Um estudo sobre o sistema just in time de produção

A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar a tecnologia de administração da produção desenvolvida pelos japoneses após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, de maneira que a essência do sistema seja mostrada através de conceitos de produção, cuja aplicabilidade é universal. A maneira encontrada para cumprir esse objetivo foi selecionar os principais conceitos e técnicas de produção e mostrar como elas compõem um conjunto bastante interdependente entre si e altamente dependente da participação do pessoal de fábrica. A esse conjunto de técnicas e conceitos de produção desenvolvidos pelos japoneses daremos o nome de "Sistema Just in Time de Produção".

O modo de vida just-in-time do novo perfil metalúrgico jovem-adulto flexivel do ABC: antigos dilemas, novas contradições e possibilidades

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

El dispositivo fitness en la modernidad biológica. Democracia estética, just-in-time, crímenes de fealdad y contagio

Decía Foucault que "el umbral de modernidad biológica de una sociedad se sitúa en el momento en que la especie entra como apuesta del juego en sus propias estrategias políticas". A tres siglos de que Occidente cruzó ese umbral, analizaré algunos ejes de la nueva estrategia hegemónica para anudar las biopolíticas de población y las anatomo-políticas del cuerpo-máquina. Esta estrategia se consolida en la segunda mitad del siglo XX junto a la transformación de las sociedades disciplinarias y de control durante el capitalismo financiero y posfordista. Enlaza tres dispositivos cuyo objeto ya no es el sexo sino el fitness, la salud y las biotecnologías. El nuevo dispositivo sanitario apunta a la normalización y gestión privada de la enfermedad, entendida como mal potencial y endémico, cuyo descuido puede castigarse. El dispositivo biotecnológico, que incluye la genética sin limitarse a ella, altera la forma de intervención sobre los cuerpos. El dispositivo de fitness recoge las exigencias de un cuerpo "adecuado", que "encaje" en el nuevo régimen de aparición-espectáculo; su principal valor es el de exhibición, y opera con eficacia allí donde la aspiración a una movilidad económica, social o cultural se desplaza hacia una búsqueda estética de "redención por la apariencia".

El dispositivo fitness en la modernidad biológica. Democracia estética, just-in-time, crímenes de fealdad y contagio

Decía Foucault que "el umbral de modernidad biológica de una sociedad se sitúa en el momento en que la especie entra como apuesta del juego en sus propias estrategias políticas". A tres siglos de que Occidente cruzó ese umbral, analizaré algunos ejes de la nueva estrategia hegemónica para anudar las biopolíticas de población y las anatomo-políticas del cuerpo-máquina. Esta estrategia se consolida en la segunda mitad del siglo XX junto a la transformación de las sociedades disciplinarias y de control durante el capitalismo financiero y posfordista. Enlaza tres dispositivos cuyo objeto ya no es el sexo sino el fitness, la salud y las biotecnologías. El nuevo dispositivo sanitario apunta a la normalización y gestión privada de la enfermedad, entendida como mal potencial y endémico, cuyo descuido puede castigarse. El dispositivo biotecnológico, que incluye la genética sin limitarse a ella, altera la forma de intervención sobre los cuerpos. El dispositivo de fitness recoge las exigencias de un cuerpo "adecuado", que "encaje" en el nuevo régimen de aparición-espectáculo; su principal valor es el de exhibición, y opera con eficacia allí donde la aspiración a una movilidad económica, social o cultural se desplaza hacia una búsqueda estética de "redención por la apariencia".

El dispositivo fitness en la modernidad biológica. Democracia estética, just-in-time, crímenes de fealdad y contagio

Decía Foucault que "el umbral de modernidad biológica de una sociedad se sitúa en el momento en que la especie entra como apuesta del juego en sus propias estrategias políticas". A tres siglos de que Occidente cruzó ese umbral, analizaré algunos ejes de la nueva estrategia hegemónica para anudar las biopolíticas de población y las anatomo-políticas del cuerpo-máquina. Esta estrategia se consolida en la segunda mitad del siglo XX junto a la transformación de las sociedades disciplinarias y de control durante el capitalismo financiero y posfordista. Enlaza tres dispositivos cuyo objeto ya no es el sexo sino el fitness, la salud y las biotecnologías. El nuevo dispositivo sanitario apunta a la normalización y gestión privada de la enfermedad, entendida como mal potencial y endémico, cuyo descuido puede castigarse. El dispositivo biotecnológico, que incluye la genética sin limitarse a ella, altera la forma de intervención sobre los cuerpos. El dispositivo de fitness recoge las exigencias de un cuerpo "adecuado", que "encaje" en el nuevo régimen de aparición-espectáculo; su principal valor es el de exhibición, y opera con eficacia allí donde la aspiración a una movilidad económica, social o cultural se desplaza hacia una búsqueda estética de "redención por la apariencia".

