Órtese de tornozelo: efeito sobre a razão de pico torque muscular eversor excêntrico/inversor concêntrico do tornozelo durante simulação do basquetebol

The ankle sprains represent the most common injuries in sports and basketball. In this sense, the use of ankle bracing and strength capacity analysis of the ankle evertor and invertor muscles, have been suggested as preventive measures and important tools for identifying risk factors associated with ankle sprains. However, questions still persist as to effect of the use ankle bracing on biomechanical variables related to the stability of the ankle. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the effect of the use of ankle bracing on peak torque (PT) of ankle evertor and invertor muscles and on eccentric evertor/concentric invertor torque ratio (EVEECC/INVCON), during the basketball match-play simulation. Ten healthy college basketball players, without mechanics or functional ankle instability performed a laboratory-based protocol representative of work rates observed during basketball match-play, in two different situations, with and without use of ankle bracing. The test was composed of a succession of intermittent physical effort equally distributed in four periods of 10 minutes each, considering the mechanical and physiological demands of a basketball match-play. Prior to the start of the trial (Evaluation 1) and after 2° (Evaluation 2) and 4° (Evaluation 3) periods, the subjects performed five maximal isokinetic concentric and eccentric contractions of ankle invertor and evertor muscles, separated by two minutes rest, at 60 °/s and 120 °/s. After testing for normality of data distribution with the Shapiro-Wilk test, was used the ANOVA repeated measures for two factors and post-hoc Bonferroni test for comparison of variables between assessments. Was adopted p < 0.05. There was no significant difference for PT and EVEECC/INVCON torque ratio between assessments. There was a decrease in PT EVEECC at 60º/s and 120º/s for the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Manejo das fraturas nasais com manutenção das vias aéreas superiores

Nasal fractures are extremely frequent. The nasal bones are the third most frequently fractured bones in the human skeleton. This is due to their prominent position on the face and to the diminished bone thickness. As a result, weak forces can cause nasal fractures, while stronger forces can comminute the nasal bones. In general, assaults, falls and sports injuries are the etiologies most commonly involved in nasal trauma. The diagnosis of such fractures is basically clinical and their treatment is usually by closed reduction with good results reported in all the relevant literature. Thus, the aim of this paper is to report a modification of the closed reduction technique for the treatment of these fractures.

Ansiedad competitiva, competitividad y vulnerabilidad a la lesión deportiva: perfiles de riesgo

[ES] Se analiza en qué medida determinados perfiles de personalidad están asociados a la incidencia de lesiones deportivas. Se presenta un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional, con 453 deportistas (285 hombres y 168 mujeres) practicantes de deportes individuales y deportes de equipo.

Epidemiology and predictors of spinal injury in adult major trauma patients: European cohort study

This is a European cohort study on predictors of spinal injury in adult (≥16 years) major trauma patients, using prospectively collected data of the Trauma Audit and Research Network from 1988 to 2009. Predictors for spinal fractures/dislocations or spinal cord injury were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. 250,584 patients were analysed. 24,000 patients (9.6%) sustained spinal fractures/dislocations alone and 4,489 (1.8%) sustained spinal cord injury with or without fractures/dislocations. Spinal injury patients had a median age of 44.5 years (IQR = 28.8-64.0) and Injury Severity Score of 9 (IQR = 4-17). 64.9% were male. 45% of patients suffered associated injuries to other body regions. Age <45 years (≥45 years OR 0.83-0.94), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 3-8 (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19), falls >2 m (OR 4.17, 95% CI 3.98-4.37), sports injuries (OR 2.79, 95% CI 2.41-3.23) and road traffic collisions (RTCs) (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.83-2.00) were predictors for spinal fractures/dislocations. Age <45 years (≥45 years OR 0.78-0.90), male gender (female OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.72-0.85), GCS <15 (OR 1.36-1.93), associated chest injury (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.20), sports injuries (OR 3.98, 95% CI 3.04-5.21), falls >2 m (OR 3.60, 95% CI 3.21-4.04), RTCs (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.96-2.46) and shooting (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.21-3.00) were predictors for spinal cord injury. Multilevel injury was found in 10.4% of fractures/dislocations and in 1.3% of cord injury patients. As spinal trauma occurred in >10% of major trauma patients, aggressive evaluation of the spine is warranted, especially, in males, patients <45 years, with a GCS <15, concomitant chest injury and/or dangerous injury mechanisms (falls >2 m, sports injuries, RTCs and shooting). Diagnostic imaging of the whole spine and a diligent search for associated injuries are substantial.

