Are NORs Always Located on Homeologous Chromosomes? A FISH Investigation with rDNA and Whole Chromosome Probes in Gymnotus Fishes (Gymnotiformes)

Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae) is the most diverse known Neotropical electric knife fish genus. Cytogenetic studies in Gymnotus demonstrate a huge karyotypic diversity for this genus, with diploid numbers ranging from 34 to 54. The NOR are also variable in this genus, with both single and multiple NORs described. A common interpretation is that the single NOR pair is a primitive trait while multiple NORs are derivative. However this hypothesis has never been fully tested. In this report we checked if the NOR-bearing chromosome and the rDNA site are homeologous in different species of the genus Gymnotus: G. carapo (2n = 40, 42, 54), G. mamiraua (2n = 54), G. arapaima (2n = 44), G. sylvius (2n = 40), G. inaequilabiatus (2n = 54) and G. capanema (2n = 34), from the monophyletic group G. carapo (Gymnotidae-Gymnotiformes), as well as G. jonasi (2n = 52), belonging to the G1 group. They were analyzed with Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 18S rDNA and whole chromosome probes of the NOR-bearing chromosome 20 (GCA20) of G. carapo (cytotype 2n = 42), obtained by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting. All species of the monophyletic G. carapo group show the NOR in the same single pair, confirmed by hybridization with CGA20 whole chromosome probe. In G. jonasi the NORs are multiple, and located on pairs 9, 10 and 11. In G. jonasi the GCA20 chromosome probe paints the distal half of the long arm of pair 7, which is not a NOR-bearing chromosome. Thus these rDNA sequences are not always in the homeologous chromosomes in different species thus giving no support to the hypothesis that single NOR pairs are primitive traits while multiple NORs are derived. The separation of groups of species in the genus Gymnotus proposed by phylogenies with morphologic and molecular data is supported by our cytogenetic data. © 2013 Milhomem et al.

Mapeamento físico de genes ribosomais 18S e 5S nos cromossomos de espécies simpáticas do gênero Gymnotus (Teleostei, Gymnotiformes, Gymnotidae)

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[Commentariorum Aeneae Sylvii Piccolominei Senensis, de Concilio Basileae celebrato libri duo, olim quidem scripti, nunc vero primum impressi, in quibus sic illam synodum depingit, sic quicquid illic actum est, bona fide refert ... cum multis aliis nunquam antehac impressis ...]

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Schola salernitana sive De conservandâ Valetudine praecepta metrica /

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Contra veritatem et aequitatem Pontificae censurae & c., Lucerna Augustiniana sanè fumosa ac famosa, nempe ab anonymo, obiicitur, Responsio seniorum facultatis S. Theol. Duacenae.

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Doctrinae eius quam certorum articulorum in Bulla Pii V Pontif. comprehensa postulare visa est damnatio, breuis & quoad fieri potuit ordinata & cohaerens explicatio a veneranda Facultate Sacrae Theologiae in Louaniensi Academia, ... Vercellensis Episcopi & Apostolici per utramque Germaniam Nuntij voluntate ac iussu concepta /

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Explicatio doctrinae sancti Thomae Aquinatis, doctoris angelici et communis, et confirmatio thesium & impertinentium ex eodem De motione primi motoris disputatorum in collegio regio Duaci /

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Disputationum medicarum decas, primarias corporis humani functiones naturales, nec non febrium naturam ... complectens. Annexis 1. Epistola apologetica contra Antonium Deusingium. 2. De affectus epidemii, anno 1669. Leidae grassantis, casis naturalibus. 3. De hominis cognitione, binis orationibus. Omnibus ad Leidense exemplar fideliter conformatis.

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Vittorino da Feltre and other humanist educators /

Reprint of 1897 ed., published by Cambridge University Press.

Svmma conciliorum /

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F. Sylvii ... Commentarii in totam primam secundae S. Thomae Aquinatis ... : tomus secundus.

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Operum F. Sylvii ... tomus sextus : complectens ejus commentaria in Genesim & Exodum ... item in Leviticum & Numeros /

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F. Sylvii ... Commentarii in totam primam partem S. Thomae Aquinatis ...

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F. Sylvii ... Commentarii in totam secundam secundae S. Thomae Aquinatis ... : tomus tertius.

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