Impact of just-in-time on job content, employee attitudes and well-being:a longitudinal study

Just-in-time (JIT) production systems are increasingly being seen as a vital way for manufacturing organizations to enhance their competitiveness. A number of commentators have suggested that this will simplify jobs and reduce employee well-being. This paper presents a conceptual framework for interpreting the effects of JIT and reports findings from a study of the impact of JIT on the content of workers'jobs and on job satisfaction and psychological strain. The introduction of JIT led to a reduction in control over work timing, an increase in production pressure, and a drop in job satisfaction. Contrary to claims in the literature, no changes were found in control over work methods, other aspects of cognitive demands and skill use, and in psychological strain. The study shows that JIT can be implemented without radical changes in job content or adverse impact in terms of employee strain, and the implications of these findings are discussed.

Competing manufacturers in a retail supply chain: On contractual form and coordination

It is common for a retailer to sell products from competing manufacturers. How then should the firms manage their contract negotiations? The supply chain coordination literature focuses either on a single manufacturer selling to a single retailer or one manufacturer selling to many (possibly competing) retailers. We find that some key conclusions from those market structures do not apply in our setting, where multiple manufacturers sell through a single retailer. We allow the manufacturers to compete for the retailer's business using one of three types of contracts: a wholesale-price contract, a quantity-discount contract, or a two-part tariff. It is well known that the latter two, more sophisticated contracts enable the manufacturer to coordinate the supply chain, thereby maximizing the profits available to the firms. More importantly, they allow the manufacturer to extract rents from the retailer, in theory allowing the manufacturer to leave the retailer with only her reservation profit. However, we show that in our market structure these two sophisticated contracts force the manufacturers to compete more aggressively relative to when they only offer wholesale-price contracts, and this may leave them worse off and the retailer substantially better off. In other words, although in a serial supply chain a retailer may have just cause to fear quantity discounts and two-part tariffs, a retailer may actually prefer those contracts when offered by competing manufacturers. We conclude that the properties a contractual form exhibits in a one-manufacturer supply chain may not carry over to the realistic setting in which multiple manufacturers must compete to sell their goods through the same retailer. © 2010 INFORMS.

Triangular Linguistic Fuzzy based performance measurement model for supply chain to assess leanness attributes

Increasing global competitiveness worldwide has forced manufacturing organizations to produce high-quality products more quickly and at a competitive cost. In order to reach these goals, they need good quality components from suppliers at optimum price and lead time. This actually forced all the companies to adapt different improvement practices such as lean manufacturing, Just in Time (JIT) and effective supply chain management. Applying new improvement techniques and tools cause higher establishment costs and more Information Delay (ID). On the contrary, these new techniques may reduce the risk of stock outs and affect supply chain flexibility to give a better overall performance. But industry people are unable to measure the overall affects of those improvement techniques with a standard evaluation model .So an effective overall supply chain performance evaluation model is essential for suppliers as well as manufacturers to assess their companies under different supply chain strategies. However, literature on lean supply chain performance evaluation is comparatively limited. Moreover, most of the models assumed random values for performance variables. The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective supply chain performance evaluation model using triangular linguistic fuzzy numbers and to recommend optimum ranges for performance variables for lean implementation. The model initially considers all the supply chain performance criteria (input, output and flexibility), converts the values to triangular linguistic fuzzy numbers and evaluates overall supply chain performance under different situations. Results show that with the proposed performance measurement model, improvement area for each variable can be accurately identified.

Relationship management as a strategy for supply chain engagement in the civil engineering construction industry

Many studies into construction procurement methods reveal evidence of a need to change the culture and attitude in the construction industry, transition from traditional adversarial relationships to cooperative and collaborative relationships. At the same time there is also increasing concern and discussion on alternative procurement methods, involving a movement away from traditional procurement systems. Relational contracting approaches, such as partnering and relationship management, are business strategies that align the objectives of clients, commercial participants and stakeholders. It provides a collaborative environment and a framework for all participants to adapt their behaviour to project objectives and allows for engagement of those subcontractors and suppliers down the supply chain. The efficacy of relationship management in the client and contractor groups is proven and well documented. However, the industry has a history of slow implementation of relational contracting down the supply chain. Furthermore, there exists little research on relationship management conducted in the supply chain context. This research aims to explore the association between relational contracting structures and processes and supply chain sustainability in the civil engineering construction industry. It endeavours to shed light on the practices and prerequisites for relationship management implementation success and for supply sustainability to develop. The research methodology is a triangulated approach based on Cheung.s (2006) earlier research where questionnaire survey, interviews and case studies were conducted. This new research includes a face-to-face questionnaire survey that was carried out with 100 professionals from 27 contracting organisations in Queensland from June 2008 to January 2009. A follow-up survey sub-questionnaire, further examining project participants. perspectives was sent to another group of professionals (as identified in the main questionnaire survey). Statistical analysis including multiple regression, correlation, principal component factor analysis and analysis of variance were used to identify the underlying dimensions and test the relationships among variables. Interviews and case studies were conducted to assist in providing a deeper understanding as well as explaining findings of the quantitative study. The qualitative approaches also gave the opportunity to critique and validate the research findings. This research presents the implementation of relationship management from the contractor.s perspective. Findings show that the adaption of relational contracting approach in the supply chain is found to be limited; contractors still prefer to keep the suppliers and subcontractors at arm.s length. This research shows that the degree of match and mismatch between organisational structuring and organisational process has an impact on staff.s commitment level and performance effectiveness. Key issues affecting performance effectiveness and relationship effectiveness include total influence between parties, access to information, personal acquaintance, communication process, risk identification, timely problem solving and commercial framework. Findings also indicate that alliance and Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) projects achieve higher performance effectiveness at both short-term and long-term levels compared to projects with either no or partial relationship management adopted.