An educational review of cartilage repair: precepts & practice - myths & misconceptions - progress & prospects.

OBJECTIVE The repair of cartilaginous lesions within synovial joints is still an unresolved and weighty clinical problem. Although research activity in this area has been indefatigably sustained, no significant progress has been made during the past decade. The aim of this educational review is to heighten the awareness amongst students and scientists of the basic issues that must be tackled and resolved before we can hope to escape from the whirlpool of stagnation into which we have fallen: cartilage repair redivivus! DESIGN Articular-cartilage lesions may be induced traumatically (e.g., by sports injuries and occupational accidents) or pathologically during the course of a degenerative disease (e.g., osteoarthritis). This review addresses the biological basis of cartilage repair and surveys current trends in treatment strategies, focussing on those that are most widely adopted by orthopaedic surgeons [viz., abrasive chondroplasty, microfracturing/microdrilling, osteochondral grafting and autologous-chondrocyte implantation (ACI)]. Also described are current research activities in the field of cartilage-tissue engineering, which, as a therapeutic principle, holds more promise for success than any other experimental approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tissue engineering aims to reconstitute a tissue both structurally and functionally. This process can be conducted entirely in vitro, initially in vitro and then in vivo (in situ), or entirely in vivo. Three key constituents usually form the building blocks of such an approach: a matrix scaffold, cells, and signalling molecules. Of the proposed approaches, none have yet advanced beyond the phase of experimental development to the level of clinical induction. The hurdles that need to be surmounted for ultimate success are discussed.

Prevención de lesiones en el deporte. Claves para un rendimiento deportivo óptimo. Romero Rodríguez, Daniel y Tous Fajardo, Julio. Medica Panamericana D. L., Madrid, 2010

La obra presenta variados temas, alguno de los cuales son abordados en forma general y en otros los autores profundizan introduciendo al lector en el verdadero campo de la prevención. Dentro de estos temas dedican un capítulo a uno de los pilares más importantes para la determinación de puntos débiles, que es la valoración de los aspectos necesarios de la forma física en relación a la posibilidad de lesiones, es decir, poder determinar el perfil lesivo de cada deportista. Se presentan metodologías de tratamiento en la prevención de lesiones basadas en tres pilares fundamentales: enfoque neuromuscular, entrenamiento de la fuerza para orientar los tratamientos y priorizar el componente excéntrico del movimiento como base funcional para la prevención. Así mismo incorpora una metodología de trabajo por medio de la vibración

Prevención de lesiones en el deporte. Claves para un rendimiento deportivo óptimo. Romero Rodríguez, Daniel y Tous Fajardo, Julio. Medica Panamericana D. L., Madrid, 2010

La obra presenta variados temas, alguno de los cuales son abordados en forma general y en otros los autores profundizan introduciendo al lector en el verdadero campo de la prevención. Dentro de estos temas dedican un capítulo a uno de los pilares más importantes para la determinación de puntos débiles, que es la valoración de los aspectos necesarios de la forma física en relación a la posibilidad de lesiones, es decir, poder determinar el perfil lesivo de cada deportista. Se presentan metodologías de tratamiento en la prevención de lesiones basadas en tres pilares fundamentales: enfoque neuromuscular, entrenamiento de la fuerza para orientar los tratamientos y priorizar el componente excéntrico del movimiento como base funcional para la prevención. Así mismo incorpora una metodología de trabajo por medio de la vibración

