Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels: avaliação da qualidade, estudo morfo-anatômico, estudo da atividade antimicrobiana, conservante, genotóxica, mutagênica, citotóxica e incorporação em formulações cosméticas para uso tópico

Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR

Simulação de poli(etileno glicol) em água por dinâmica molecular

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização físico-química e avaliação toxicológica preliminar do copolímero sulfato de condroitina-co-N-isopropilacrilamida para uso farmacêutico

A Indústria Farmacêutica utiliza polímeros em forma de nanopartículas em formulações de liberação controlada e vetorizada por possuírem baixo custo em relação a demais métodos de preparações de formas farmacêuticas, aparentemente não serem reconhecidos pelo sistema de defesa do organismo, proporcionar melhora da eficácia, diminuição da toxicidade e da dose de fármaco administrado. O sulfato de condroitina-co-Nisopropilacrilamida (SCM + NIPAAm) é um copolímero proposto para este fim, a partir da reação de um polímero sintético, o poli N-isopropilacrilamida (PNIPAAm), com características termossensíveis, com um natural, o Sulfato de Condroitina (SC), com características bioadesivas. Assim, a copolimerização pode ser capaz de somar estas propriedades e aperfeiçoar o seu uso como um veículo para liberação controlada. Este trabalho objetivou, portanto, realizar a caracterização fisico-quimica das partículas de sulfato de condroitina e Nisopropilacrilamida e do copolímero SCM+NIPAAm (2,5 % e 5%) e do SCM+PNIPAAm 2,5% e uma avaliação toxicológica parcial de um destes copolímeros que apresentar as melhores propriedades de um eficiente carreador de fármacos, selecionado a partir dos ensaios de caracterização físico-química. Para determinar a estrutura química dos sistemas particulados e analisar os seus componentes químicos, foi realizada a Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) e Espectroscopia do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourrier (FTIR); Para analisar a morfologia das partículas, foi usado a Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV); A Termogravimetria/ Termogravimetria Derivada e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG/DTG) foi usada para avaliar o comportamento térmico dos sistemas particulados, bem como auxiliar na análise de Cinética de Degradação (CD, método de Flynn-Wall-Ozawa); Foi ainda realizado a técnica de degradação in vitro e a determinação carga superficial e tamanho de partículas (análise do Potencial Zeta, PZ). Para avaliar a toxicidade, foi realizado o bioensaio em microcrustáceo Artemia salina (24 e 48 h), viabilidade celular (citotoxicidade) em células PC-12 (método do MTT) e também a toxicidade aguda oral em camundongos. As análises de RMN, FTIR e MEV demonstraram semelhança quanto ao aspecto estrutural e morfológico entre os copolímeros estudados. As análises de TG demonstraram que o SCM+NIPAAm 5% apresentou maior estabilidade térmica em relação aos demais copolímeros avaliados, uma vez que sua decomposição polimérica ocorre em temperaturas superiores, em torno de 233ºC. O DTA demonstrou valores de temperaturas concordantes com os eventos térmicos de decomposição apresentados pelas curvas das análises TG. Sua estabilidade foi confirmada através da CD e estudo de degradação in vitro, apresentando, respectivamente, Ea > 100 kJ mol^-1 e perda de 48% da sua massa inicial após três meses. Além disso, SCM+NIPAAm 5% apresentou diâmetro de partícula inferior a 200 nm e índice de polidispersão de 0,35, além do PZ > -30mV, caracteristicas de um promissor candidato a carreador de fármacos. Em relação às avaliações toxicológicas, o SCM+NIPAAm 5% não apresentou toxicidade no bioensaio de A. salina (CL₅₀ > 1000) e no modelo celular avaliado, dentro das concentrações e circunstâncias de exposição estudadas. O SCM+NIPAAm 5%, na dose oral de 2000 mg/kg, não apresentou nenhum sinal evidente de toxicidade em camundongos, o que foi corroborado pela ausência de alterações anatomo-histopatológicas. A copolimerização do Sulfato de Condroitina e N-isopropilacrilamida na concentração estudada, dada suas características físico-químicas e toxicológicas preliminares, apresenta propriedades que contribuem para a proposta de um sistema que constitui uma nova forma de liberação controlada, especialmente de fármacos.