Corporate social and environmental responsibility in relation to the agricultural sector and the food supply chain : a Case Study of Waitrose

Waitrose has a strong commitment to organic farming but also uses products from 'conventional' farms. At the production stage, Waitrose own-label products are fully traceable, GM-free and all suppliers undergo a detailed assessment programme based on current best practice. Crop suppliers to Waitrose operate an authenticity programme to certify that each assignment is GM-free and produce is screened for pesticide residues. Waitrose sources conventional crops grown from 'Integrated Crop Management Systems' (ICMS) using best horticultural practices. The 'Assured Product' scheme regulates all UK produce to ICMS standards and these audits are being extended worldwide. Business is withdrawn from suppliers who fail the audit. In relation to this, Waitrose has increased its Fairtrade range as in its view 'Buying these products provides direct additional benefit to workers in the developing countries where they are produced and assists marginal producers by giving them access to markets they would not otherwise have'. Currently, Waitrose is developing its own sustainable timber assessment criteria. For livestock, protocols are in place to ensure that animals are reared under the 'most natural conditions possible' and free range produce is offered where animals have access to open space although some produce is not from free-range animals. Waitrose also use a 'Hazards Analysis Critical Points' system to identify food safety hazards that occur at any stage from production to point of sale and to ensure that full measures are in place to control them. In addition, mechanisms have been implemented to reduce fuel use and hence reduce CO2 emissions in the transport of products and staff, and to increase the energy use efficiency of refrigeration systems which account for approximately 60% of Waitrose energy use.

Strategic supply chain management factors influencing agribusiness innovation utilization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine empirically, an industry development paradox, using embryonic literature in the area of strategic supply chain management, together with innovation management literature. This study seeks to understand how, forming strategic supply chain relationships, and developing strategic supply chain capability, influences beneficial supply chain outcomes expected from utilizing industry-led innovation, in the form of electronic business solutions using the internet, in the Australian beef industry. Findings should add valuable insights to both academics and practitioners in the fields of supply chain innovation management and strategic supply chain management, and expand knowledge to current literature. Design/methodology/approach – This is a quantitative study comparing innovative and non-innovative supply chain operatives in the Australian beef industry, through factor analysis and structural equation modeling using PAWS Statistical V18 and AMOS V18 to analyze survey data from 412 respondents from the Australian beef supply chain. Findings – Key findings are that both innovative and non-innovative supply chain operators attribute supply chain synchronization as only a minor indicator of strategic supply chain capability, contrary to the literature; and they also indicate strategic supply chain capability has a minor influence in achieving beneficial outcomes from utilizing industry-led innovation. These results suggest a lack of coordination between supply chain operatives in the industry. They also suggest a lack of understanding of the benefits of developing a strategic supply chain management competence, particularly in relation to innovation agendas, and provides valuable insights as to why an industry paradox exists in terms of the level of investment in industry-led innovation, vs the level of corresponding benefit achieved. Research limitations/implications – Results are not generalized due to the single agribusiness industry studied and the single research method employed. However, this provides opportunity for further agribusiness studies in this area and also studies using alternate methods, such as qualitative, in-depth analysis of these factors and their relationships, which may confirm results or produce different results. Further, this study empirically extends existing theoretical contributions and insights into the roles of strategic supply chain management and innovation management in improving supply chain and ultimately industry performance while providing practical insights to supply chain practitioners in this and other similar agribusiness industries. Practical implications – These findings confirm results from a 2007 research (Ketchen et al., 2007) which suggests supply chain practice and teachings need to take a strategic direction in the twenty-first century. To date, competence in supply chain management has built up from functional and process orientations rather than from a strategic perspective. This study confirms that there is a need for more generalists that can integrate with various disciplines, particularly those who can understand and implement strategic supply chain management. Social implications – Possible social implications accrue through the development of responsible government policy in terms of industry supply chains. Strategic supply chain management and supply chain innovation management have impacts to the social fabric of nations through the sustainability of their industries, especially agribusiness industries which deal with food safety and security. If supply chains are now the competitive weapon of nations then funding innovation and managing their supply chain competitiveness in global markets requires a strategic approach from everyone, not just the industry participants. Originality/value – This is original empirical research, seeking to add value to embryonic and important developing literature concerned with adopting a strategic approach to supply chain management. It also seeks to add to existing literature in the area of innovation management, particularly through greater understanding of the implications of nations developing industry-wide, industry-led innovation agendas, and their ramifications to industry supply chains.