Prevención de lesiones en el deporte. Claves para un rendimiento deportivo óptimo. Romero Rodríguez, Daniel y Tous Fajardo, Julio. Medica Panamericana D. L., Madrid, 2010

La obra presenta variados temas, alguno de los cuales son abordados en forma general y en otros los autores profundizan introduciendo al lector en el verdadero campo de la prevención. Dentro de estos temas dedican un capítulo a uno de los pilares más importantes para la determinación de puntos débiles, que es la valoración de los aspectos necesarios de la forma física en relación a la posibilidad de lesiones, es decir, poder determinar el perfil lesivo de cada deportista. Se presentan metodologías de tratamiento en la prevención de lesiones basadas en tres pilares fundamentales: enfoque neuromuscular, entrenamiento de la fuerza para orientar los tratamientos y priorizar el componente excéntrico del movimiento como base funcional para la prevención. Así mismo incorpora una metodología de trabajo por medio de la vibración

Efectos de una intervención nutricional personalizada a largo plazo sobre los hábitos alimentarios de jugadores profesionales de baloncesto y su influencia en la percepción del esfuerzo y la fatiga

El presente trabajo consistió en el desarrollo de una intervención nutricional a largo plazo llevada a cabo con jugadores profesionales de baloncesto, en función al cumplimiento de las recomendaciones nutricionales, con los siguientes dos objetivos: 1) valorar los cambios que dicha intervención produce sobre las prácticas nutricionales diarias de estos deportistas y 2) conocer la influencia de las modificaciones nutricionales producidas sobre la tasa de percepción del esfuerzo por sesión (RPE-Sesión) y la fatiga, a lo largo de una temporada competitiva, tanto para entrenamientos como partidos oficiales. Los objetivos del estudio se fundamentan en: 1) la numerosa evidencia científica que muestra la inadecuación de los hábitos nutricionales de los jugadores de baloncesto y otros deportistas respecto a las recomendaciones nutricionales; 2) el hecho ampliamente reconocido en la literatura especializada de que una ingesta nutricional óptima permite maximizar el rendimiento deportivo (a nivel físico y cognitivo), promoviendo una rápida recuperación y disminuyendo el riesgo de enfermedades y lesiones deportivas. No obstante, pocos estudios han llevado a cabo una intervención nutricional a largo plazo para mejorar los hábitos alimentarios de los deportistas y ninguno de ellos fue realizado con jugadores de baloncesto; 3) la elevada correlación entre la percepción del esfuerzo (RPE) y variables fisiológicas relacionadas al desarrollo de un ejercicio (por ej.: frecuencia cardíaca, consumo máximo de oxígeno o lactato sanguíneo) y los múltiples estudios que muestran la atenuación de la RPE durante la realización del ejercicio mediante una ingesta puntual de nutrientes, (especialmente de hidratos de carbono) aunque ninguno fue desarrollado en baloncesto; 4) el estudio incipiente de la relación entre la ingesta nutricional y la RPE-Sesión, siendo éste un método validado en baloncesto y otros deportes de equipo como indicador de la carga de trabajo interna, el rendimiento deportivo y la intensidad del ejercicio realizado; 5) el hecho de que la fatiga constituye uno de los principales factores influyentes en la percepción del esfuerzo y puede ser retrasada y/o atenuada mediante la ingesta de carbohidratos, pudiendo disminuir consecuentemente la RPE-Sesión y la carga interna del esfuerzo físico, potenciando el rendimiento deportivo y las adaptaciones inducidas por el entrenamiento; 6) la reducida evidencia acerca del comportamiento de la RPE-Sesión ante la modificación de la ingesta de nutrientes, encontrándose sólo un estudio llevado a cabo en baloncesto y 7) la ausencia de investigaciones acerca de la influencia que puede tener la mejora del patrón nutricional de los jugadores sobre la RPE-Sesión y la fatiga, desconociéndose si la adecuación de los hábitos nutricionales conduce a una disminución de estas variables en el largo plazo para todos los entrenamientos y partidos oficiales a nivel profesional. Por todo esto, este trabajo comienza con una introducción que presenta el marco teórico de la importancia y función de la nutrición en el deporte, así como de las recomendaciones