Water activity of aqueous solutions of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and maltodextrins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reflexos da clarificação do caldo de cana com moringa sobre compostos inorgânicos do açúcar VHP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Fracture and resistance-curve behavior in hybrid natural fiber and polypropylene fiber reinforced composites

This article presents the results of a combined experimental and theoretical study of fracture and resistance-curve behavior of hybrid natural fiber- and synthetic polymer fiber-reinforced composites that are being developed for potential applications in affordable housing. Fracture and resistance-curve behavior are studied using single-edge notched bend specimens. The sisal fibers used were examined using atomic force microscopy for fiber bundle structures. The underlying crack/microstructure interactions and fracture mechanisms are elucidated via in situ optical microscopy and ex-situ environmental scanning microscopy techniques. The observed crack bridging mechanisms are modeled using small and large scale bridging concepts. The implications of the results are then discussed for the design of eco-friendly building materials that are reinforced with natural and polypropylene fibers.

DNA block copolymers – from micelles to machines

DNA block copolymer, a new class of hybrid material composed of a synthetic polymer and an oligodeoxynucleotide segment, owns unique properties which can not be achieved by only one of the two polymers. Among amphiphilic DNA block copolymers, DNA-b-polypropylene oxide (PPO) was chosen as a model system, because PPO is biocompatible and has a Tg < 0 °C. Both properties might be essential for future applications in living systems. During my PhD study, I focused on the properties and the structures of DNA-b-PPO molecules. First, DNA-b-PPO micelles were studied by scanning force microscopy (SFM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In order to control the size of micelles without re-synthesis, micelles were incubated with template-independent DNA polymerase TdT and deoxynucleotide triphosphates in reaction buffer solution. By carrying out ex-situ experiments, the growth of micelles was visualized by imaging in liquid with AFM. Complementary measurements with FCS and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) confirmed the increase in size. Furthermore, the growing process was studied with AFM in-situ at 37 °C. Hereby the growth of individual micelles could be observed. In contrast to ex-situ reactions, the growth of micelles adsorbed on mica surface for in-situ experiments terminated about one hour after the reaction was initiated. Two reasons were identified for the termination: (i) block of catalytic sites by interaction with the substrate and (ii) reduced exchange of molecules between micelles and the liquid environment. In addition, a geometrical model for AFM imaging was developed which allowed deriving the average number of mononucleotides added to DNA-b-PPO molecules in dependence on the enzymatic reaction time (chapter 3). Second, a prototype of a macroscopic DNA machine made of DNA-b-PPO was investigated. As DNA-b-PPO molecules were amphiphilic, they could form a monolayer at the air-water interface. Using a Langmuir film balance, the energy released owing to DNA hybridization was converted into macroscopic movements of the barriers in the Langmuir trough. A specially adapted Langmuir trough was build to exchange the subphase without changing the water level significantly. Upon exchanging the subphase with complementary DNA containing buffer solution, an increase of lateral pressure was observed which could be attributed to hybridization of single stranded DNA-b-PPO. The pressure versus area/molecule isotherms were recorded before and after hybridization. I also carried out a series of control experiments, in order to identify the best conditions of realizing a DNA machine with DNA-b-PPO. To relate the lateral pressure with molecular structures, Langmuir Blodgett (LB) films were transferred to highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and mica substrates at different pressures. These films were then investigated with AFM (chapter 4). At last, this thesis includes studies of DNA and DNA block copolymer assemblies with AFM, which were performed in cooperation with different group of the Sonderforschungsbereich 625 “From Single Molecules to Nanoscopically Structured Materials”. AFM was proven to be an important method to confirm the formation of multiblock copolymers and DNA networks (chapter 5).

