Ileal and caecal microbial populations in broilers given specific essential oil blends and probiotics in two consecutive grow-outs

Specific essential oil (EO) blends and probiotics used as feed additives have been shown to promote healthy digestive microbials resulting in improved poultry production. Two consecutive experiments were conducted with broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets to determine comparative effects of feed additives on ileal and caecal microbial populations (MP). Ross 708 broilers were placed in 84 pens with previously used litter and treatments maintained in the same pens for both experiments. Eight treatment groups were fed diets containing: Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) as positive control (PC); no additives as negative control (NC); three probiotics: BC-30; BioPlus 2B (B2B); and Calsporin; and the essential oil blends Crina Poultry Plus (CPP) at 300 or 150 ppm in the first experiment; and CPP at 300 ppm and Crina Poultry AF at 100 ppm in experiment 2. Starter and grower diets contained the ionophore (Coban). Ileal and caecal samples were collected at 43 days of age from male broilers. The DNA of microbial populations was isolated from digesta samples and analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to generate percentage similarity coefficients (%SC) from band pattern dendrograms. Differences were observed in ileal and caecal populations depending on treatment, respectively, and especially between experiments. Broilers fed diets with probiotics had very similar MP. The EO CPP at 300 ppm resulted in ilea! MP similar to those observed in chickens fed probiotics. We concluded that antibiotic treatment affected ileal, but no caecal MP. More pronounced changes in ileal and caecal MP were seen in broilers at 43 days of age following probiotic and essential oil treatments.

Broiler breeder trace mineral nutrition and feeding practices on embryo progeny development

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Sander's orchid guide, containing all the best known species, varieties, and hybrids of orchids in cultivation. Their native countries, descriptions, seasons of flowering, best methods of cultivation, temperatures,&c., together with the names and parentages of all the known hybrid orchids up to date, January 1st, 1901.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bee appliances and how to use them.

Mode of access: Internet.

Text book of British butterflies and moths; containing all the formerly so-called Macro-Lepidoptera, etc.,

Mode of access: Internet.

Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society.

Vol. for 1876 issued without title.

Circular of trustees and managers of Vt. central and Vt. & Canada R.R.'s May, 1867.

Mode of access: Internet.

Orchid hybrids. Sander's complete list. Containing the names and parentages of all the known hybrid orchids whether introduced or artificially raised. Arranged in tabular, alphabetical form ...

Published originally as a supplement to the author's Orchid guide. cf. Naturae novitates, 28. Jahrg., 1906, p. 377.

An ancient manuscript of the eighth or ninth century: formerly belonging to St. Mary's Abbey, or Nunnaminster, Winchester.

Mode of access: Internet.

An illustration of the monastic history and antiquities of the town and abbey of St. Edmund's Bury /

Mode of access: Internet.

Westminster abbey; the church, convent, cathedral and college of St. Peter, Westminster.

"Of this book three hundred and fifty copies have been printed on woven paper, fifty copies on hand-made paper, and twenty-five author's copies on hand-made paper."

The form and order of the service that is to be performed, and of the ceremonies that are to be observed, in the coronation of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, in the Abbey church of St. Peter, Westminister, on Thursday. the 28th of June, 1838.

Mode of access: Internet.