A galaxy model from Two Micron All Sky Survey star counts in the whole sky, including the plane

We use the star count model of Ortiz & Lépine to perform an unprecedented exploration of the most important Galactic parameters comparing the predicted counts with the Two Micron All Sky Survey observed star counts in the J, H, and KS bands for a grid of positions covering the whole sky. The comparison is made using a grid of lines of sight given by the HEALPix pixelization scheme. The resulting best-fit values for the parameters are: 2120 ± 200 pc for the radial scale length and 205 ± 40 pc for the scale height of the thin disk, with a central hole of 2070$_{-800}^{+2000}$ pc for the same disk, 3050 ± 500 pc for the radial scale length and 640 ± 70 pc for the scale height of the thick disk, 400 ± 100 pc for the central dimension of the spheroid, 0.0082 ± 0.0030 for the spheroid to disk density ratio, and 0.57 ± 0.05 for the oblate spheroid parameter.

A galaxy model from Two Micron All Sky Survey star counts in the whole sky, including the plane

We use the star count model of Ortiz & L´epine to perform an unprecedented exploration of the most important Galactic parameters comparing the predicted counts with the Two Micron All Sky Survey observed star counts in the J, H, and KS bands for a grid of positions covering the whole sky. The comparison is made using a grid of lines of sight given by the HEALPix pixelization scheme. The resulting best-fit values for the parameters are: 2120 ± 200 pc for the radial scale length and 205 ± 40 pc for the scale height of the thin disk, with a central hole of 2070+2000 −800 pc for the same disk, 3050 ± 500 pc for the radial scale length and 640 ± 70 pc for the scale height of the thick disk, 400 ± 100 pc for the central dimension of the spheroid, 0.0082 ± 0.0030 for the spheroid to disk density ratio, and 0.57 ± 0.05 for the oblate spheroid parameter.

Endo-PDI is required for TNFα-induced angiogenesis

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and its homologs are oxidoreductases facilitating protein folding in the ER. Endo-PDI (also termed ERp46) is highly expressed in endothelial cells. It belongs to the PDI family but its physiological function is largely unknown. We studied the role of Endo-PDI in endothelial angiogenic responses. Stimulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (with TNFα (10ng/ml) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This effect was largely attenuated by Endo-PDI siRNA, whereas JNK and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was Endo-PDI independent. Similarly, TNFα-stimulated NF-κB signaling determined by IκBα degradation as well as TNFα-induced ICAM expression was unaffected by Endo-PDI siRNA. The action of Endo-PDI was not mediated by extracellular thiol exchange or cell surface PDI as demonstrated by nonpermeative inhibitors and PDI-neutralizing antibody. Moreover, exogenously added PDI failed to restore ERK1/2 activation after Endo-PDI knockdown. This suggests that Endo-PDI acts intracellularly potentially by maintaining the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Indeed, knockdown of Endo-PDI attenuated Ras activation measured by G-LISA and Raf phosphorylation. ERK activation influences gene expression by the transcriptional factor AP-1, which controls MMP-9 and cathepsin B, two proteases required for angiogenesis. TNFα-stimulated MMP-9 and cathepsin B induction was reduced by silencing of Endo-PDI. Accordingly, inhibition of cathepsin B or Endo-PDI siRNA blocked the TNFα-stimulated angiogenic response in the spheroid outgrowth assays. Moreover ex vivo tube formation and in vivo Matrigel angiogenesis in response to TNFα were attenuated by Endo-PDI siRNA. In conclusion, our study establishes Endo-PDI as a novel, important mediator of AP-1-driven gene expression and endothelial angiogenic function

Wirkmechanismen der trifunktionalen Antikörper catumaxomab und ertumaxomab in humanen Tumorsphäroid-Kokulturen