Phenothiazine based polymers for energy and data storage application

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von Polymeren mit redox-funktionalen Phenothiazin-Seitenketten. Phenothiazin und seine Derivate sind kleine Redoxeinheiten, deren reversibles Redoxverhalten mit electrochromen Eigenschaften verbunden ist. Das besondere an Phenothiazine ist die Bildung von stabilen Radikalkationen im oxidierten Zustand. Daher können Phenothiazine als bistabile Moleküle agieren und zwischen zwei stabilen Redoxzuständen wechseln. Dieser Schaltprozess geht gleichzeitig mit einer Farbveränderung an her.rnrnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird die Synthese neuartiger Phenothiazin-Polymere mittels radikalischer Polymerisation beschrieben. Phenothiazin-Derivate wurden kovalent an aliphatischen und aromatischen Polymerketten gebunden. Dies erfolgte über zwei unterschiedlichen synthetischen Routen. Die erste Route beinhaltet den Einsatz von Vinyl-Monomeren mit Phenothiazin Funktionalität zur direkten Polymerisation. Die zweite Route verwendet Amin modifizierte Phenothiazin-Derivate zur Funktionalisierung von Polymeren mit Aktivester-Seitenketten in einer polymeranalogen Reaktion. rnrnPolymere mit redox-funktionalen Phenothiazin-Seitenketten sind aufgrund ihrer Elektron-Donor-Eigenschaften geeignete Kandidaten für die Verwendung als Kathodenmaterialien. Zur Überprüfung ihrer Eignung wurden Phenothiazin-Polymere als Elektrodenmaterialien in Lithium-Batteriezellen eingesetzt. Die verwendeten Polymere wiesen gute Kapazitätswerte von circa 50-90 Ah/kg sowie schnelle Aufladezeiten in der Batteriezelle auf. Besonders die Aufladezeiten sind 5-10 mal höher als konventionelle Lithium-Batterien. Im Hinblick auf Anzahl der Lade- und Entladezyklen, erzielten die Polymere gute Werte in den Langzeit-Stabilitätstests. Insgesamt überstehen die Polymere 500 Ladezyklen mit geringen Veränderungen der Anfangswerte bezüglich Ladezeiten und -kapazitäten. Die Langzeit-Stabilität hängt unmittelbar mit der Radikalstabilität zusammen. Eine Stabilisierung der Radikalkationen gelang durch die Verlängerung der Seitenkette am Stickstoffatom des Phenothiazins und der Polymerhauptkette. Eine derartige Alkyl-Substitution erhöht die Radikalstabilität durch verstärkte Wechselwirkung mit dem aromatischen Ring und verbessert somit die Batterieleistung hinsichtlich der Stabilität gegenüber Lade- und Entladezyklen. rnrnDes Weiteren wurde die praktische Anwendung von bistabilen Phenothiazin-Polymeren als Speichermedium für hohe Datendichten untersucht. Dazu wurden dünne Filme des Polymers auf leitfähigen Substraten elektrochemisch oxidiert. Die elektrochemische Oxidation erfolgte mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie in Kombination mit leitfähigen Mikroskopspitzen. Mittels dieser Technik gelang es, die Oberfläche des Polymers im nanoskaligen Bereich zu oxidieren und somit die lokale Leitfähigkeit zu verändern. Damit konnten unterschiedlich große Muster lithographisch beschrieben und aufgrund der Veränderung ihrer Leitfähigkeit detektiert werden. Der Schreibprozess führte nur zu einer Veränderung der lokalen Leitfähigkeit ohne die topographische Beschaffenheit des Polymerfilms zu beeinflussen. Außerdem erwiesen sich die Muster als besonders stabil sowohl mechanisch als auch über die Zeit.rnrnZum Schluss wurden neue Synthesestrategien entwickelt um mechanisch stabile als auch redox-funktionale Oberflächen zu produzieren. Mit Hilfe der oberflächen-initiierten Atomtransfer-Radikalpolymerisation wurden gepfropfte Polymerbürsten mit redox-funktionalen Phenothiazin-Seitenketten hergestellt und mittels Röntgenmethoden und Rasterkraftmikroskopie analysiert. Eine der Synthesestrategien geht von gepfropften Aktivesterbürsten aus, die anschließend in einem nachfolgenden Schritt mit redox-funktionalen Gruppen modifiziert werden können. Diese Vorgehensweise ist besonders vielversprechend und erlaubt es unterschiedliche funktionelle Gruppen an den Aktivesterbürsten zu verankern. Damit können durch Verwendung von vernetzenden Gruppen neben den Redoxeigenschaften, die mechanische Stabilität solcher Polymerfilme optimiert werden. rn rn

The Effects of Physical and Chemical Modulating Agents on the Induction of Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses

