the lisianthus culture, the most efficient treatments were 2 (thiophanate methyl + chlorothalonil) and 3 (iprodione). Considering that treatment 2 is a mixture of two fungicides, a systemic and a contact one, independently of application methods, the mixture increased efficiency in relation to treatment 1 (thiophanate methyl). Thus, chemigation was as efficient as spreading technique.

Growth of Chrysanthemum grandiflorum in different peats and change of peat properties during cultivation

Marketable chrysanthemums were produced in several different peat types. Only the plants in one of the dredged frozen black peats and one of the milled white peats had a significant lower shoot dry weight than those in one of the sod and milled white peats, respectively. As the N-contents of the fertilized peats show neither deficiency nor excess in nutrient supply, possibly they are not the reason for the differences in shoot dry weight. The air capacity, which is extremely low in both dredged frozen black peats and dropped further during the cultivation period due to decomposition, also cannot explain the differences in shoot dry weight sufficiently (R2=0.44*; n=12). A close linear negative correlation (R2=0.77** n=12) was found between the CAT (VDLUFA) soluble Fe and the shoot dry weight. Therefore, the Fecontents might be a quality factor of peat to be used as a growing medium.

Propagation of Camptosema grandiflorum native to Brazil by seeds and cuttings

Camptosema grandiflorum Benth., belonging to Fabaceae, is a voluble climber plant native to Brazil. Plants bloom in autumn-winter, producing long and hanging inflorescences with showy red flowers, which are much visited by hummingbirds. The leaves are also attractive, composed by three leaflets. It can be propagated by seeds or cuttings, but both seed germination and cutting rooting percentages are very low. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the effect of different temperatures on seed germination and of different indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrations on the rooting of cuttings of C. grandiflorum. The experiment was set up at the São Paulo State University, located in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. The germination study was conducted in an entirely randomized design with six different temperatures (constant at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C; and alternated at 20-30 and 25-35°C, with a photoperiod of 12 hours) and four replications of 25 seeds each, placed in plastic boxes with vermiculite. The percentage of germination and the speed germination index (SGI) were evaluated. An entirely randomized block design was adopted for the cutting rooting evaluation, with four IBA concentrations (0; 1,000; 2,000; and 3,000 mg kg-1) and five replications of ten cuttings each, comprising 200 cuttings. After 30 days from the beginning of the rooting experiment, data referring to rooting percentage, number and length of roots and dry weight of roots were collected. For the seed germination experiment, fastest germination and highest germination percentage (87%) were obtained when seeds were maintained under the constant temperature of 30°C. For the cutting experiment, the concentrations of 2,000 and 3,000 mg kg-1 of IBA promoted the highest rooting percentages (98.5 and 94.1%, respectively) and number of roots. There were no statistical differences among the IBA concentrations for length of roots and dry weight of roots.

Fungigação por irrigação localizada e pulverização convencional, para controle do mofo cinzento (Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr.) em plantas de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

Manejo da irrigação na cultura do crisântemo (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat Kitamura) de corte cultivado em ambiente protegido

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fertirrigação com diferentes doses de nitrogênio, em plantas de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio da torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum) proveniente da agroindústria cosmética

Para avaliar substituição da gramínea Mombaça (Panicum maximum) com níveis crescentes (0%, 10%, 20%, 40% e 60%) de torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), subproduto da agroindústria cosmética, efetuou-se o consumo voluntário, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio. Realizouse ensaio metabólico, com 20 carneiros, na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará (1º28′ S 48º27′ W), durante 26 dias, dos quais 21 de adaptação e ajustes e cinco de coleta de dados de alimentos fornecidos, sobras de alimentos, fezes e urina. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em cinco tratamentos e quatros repetições: Tratamento A (Controle) = 100% de volumoso (Panicum maximum); Tratamento B = 90% P. maximum + 10% de torta de cupuaçu (TC); Tratamento C = 80% P. maximum + 20% TC; Tratamento D = 60% P. maximum + 40% TC; e Tratamento E = 40% P. maximum + 60% TC. Foram avaliados consumo e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN) das dietas. A substituição de gramínea Mombaça por torta de cupuaçu não influenciou significativamente os consumos (P>0,05) de MS, MO, CEL, HEM, FDA, FDA, LIG e MM, todavia os teores de EE e PB apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB, FDN e FDA foram significativamente diferentes, porém não apresentaram diferenças significativas para EE, CEL e HEM. Não houve diferença significativa no BN (P>0,05). A torta de cupuaçu constitui alternativa para suplementação alimentar de ruminantes, como boa fonte protéica e energética.