Ein neuer Ansatz der immunologischen Krebstherapie ist die Verwendung der bispezifischen, trifunktionalen Antikörper catumaxomab (anti-EpCAM x anti-CD3) und ertumaxomab (anti-Her2/neu x anti-CD3). Die Bispezifität besteht in der Bindung eines Tumor-assoziierten Antigens (EpCAM bzw. Her2/neu) und des CD3 Moleküls auf der Oberfläche von T-Zellen. Darüber hinaus stellt die Interaktion des Fc-Teils mit FcγRI/IIa/III positiven akzessorischen Immunzellen die dritte Funktion der Antikörper dar. Diese einzigartige Kombination ermöglicht theoretisch die Ausbildung eines Tri-Zell-Komplexes. In klinischen Studien konnte bereits die Wirksamkeit beider Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Die eigentlichen Wirkmechanismen der trifunktionalen Antikörper jedoch sind noch nicht ausreichend bekannt. Um die Wechselwirkung zwischen den stark EpCAM- und schwach Her2/neu-positive FaDu- sowie den stabil mit humanem Her2/neu transfizierten FaDu E593-Tumorzellen, peripheren Blutmonozyten (PBMC) und trifunktionalen Antikörpern systematisch zu untersuchen wurde ein 3D-Tumormodell, die so genannten multizellulären Tumorsphäroide (MCTS), angewandt. Als Endpunkte zur Beurteilung der Therapieeffizienz dienten das Volumenwachstum der Sphäroide, sowie die Klonogenität und die Zellvitalität. Zur Beurteilung der PBMC-Penetration in die Sphäroide erfolgten immunhistochemische Färbungen und molekularbiologische Nachweise der Abwehrzellantigene. Entsprechend wurden in den Sphäroiden die Proliferationsrate über eine Ki67-Färbung sowie die Apoptoserate über eine FragEL-Markierung identifiziert. Die Aktivität der PBMC wurde durch die Bestimmung ausgewählter Zytokine (ELISA) und der Zellzahl aus den Medienüberständen charakterisiert. Die an den FaDu- und E593-Sphäroiden erzielten Ergebnisse zeigten, dass catumaxomab und ertumaxomab eine konzentrations- und zeitabhängige Abnahme des Sphäroidvolumens bewirkten. Die Schrumpfung der Tumorsphäroide ging mit einer Reduktion des proliferativen und mit einer Steigerung des apoptotischen Tumorzellanteils einher. Die histologischen Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass die Volumenreduktion durch eine gesteigerte Anzahl infiltrierender Leukozyten bedingt ist. Auf verschiedenen Methoden basierende Analysen der Immunzellsubtypen zeigten eine dominierende Infiltration von zytotoxischen T-Zellen in die Tumorsphäroide. Der Aktivitätsnachweis der T-Zellen wurde über die Detektion der IL-2 mRNA und des sekretierten Zytokins erbracht. Einen zusätzlichen Hinweis auf eine zelluläre Immunantwort liefert das Zytokinmuster mit hohen Konzentrationen an IFN-γ. Der direkte Vergleich beider Antikörper zeigte, dass der anti-tumorale Effekt abhängig von der Antigenexpression auf den Tumorzellen war. Die Analyse von Medienüberständen wies auf eine mehrheitlich höhere Zytokinausschüttung in Gegenwart des Tumorantigens hin. Sphäroid-Kokulturen, die mit dem parentalen anti-EpCAM Antikörper behandelt wurden, zeigten keine Volumenreduktion. Im Gegensatz dazu führte der parentale CD3-Antikörper, das CD3- und Tumorzell-bindende catumaxomab F(ab')2 Fragment oder eine Kombination beider parentaler Antikörper zu einer anti-tumoralen Wirkung, die jedoch nicht so stark war wie die des trifunktionalen Antikörpers catumaxomab. Demnach ist für catumaxomab gezeigt, dass für die Effektivität des Antikörpers die Trifunktionalität unabdingbar ist. Daraus leitet sich ab, dass die Aktivierung der Abwehrzellen durch kostimulatorische Signale notwendig ist und über die Tumorantigenbindung Mechanismen wie ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) zum Tragen kommen. Die Experimente mit gleichzeitiger Gabe von trifunktionalen Antikörpern und Immunsuppressiva haben gezeigt, dass eine Kombination beider Agenzien möglich ist. Die Konzentrationen sind jedoch sorgfältig derart zu wählen, dass die Zytokinausschüttung und die damit verbundenen Nebenwirkungen reduziert sind, ohne dass die anti-tumorale Wirkung der Antikörper maßgeblich beeinflusst wird. T-Zellen bedienen sich nach Aktivierung für die rasche Proliferation einer gesteigerten aeroben Glykolyse. Unter Behandlung der Kokulturen mit catumaxomab konnte im Vergleich zu anderen immunstimulatorischen Agenzien die größte Steigerung der Laktatproduktion bzw. der Azidifizierungs- und Sauerstoffverbrauchsrate detektiert werden. Diese Effekte weisen auf eine metabolische Aktivierung der PBMC durch catumaxomab hin. Das von den Tumorzellen abgegebene Laktat kann die Immunzellen jedoch inhibieren. Daher wäre die Kombination mit Glykolyseinhibitoren ein möglicher Ansatz, um die Therapieeffizienz weiter zu steigern. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Komedikation der trifunktionalen Antikörper mit Chemotherapeutika zu einer gesteigerter Wirkung führte. Insgesamt liegt die Zukunft der Immuntherapien wohl in der Kombination mit anderen Wirkstoffklassen, die anti-tumorale Effekte verstärken oder immunsupprimierende Mechanismen inhibieren.