nutricionales actuales a nivel general y para baloncesto. Además, se describen las intervenciones nutricionales llevadas a cabo previamente con otros deportistas y las consecuentes modificaciones sobre el patrón alimentario, coincidiendo este aspecto con el primer objetivo del presente estudio. Posteriormente, se analiza la RPE, la RPE-Sesión y la fatiga, focalizando el estudio en la relación de dichas variables con la carga de trabajo físico, la intensidad del entrenamiento, el rendimiento deportivo y la recuperación post ejercicio. Finalmente, se combinan todos los aspectos mencionados: ingesta nutricional, RPE percepción del esfuerzo y fatiga, con el fin de conocer la situación actual del estudio de la relación entre dichas variables, conformando la base del segundo objetivo de este estudio. Seguidamente, se exponen y fundamentan los objetivos antes mencionados, para dar lugar después a la explicación de la metodología utilizada en el presente estudio. Ésta consistió en un diseño de estudios de caso, aplicándose una intervención nutricional personalizada a tres jugadores de baloncesto profesional (cada jugador = un estudio de caso; n = 1), con el objetivo de adecuar su ingesta nutricional en el largo plazo a las recomendaciones nutricionales. A su vez, se analizó la respuesta individual de cada uno de los casos a dicha intervención para los dos objetivos del estudio. Para ello, cada jugador completó un registro diario de alimentos (7 días; pesada de alimentos) antes, durante y al final de la intervención. Además, los sujetos registraron diariamente a lo largo del estudio la RPE-Sesión y la fatiga en entrenamientos físicos y de balón y en partidos oficiales de liga, controlándose además en forma cuantitativa otras variables influyentes como el estado de ánimo y el sueño. El análisis de los datos consistió en el cálculo de los estadísticos descriptivos para todas las variables, la comparación de la ingesta en los diferentes momentos evaluados con las recomendaciones nutricionales y una comparación de medias no paramétrica entre el período pre intervención y durante la intervención con el test de Wilcoxon (medidas repetidas) para todas las variables. Finalmente, se relacionaron los cambios obtenidos en la ingesta nutricional con la percepción del esfuerzo y la fatiga y la posible influencia del estado de ánimo y el sueño, a través de un estudio correlacional (Tau_b de Kendall). Posteriormente, se presentan los resultados obtenidos y la discusión de los mismos, haciendo referencia a la evidencia científica relacionada que se encuentra publicada hasta el momento, la cual facilitó el análisis de la relación entre RPE-Sesión, fatiga y nutrición a lo largo de una temporada. Los principales hallazgos y su correspondiente análisis, por lo tanto, pueden resumirse en los siguientes: 1) los tres jugadores de baloncesto profesional presentaron inicialmente hábitos nutricionales inadecuados, haciendo evidente la necesidad de un nutricionista deportivo dentro del cuerpo técnico de los equipos profesionales; 2) las principales deficiencias correspondieron a un déficit pronunciado de energía e hidratos de carbono, que fueron reducidas con la intervención nutricional; 3) la ingesta excesiva de grasa total, ácidos grasos saturados, etanol y proteínas que se halló en alguno/s de los casos, también se adecuó a las recomendaciones después de la intervención; 4) la media obtenida durante un período de la temporada para la RPE-Sesión y la fatiga de entrenamientos, podría ser disminuida en un jugador individual mediante el incremento de su ingesta de carbohidratos a largo plazo, siempre que no existan alteraciones psico-emocionales relevantes; 5) el comportamiento de la RPE-Sesión de partidos oficiales no parece estar influido por los factores nutricionales modificados en este estudio, dependiendo más de la variación de elementos externos no controlables, intrínsecos a los partidos de baloncesto profesional. Ante estos resultados, se pudo observar que las diferentes características de los jugadores y las distintas respuestas obtenidas después de la intervención, reforzaron la importancia de utilizar un diseño de estudio de casos para el análisis de los deportistas de élite y, asimismo, de realizar un asesoramiento nutricional personalizado. Del mismo modo, la