After the development of the viral-based prostate cancer vaccine, Ad5-PSA, much research has been orientated to help enhance the induced immune response by combining the vaccine with physical and chemical modulating agents, more specifically the polymers polyethylenimine (PEI), chitosan, and chitosan coated with CD3 complex antibodies; all previously shown to stimulate an immune response as isolated gene carriers. To compare the vaccine-induced immune responses between the naked vaccine and the polymer-vaccine combinations, a mouse model using the ovalbumin- specific Ad-OVA vaccine was tested using intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), tetramer staining, and cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte assays to measure the activation of CD8+ T-cells, interferon gamma proteins (INFƒ×), and the induced cytotoxicity to ovalbumin. The Ad-OVA vaccine combined with both chitosan and chitosan with CD3 complex antibodies, both natural polymers, were found to induce similar immune responses to the naked vaccine while the vaccine combined with the synthetic polymer, PEI, diminished the immune response.

Tissue engineering of cartilage in space

Tissue engineering of cartilage, i.e., the in vitro cultivation of cartilage cells on synthetic polymer scaffolds, was studied on the Mir Space Station and on Earth. Specifically, three-dimensional cell-polymer constructs consisting of bovine articular chondrocytes and polyglycolic acid scaffolds were grown in rotating bioreactors, first for 3 months on Earth and then for an additional 4 months on either Mir (10−4–10−6 g) or Earth (1 g). This mission provided a unique opportunity to study the feasibility of long-term cell culture flight experiments and to assess the effects of spaceflight on the growth and function of a model musculoskeletal tissue. Both environments yielded cartilaginous constructs, each weighing between 0.3 and 0.4 g and consisting of viable, differentiated cells that synthesized proteoglycan and type II collagen. Compared with the Earth group, Mir-grown constructs were more spherical, smaller, and mechanically inferior. The same bioreactor system can be used for a variety of controlled microgravity studies of cartilage and other tissues. These results may have implications for human spaceflight, e.g., a Mars mission, and clinical medicine, e.g., improved understanding of the effects of pseudo-weightlessness in prolonged immobilization, hydrotherapy, and intrauterine development.

Flotação aplicada ao pós-tratamento do efluente de reator anaeróbio de leito expandido tratando esgoto sanitário

Este trabalho apresenta e discute os resultados de um estudo amplo e aprofundado sobre os principais parâmetros operacionais da flotação por ar dissolvido, utilizada no pós-tratamento de efluentes de um reator anaeróbio de leito expandido (RALEx), tratando 10 m3/hora de esgoto sanitário. Foram realizados preliminarmente ensaios utilizando o flotateste, unidade de flotação em escala de laboratório, para identificar as melhores dosagens de coagulante (cloreto férrico), o polímero mais adequado, dentre os 26 testados, e sua respectiva dosagem, o pH de coagulação adequado, o tempo (Tf) e o gradiente de velocidade (Gf) de floculação mais apropriados e a quantidade de ar (S*) requerida. Para obtenção das condições operacionais adequadas para a unidade piloto de flotação, os valores de Tf e de Gf foram variados de zero a 24 minutos e de 40 a 100 s-1, respectivamente. As concentrações de cloreto férrico e de polímero sintético variaram de 15 a 92 mg/L e de 0,25 a 7,0 mg/L, respectivamente. S* variou de 2.85 a 28.5 gramas de ar por metro cúbico de efluente e a taxa de aplicação superficial na unidade de flotação abrangeu de 180 a 250 m3/m2/d. O desempenho da flotação durante a partida do reator anaeróbio também foi investigado. O uso de 50 mg/L de cloreto férrico, de Tf igual a 20 min e Gf de 80 s-1, de S* de 19,7 g de ar por m3 de efluente e taxa de 180 m3/m2/d produziu excelentes resultados nos ensaios com a instalação piloto de flotação, com elevadas remoções de carga de DQO (80,6%), de fósforo total (90,1%) e de sólidos suspensos totais (92,1%) e com turbidez entre 1,6 e 15,4 uT e residuais de ferro de 0,5 mg/L, com remoção estimada, na forma de lodo, de 77 gramas de SST por m3 de efluente tratado. Nestas mesmas condições, no sistema RALEx+FAD, foram observadas remoções globais de 91,6% de carga de DQO, de 90,1% de carga de fósforo e de 96,6% de carga de SST. O emprego da flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) mostrou-se alternativa bastante atraente para o pós-tratamento de efluentes de reatores anaeróbios. Se a coagulação estiver bem ajustada, o sistema composto de reator anaeróbio seguido de unidade de flotação consegue alcançar excelente remoção de matéria orgânica, redução significativa da concentração de fósforo e de sólidos suspensos, além de precipitação dos sulfetos dissolvidos, gerados no reator anaeróbio. Bons resultados foram alcançados mesmo quando o reator RALEx produziu efluentes de baixa qualidade durante seu período de partida. Nesse período, o sistema de flotação atuou como barreira eficaz, evitando a emissão de efluente de baixa qualidade do sistema.