Torta de cupuaçú (Theobroma grandiflorum) na alimentação de ovinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Diversidade genética em coleções amazônicas de germoplasma de cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.]

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and relatedness of 24 accessions of Theobroma grandiflorum, originating from three units of Embrapa, aiming their use as parents in hybridization specie programs. The genetic markers used were heterologous microsatellite loci developed for cocoa. In the population studied 45 alleles were found. The effective average number of alleles per locus (2.33) was less than the average number of alleles per locus (3.21), indicating that many alleles have low frequency. The observed heterozygosity at polymorphic loci ranged from 0.33 to 1.00 with a mean of 0.54 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.48 to 0.76 with a mean of 0.54. The fixation index medium between loci (0.003) was not significantly different from zero. The estimate of relatedness between pairs of individuals indicates that some may be relatives, including half-brothers and clones. The results suggest that the accesses of T. grandiflorum analyzed contain a moderate level of genetic diversity and absence of inbreeding and therefore great potential for use in breeding programs.

Effects of Cor15a-IPT Gene Expression on Leaf Senescence in Transgenic Petunia x hybrida and Dendranthema x grandiflorum.

To prevent leaf senescence of young transplants or excised shoots during storage under dark and cold conditions, the cytokinin biosynthetic gene isopentenyl transferase (ipt) was placed under the control of a cold-inducible promoter cor15a from Arabidopsis thaliana and introduced into Petunia x hybrida 'Marco Polo Odyssey' and Dendranthema x grandiflorum (chrysanthemum) 'Iridon'. Transgenic cor15a-ipt petunia and chrysanthemum plants and excised leaves remained green and healthy during prolonged dark storage (4 weeks at 25 degrees C) after an initial exposure to a brief cold-induction period (4 degrees C for 72 h). However, cor15a-ipt chrysanthemum plants and excised leaves that were not exposed to a cold-induction period, senesced under the same dark storage conditions. Regardless of cold-induction treatment, leaves and plants of non-transformed plants senesced under prolonged dark storage. Analysis of ipt expression indicated a marked increase in gene expression in intact transgenic plants as well as in isolated transgenic leaves exposed to a short cold-induction treatment prior to dark storage. These changes correlated with elevated concentrations of cytokinins in transgenic leaves after cold treatment. Cor15a-ipt transgenic plants showed a normal phenotype when grown at 25 degrees C.

Germinação in vitro do pólen de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willdenow ex Sprengel) Schumann.

Foram caracterizados cinco estádios da antese da flor de cupuaçuzeiro, com o objetivo de desenvolver uma técnica para teste de germinação in vitro do pólen, determinar sua longevidade e qual o melhor estádio para a coleta de pólen fresco para ser usado em polinizações controladas.

Mobilização de reservas na emergência e desenvolvimento de plântulas de cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd.ex.Spreng.) Schum.). 1. Carboidratos.

Com o objetivo de conhecer os sítios de reservas de carboidratos, foram determinadas as quantidades de amido, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores em amostras de sementes, de cotilédones, raízes, epicótilos e folhas de plântulas de cupuaçuzeiro (Theobroma grandiflorum (Wild. ex. Spreng.) Schum.). As plântulas foram oriundas de sementes expostas antes da semeadura a 16°±2°C e 65±5 % UR, por 48, 72, 240 e 480 horas, e a 21°±2°C e 45±5 % UR, por 48 e 72 horas, comparadas com outras provenientes de sementes semeadas imediatamente após o despolpamento manual ou mecânico. A maior fonte de reservas de carboidratos nas sementes foi o amido (13,2 %), seguido de açúcares solúveis totais (8,1 %) e redutores (0,3 %). Aos 30 dias após a semeadura, os cotilédones continuavam sendo os principais sítios de reservas de amido, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores. Aos 90 dias após a semeadura, as reservas de carboidratos nos cotilédones eram mínimas, açúcares solúveis totais (0,21 %) e redutores (0,08 %) e amido (0,05 %). Ao final do estudo, os principais sítios de reservas de amido, açúcares solúveis totais e redutores foram os epicótilos, raízes e epicótilos, respectivamente.