percepción del esfuerzo y la fatiga de cada jugador evolucionaron de manera diferente después de la intervención nutricional, lo cual podría depender de las diferentes características de los sujetos, a nivel físico, psico-social, emocional y contextual. Por ello, se propone que el control riguroso de las variables cualitativas que parecen influir sobre la RPE y la fatiga a largo plazo, facilitaría la comprensión de los datos y la determinación de factores desconocidos que influyen sobre estas variables. Finalmente, al ser la RPE-Sesión un indicador directo de la carga interna del entrenamiento, es decir, del estrés psico-fisiológico experimentado por el deportista, la posible atenuación de esta variable mediante la adecuación de los hábitos nutricionales, permitiría aplicar las cargas externas de entrenamiento planificadas, con menor estrés interno y mejor recuperación entre sesiones, disminuyendo también la sensación de fatiga, a pesar del avance de la temporada. ABSTRACT This study consisted in a long-term nutritional intervention carried out with professional basketball players according to nutritional recommendations, with the following two main objectives: 1) to evaluate the changes produced by the intervention on daily nutritional practices of these athletes and 2) to determine the influence of long term nutritional intake modifications on the rate of perceived exertion per session (Session-RPE) and fatigue, throughout a competitive season for training as well as competition games. These objectives are based on: 1) much scientific evidence that shows an inadequacy of the nutritional habits of basketball players and other athletes regarding nutritional recommendations; 2) the fact widely recognized in the scientific literature that an optimal nutrition allows to achieve the maximum performance of an athlete (both physically and cognitively), promoting fast recovery and decreasing risks of sports injuries and illnesses. However, only few studies carried out a long term nutritional intervention to improve nutritional practices of athletes and it could not be found any research with basketball players; 3) the high correlation between the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and physiological variables related to the performance of physical exercise (e.g.: heart rate, maximum consumption of oxygen or blood lactate) and multiple studies showing the attenuation of RPE during exercise due to the intake of certain nutrients (especially carbohydrates), while none of them was developed in basketball; 4) correlation between nutritional intake and Session-RPE has been recently studied for the first time. Session-RPE method has been validated in basketball players and other team sports as an indicator of internal workload, sports performance and exercise intensity; 5) fatigue is considered one of the main influential factor on RPE and sport performance. It has also been observed that carbohydrates intake may delay or mitigate the onset of fatigue and, thus, decrease the perceived exertion and the internal training load, which could improve sports performance and training-induced adaptations; 6) there are few studies evaluating the influence of nutrient intake on Session-RPE and only one of them has been carried out with basketball players. Moreover, it has not been analyzed the possible effects of the adequacy of players’ nutritional habits through a nutritional intervention on Session-RPE and fatigue, variables that could be decreased for all training session and competition games because of an improvement of daily nutritional intake. Therefore, this work begins with an introduction that provides the conceptual framework of this research focused on the key role of nutrition in sport, as well as on the current nutritional recommendations for athletes and specifically for basketball players. In addition, previous nutritional interventions carried out with other athletes are described, as well as consequential modifications on their food pattern, coinciding with the first objective of the present study. Subsequently, RPE, Session-RPE and fatigue are analyzed, with focus on their correlation with physical workload, training intensity, sports performance and recovery. Finally, all the aforementioned aspects (nutritional intake, RPE and