Compatibilization of starch-polyester blends using reactive extrusion

Maleic anhydride (MA) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) were used as crosslinking agent and initiator respectively for blending starch and a biodegradable synthetic aliphatic polyester using reactive extrusion. Blends were characterized using dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis (DMTA). Optical micrographs of the blends revealed that in the optimized blend, starch was evenly dispersed in the polymer matrix. Optimized blends exhibited better tensile properties than the uncompatibilized blends. Xray photoelectron spectroscopy supported the proposed structure for the starch-polyester complex. Variation in the compositions of crosslinking agent and initiator had an impact on the properties and color of the blends.

Tissue engineering of co-cultured skin substitutes using biocomposite membranes based on collagen and polycaprolactone

The preparation and characterisation of collagen: PCL, gelatin: PCL and gelatin/collagen:PCL biocomposites for manufacture of tissue engineered skin substitutes are reported. Films of collagen: PLC, gelatin: PCL (1:4, 1:8 and 1:20 w/w) and gelatin/collagen:PCL (1:8 and 1:20 w/w) biocomposites were prepared by impregnation of lyophilised collagen and/or gelatin mats by PCL solutions followed by solvent evaporation. In vitro assays of total protein release of collagen:PCL and gelatin: PCL biocomposite films revealed an expected inverse relationship between the collagen release rate and the content of synthetic polymer in the biocomposite samples that may be exploited for controlled presentation and release of biopharmaceuticals such as growth factors. Good compatibility of all biocomposite groups was proven by interaction with 3T3 fibroblasts, normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK), and primary human epidermal keratinocytes (PHEK) and dermal fibroblasts (PHDF) in vitro respectively. The 1:20 collagen: PCL materials exhibiting good cell growth curves and mechanical characteristics were selected for engineering of skin substitutes in this work. The tissue-engineered skin model based on single-donor PHEK and PHDF with differentiated confluent epidermal layer and fibrous porous dermal layer was then developed successfully in vitro proven by SEM and immunohistochemistry assay. The following in vivo animal study on athymic mice revealed early complete wound healing in 10 days and good integration of co-cultured skin substitutes with adjacent mice skin structures. Thus the co-cultured skin substitutes based on 1:20 collagen: PCL biocomposite membranes was proven in principle. The approach to skin modelling reported here may find application in wound treatment, gene therapy and screening of new pharmaceuticals.

Composite cell support membranes based on collagen and polycaprolactone for tissue engineering of skin

The preparation and characterisation of collagen:PCL composites for manufacture of tissue engineered skin substitutes and models are reported. Films having collagen:PCL (w/w) ratios of 1:4, 1:8 and 1:20 were prepared by impregnation of lyophilised collagen mats by PCL solutions followed by solvent evaporation. In vitro assays of collagen release and residual collagen content revealed an expected inverse relationship between the collagen release rate and the content of synthetic polymer in the composite that may be exploited for controlled presentation and release of biopharmaceuticals such as growth factors. DSC analysis revealed the characteristic melting point of PCL at around 60°C and a tendency for the collagen component, at high loading, to impede crystallinity development within the PCL phase. The preparation of fibroblast/composite constructs was investigated using cell culture as a first stage in mimicking the dermal/epidermal structure of skin. Fibroblasts were found to attach and proliferate on all the composites investigated reaching a maximum of 2×105/cm2 on 1:20 collagen:PCL materials at day 8 with cell numbers declining thereafter. Keratinocyte growth rates were similar on all types of collagen:PCL materials investigated reaching a maximum of 6.6×104/cm2 at day 6. The results revealed that composite films of collagen and PCL are favourable substrates for growth of fibroblasts and keratinocytes and may find utility for skin repair. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.