Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.

Cecilia Razovsky papers, undated, 1913-1971.

The papers consist of correspondence and reports of Cecelia Razovsky (married name: Davidson), noted social worker specializing in immigration and resettlement of refugees. The collection includes information about her work with the National Council of Jewish Women in the 1920's, and with the National Refugee Service (and predecessor organizations) in the 1930's. Information is included about her work as a Resettlement Supervisor in the post-World War II DP camps in Europe, and as a field worker in the southwestern U.S. for the United Service for New Americans in 1950. The collection contains reports and correspondence from her trips to South America, primarily Brazil: to explore possibilities of refugee settlement in 1937 and 1946; as a representative for United HIAS Service to aid in settling Egyptian and Hungarian refugees in 1957-58; and as a pleasure trip and evaluation of the changes in the Jewish community of the country in 1963. Also included in the collection are many of Razovsky's articles, plays, and pamphlets.

Annual report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Niagara, 1912-1913.

Report year irregular.

Tecnologías del poder: higiene escolar y educación física en los discursos médicos en la ciudad de Bogotá (1913 -1940)

La construcción del proyecto moderno en Colombia a principios del siglo XX fue un proceso basado en los ideales de industrialización y civilización. De igual forma estuvo atravesado por una serie de planteamientos de carácter científico que legitimaron un pensamiento racista que a su vez ayudó a configurar unas prácticas de carácter político y social encaminadas al “mejoramiento de la raza” en Colombia. En este trabajo se analizan algunas de estas prácticas a través de los discursos médicos sobre la higiene y la educación física realizados en Bogotá entre 1913 y 1940. En particular, se quiere explorar la forma como la educación física se configuró como una tecnología de poder que buscaba la construcción de cuerpos sanos al servicio de los procesos de modernización capitalista. Para esto, tomo como base teórica la propuesta de Michel Foucault con el fin de establecer la relación entre saber/poder como un constructo cultural que articula una serie de discursos productores de verdad propios de la modernidad.

Productividad total de los factores en el sector agropecuario de Argentina : 1913-2010

La productividad total de los factores (PTF) explica el crecimiento del producto no atribuible al uso de los factores, lo que crea un importante debate sobre el impacto de las políticas y del cambio organizacional y tecnológico sobre la misma. Aunque la revisión de antecedentes fue extensa a nivel mundial, son acotados los trabajos actualizados referentes a América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y a Argentina. Este estudio tiene por objetivo presentar una aproximación de la evolución de la PTF en los últimos 100 años, como así también de las fuentes factoriales del crecimiento del producto agropecuario. Los resultados muestran que durante el período 1913-2010 la PTF del sector agropecuario de Argentina creció al 1,5 por ciento anual, lo que explica el 86 por ciento de la variación del producto. Sin embargo, entre 1962 y 2010, la PTF creció al 1,9 por ciento anual en la agricultura y al 0,7 por ciento anual en la ganadería, lo que explica el 48 por ciento y 71 por ciento, respectivamente, del crecimiento del producto sectorial. En ambos casos la expansión territorial, el uso de insumos y la acumulación de stock animal fueron también clave. Si bien es cierto que el cambio tecnológico fue importante, por sí solo no fue suficiente. La revisión de los principales hechos históricos hace considerar que los contextos internacional, institucional y organizacional afectaron también a la PTF. El sector agropecuario argentino es aun altamente dependiente del uso de los factores para crecer, lo que remarca la necesidad de trabajar en una política de Estado de largo plazo y con base en estudios sectoriales y regionales de cómo incrementar la productividad como fuente no factorial del crecimiento del productor

Den Norske Nordhavs-expedition, 1876-1878.

bind 7

[Admittatur of Timothy Prout (Harvard AB 1741)], 1737

Notebook with a handwritten copy of the 1734 College laws copied in English by Harvard undergraduate Timothy Prout and signed by President Edward Holyoke, Fellows Henry Flynt and Nathan Prince, and Tutors Stephen Sewall and Daniel Rogers on October 5, 1737. The flyleaf includes the note, "This Body of Colledge Laws was transcribed by Timo. Prout July ye 10th anno Domini 1737.

Letters from Daniel Bates to William Jenks, May 1795-September 1798

Daniel Bates wrote these five letters to his friend and classmate, William Jenks, between May 1795 and September 1798. In a letter written May 12, 1795, Bates informs Jenks, who was then employed as an usher at Mr. Webb's school, of his studies of Euclid, the meeting of several undergraduate societies, and various sightings of birds, gardens and trees. In a letter written in November 1795 from Princeton, where he was apparently on vacation with the family of classmate Leonard Jarvis, he describes playing the game "break the Pope's neck" and tells Jenks what he was reading (Nicholson, Paley?, and Thompson) and what his friend's father was reading (Mirabeau and Neckar).

La familia foral y la familia castellana : memoria premiada por la Academia Matritense de Jurisprudencia y Legislación en el concurso abierto en 20 de junio de 1862 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Catalogue général de la librairie française.

A continuation of J.M. Quérard's La France littéraire ... pendant les XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, and Littérature française contemporaine, 1827-1849.

[Del carácter de los conocimientos humanos] : discurso leído en la solemne inauguración de los estudios de 1861 a 1862 en la Universidad Central el día 1o de octubre de 1861.

Mode of access: Internet.

Hypsipyle : a paper read to the Northumberland and Durham Classical Association in the Common Room, University College, Durham, on March 15th, 1913 /

Includes bibliographical references.