fatigue) were combined in order to know the current status of the relation between each other, this being the base for the second objective of this study. Subsequently, the objectives mentioned above are explained, continuing with the explanation of the methodology used in the study. The methodology consisted of a case-study design, carrying out a long term nutritional intervention with three professional basketball players (each player = one case study; n = 1), in order to adapt their nutritional intake to nutritional recommendations. At the same time, the individual response of each player to the intervention was analyzed for the two main objectives of the study. Each player completed a food diary (7 days; weighing food) in three moments: before, during and at the end of the intervention. In addition, the Session-RPE and fatigue were daily recorded throughout the study for all trainings (training with ball and resistance training) and competition games. At the same time, other potentially influential variables such as mood state and sleeping were daily controlled throughout the study. Data analysis consisted in descriptive statistics calculation for all the variables of the study, the comparison between nutritional intake (evaluated at different times) and nutritional recommendations and a non-parametric mean comparison between pre intervention and during intervention periods was made by Wilcoxon test (repeated measurements) for all variables too. Finally, the changes in nutritional intake, mood state and sleeping were correlated with the perceived exertion and fatigue through correctional study (Tau_b de Kendall). After the methodology, the study results and the associated discussion are presented. The discussion is based on the current scientific evidence that contributes to understand the relation between Session-RPE, fatigue and nutrition throughout the competitive season. The main findings and results analysis can be summarized as follows: 1) the three professional basketball players initially had inadequate nutritional habits and this clearly shows the need of a sports nutritionist in the coaching staff of professional teams; (2) the major deficiencies of the three players’ diet corresponded to a pronounced deficit of energy intake and carbohydrates consumption which were reduced with nutritional intervention; (3) the excessive intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, ethanol and protein found in some cases were also adapted to the recommendations after the intervention; (4) Session-RPE mean and fatigue of a certain period of the competition season, could be decreased in an individual player by increasing his carbohydrates intake in the long term, if there are no relevant psycho-emotional disorders; (5) the behavior of the Session-RPE in competition games does not seem to be influenced by the nutritional factors modified in this study. They seem to depend much more on the variation of external non-controllable factors associated with the professional basketball games. Given these results, the different characteristics of each player and the diverse responses observed after the intervention in each individual for all the variables, reinforced the importance of the use of a case study design for research with elite athletes as well as personalized nutritional counselling. In the same way, the different responses obtained for RPE and fatigue in the long term for each player due to modification of nutritional habits, show that there is a dependence of such variables on the physical, psychosocial, emotional and contextual characteristics of each player. Therefore it is proposed that the rigorous control of the qualitative variables that seem to influence the RPE and fatigue in the long term, may facilitate the understanding of data and the determination of unknown factors that could influence these variables. Finally, because Session-RPE is a direct indicator of the internal load of training (psycho-physiological stress experienced by the athlete), the possible attenuation of Session-RPE through the improvement in nutritional habits, would allow to apply the planned external loads of training with less internal stress and better recovery between sessions, with a decrease in fatigue, despite of the advance of the season.

Incidencia, prevalencia y severidad de las lesiones deportivas en tres programas de entrenamiento para la pérdida de peso. Proyecto PRONAF

La práctica de actividad física y del deporte ha dado muestras indiscutibles sobre su relación con un buen estado de salud, tanto mental como corporal. Sin embargo, también entraña riesgos que pueden mermar la calidad de vida del practicante, siendo uno de los más comunes e importantes el riesgo de sufrir una lesión deportiva. Actualmente, se han dado respuesta a los factores de riesgo internos y externos que pueden afectar a que un deportista, tanto a nivel profesional como recreativo, pueda sufrir una lesión, pero pocos estudios se han realizado para evaluar la incidencia, la prevalencia y la severidad de las lesiones, en personas sedentarias con sobrepeso y obesidad que deciden comenzar a entrenar y/o a realizar actividad física. Incluso en aquellos casos que por razones clínicas, deben incluir el ejercicio físico como una parte integral del tratamiento terapéutico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la incidencia, prevalencia y severidad de las lesiones deportivas registradas en los protocolos de entrenamiento desarrollados durante el proyecto de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad (PRONAF). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y se evaluó el efecto y el grado de asociación entre la incidencia de lesión y la composición corporal, el sexo o el protocolo de entrenamiento. Por otro lado, se observó la localización anatómica más común de las lesiones en cada una de las fases. Por último, se propuso una ecuación para estimar el riesgo de lesión en sujetos en sobrepeso y obesidad, antes de comenzar un programa de ejercicio controlado. Un total de 167 adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad sanos (77 hombres, 90 mujeres) fueron evaluados durante el proyecto mediante un registro de lesiones previamente validado. Los principales resultados de este trabajo mostraron que un 47,3% de los participantes sufrió, al menos, una lesión o dolencia durante el programa de intervención, observando una incidencia de 1,22 lesiones por cada 100 horas de entrenamiento. No obstante, se observó que el 80,2% de las lesiones fueron menores (de 1 a 7 días). La rodilla fue la localización que mayor proporción de lesiones registró durante la intervención. Por otro lado, no se observaron asociaciones significativas entre la fase de sobrepeso y la fase de obesidad, ni entre ser hombre o mujer y sufrir más lesiones durante la intervención. Sin embargo, los protocolos de entrenamiento que incluyen cargas, mostraron hasta cinco veces más riesgo de sufrir una lesión que el protocolo que no las incluyó. Por último, se propuso una ecuación para predecir la influencia de las variables fase, lesión previa, protocolo de entrenamiento, sexo y edad para predecir el riesgo de lesión en una población con sobrepeso y obesidad que incluya los protocolos de entrenamiento propuestos en el proyecto PRONAF. ABSTRACT The practice of physical activity and sport has indisputable signs on his relationship with a good health, both mental and physical. However, it is true that also risks that may impair the quality of life of the practitioner, one of the most common and important risk of sports injury. However, although they have responded to factors internal and external risks that may affect an athlete, both professional and recreational may suffer an injury, few studies have been conducted to assess the incidence and prevalence of injuries in sedentary people who decide to start training and / or physical activity. Even in those cases for clinical reasons, such as overweight and obesity, should include exercise as an integral part of therapy. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the incidence, prevalence and severity of sports injuries registered training protocols developed during the project's Nutrition and Physical Activity for the treatment of overweight and obesity (PRONAF). A descriptive analysis was performed and the effect and the degree of association between the incidence of injury and body composition, sex or training protocol was evaluated. Furthermore, the most common anatomical injury location in each of the phases were observed. Finally, an equation for estimating the risk of injury in overweight and obese subjects, before starting a controlled exercise program was proposed A total of 167 healthy adults with overweight and obesity (77 men, 90 women) were evaluated during the project using a previously validated record injuries. The main results of this study showed that 47.3% of participants experienced at least one injury or illness during the intervention program, having an incidence of 1.22 injuries per 100 hours of training. However, it was observed that 80.2% of injuries were lower (1 to 7 days). Knee location was higher proportion of lesions that recorded during the procedure. On the other hand, no significant associations between the phase of overweight and obesity were observed phase or between being male or female and further injury during project. However, training protocols that included loads, showed up to five times the risk of injury to the protocol did not include them. Finally, an equation was proposed to predict the influence of the phase, previous injury, training protocol, sex and age to observe the risk of injury in a population of overweight and obesity with includes the training protocols proposed in the PRONAF project.

Incidence injury analysis on rowers in the Spanish Mediterranean fixed bench championship 2012

The standardized assessment of sports injuries provides important epidemiological information and instructions to prevent them. The aim of this study was to determine if the pattern detrimental impact on fixed seat rowing agreed with the literature review of the Olympic rowing modality. A retrospective questionnaire was administer to 79 male rowers, with an age mean of 27.66 ± 7.15, belonging to the male in the senior category VIII Rowing Spanish Mediterranean Bank Fixed Championship that took place in Torrevieja during the 25th, 26th and 27th of May. The anatomical regions that were damage the most were the ankle (15.4%) and lower back (13.2%). These injuries have occurred with higher incidence in training (55.1%) as the most recidivist injury, the ankle, which has occurred for 73% of the time during this moment. The most common injury is the overuse (44.2%) and the most repeated diagnosis was sprain (23.1%).

Athletic training. /

Mode of access: Internet.

Protective Eyewear Promotion: Applying Principles of Behaviour Change in the Design of a Squash Injury Prevention Programme

Eye injuries in squash have the potential to be severe. Although these injuries can be prevented through the use of protective eyewear, few players wear such eyewear. The aim of this paper is, to outline the behavioural principles guiding the design of a squash eyewear promotion initiative, the Protective Eyewear Promotion (PEP). Ecological principles of behaviour change were used to provide a comprehensive perspective on intrapersonal factors, policies and physical environmental influences of protective eyewear use. Results of baseline player surveys and venue manager inter-views were used to provide relevant and specific intervention content. At baseline, protective eyewear was not found to be readily available, and players' behaviours, knowledge and attitudes did not favour its use. The main components of PEP involved informing and educating both players and squash venue operators of the risk of eye injury and of appropriate protective eyewear, as well as assisting with the availability of the eyewear and offering incentives for players to use it. A structural strength of PEP was the strong collaborative links with the researchers of different disciplines, the squash governing body, eyewear manufacturers, squash venue personnel, as well as players. Attempts were made within the project structure to make provision for the future dissemination and sustainability of more widespread eye injury prevention measures in the sport of squash.

Knowledge beliefs and attitudes of squash venue operators relating to use of protective eyewear

Sports venues are in a position to potentially influence the safety practices of their patrons. This study examined the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of venue operators that could influence the use of protective eyewear by squash players. A 50% random sample of all private and public squash venues affiliated with the Victorian Squash Federation in metropolitan Melbourne was selected. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 15 squash venue operators during August 2001. Interviews were transcribed and content and thematic analyses were performed. The content of the interviews covered five topics: (1) overall injury risk perception, (2) eye injury occurrence, (3) knowledge, behaviors, attitudes and beliefs associated with protective eyewear, (4) compulsory protective eyewear and (5) availability of protective eyewear at venues. Venue operators were mainly concerned with the severe nature of eye injuries, rather than the relatively low incidence of these injuries. Some venue operators believed that players should wear any eyewear, rather than none at all, and believed that more players should use protective eyewear. Generally, they did not believe that players with higher levels of experience and expertise needed to wear protective eyewear when playing. Only six venues had at least one type of eyewear available for players to hire or borrow or to purchase. Operators expressed a desire to be informed about correct protective eyewear. Appropriate protective eyewear is not readily available at squash venues. Better-informed venue operators may be more likely to provide suitable protective eyewear.

Athletic groin pain (part 2): a prospective cohort study on the biomechanical evaluation of change of direction identifies three clusters of movement patterns

Background: Athletic groin pain (AGP) is prevalent in sports involving repeated accelerations, decelerations, kicking and change-of-direction movements. Clinical and radiological examinations lack the ability to assess pathomechanics of AGP, but three-dimensional biomechanical movement analysis may be an important innovation. Aim: The primary aim was to describe and analyse movements used by patients with AGP during a maximum effort change-of-direction task. The secondary aim was to determine if specific anatomical diagnoses were related to a distinct movement strategy. Methods: 322 athletes with a current symptom of chronic AGP participated. Structured and standardised clinical assessments and radiological examinations were performed on all participants. Additionally, each participant performed multiple repetitions of a planned maximum effort change-of-direction task during which whole body kinematics were recorded. Kinematic and kinetic data were examined using continuous waveform analysis techniques in combination with a subgroup design that used gap statistic and hierarchical clustering. Results: Three subgroups (clusters) were identified. Kinematic and kinetic measures of the clusters differed strongly in patterns observed in thorax, pelvis, hip, knee and ankle. Cluster 1 (40%) was characterised by increased ankle eversion, external rotation and knee internal rotation and greater knee work. Cluster 2 (15%) was characterised by increased hip flexion, pelvis contralateral drop, thorax tilt and increased hip work. Cluster 3 (45%) was characterised by high ankle dorsiflexion, thorax contralateral drop, ankle work and prolonged ground contact time. No correlation was observed between movement clusters and clinically palpated location of the participant's pain. Conclusions: We identified three distinct movement strategies among athletes with long-standing groin pain during a maximum effort change-of-direction task. These movement strategies were not related to clinical assessment findings but highlighted targets for rehabilitation in response to possible propagative mechanisms. Trial registration number NCT02437942, pre results.