Entwicklung eines pharmakologischen Modells zur Prüfung immuntherapeutischer Antikörper mit dreidimensionalen Tumorzellkulturen in vitro

In den letzten Jahren hat die Tumorbehandlung mit immunologischen Präparaten an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der allgemeine Ablauf der Testung eines Arzneimittelkandidaten sieht vor, zunächst in Zellkulturversuchen und Tierversuchen Wirkweise und Sicherheit, sowie voraussichtliche Abbauwege und mögliche Gefahren so beurteilen zu können, dass sie für einen Einsatz im Menschen in Frage kommen. Zur präklinischen in vitro-Testung werden dabei in der Regel Monolayer-Zellkulturen oder Einzelzellsuspensionen eingesetzt. Der Einsatz von 3D-Zellkulturmodellen, welche den Aufbau von Mikrometastasen oder intervaskuläre Areale in Tumoren exakter widerspiegeln, führt zu wesentlich besseren Voraussagen bezüglich der klinischen Wirksamkeit neuer Präparate. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines neuen 3D-Zellkulturbasierten Systems zur Testung trifunktionaler bispezifischer Antikörper für die Tumorbehandlung, welches sich auch auf andere vergleichbare Präparate übertragen lässt.rnIn meiner Arbeit konnte ich mehrere humane Tumorzelllinien definieren, mit denen es gelang, stabile Co-Kulturen von Multi Cellular Tumour Spheroids (MCTS) mit Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in miniaturisierten Spinner-Flaschen zu etablieren. Spinner-Flaschen, in denen die im Kulturmedium befindlichen Immunzellen, MCTS und Therapeutika ständig frei zirkulieren, sind besonders für eine wirklichkeitsnahe Nachbildung der in vivo-Simulation mit disseminierten Tumorzellen oder mit malignem Aszites geeignet. Diese Art der Kultivierung erlaubte Beobachtungszeiten von ≥20 Tagen für eine große Bandbreite Analysemethoden. Zu den mit dem erstellten Protokoll standardmäßig durchführbaren Analysemethoden zählen unter anderem immunhistochemische Färbungen an Sphäroid-Gefrierschnitten, Vitalitätstest, Untersuchung der Plattierungs-Effizienz, Bestimmung der Sphäroidvolumina, Zytokinbestimmungen aus dem Medienüberstand mit Cytokine Bead Arrays, PCR-Analysen immunzellspezifischer Antigene, sowie durchflusszytometrische Analysen. Diese Methodenkombination erlaubt einen sehr detaillierten Einblick in die Wirkweise und Effizienz neuer Immuntherapeutika aus verschiedensten Blickwinkeln und stellt ein reproduzierbares Testsystem zur präklinischen Testung von Immuntherapeutika dar, das zukünftig als Bindeglied zwischen Monolayer-Zellkulturen und klinischen Prüfungen einen festen Platz einnehmen könnte.rnMit dem beschriebenen 3D-Zellkultur-System wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die trifunktionalen bispezifischen Antikörper catumaxomab (unter dem Handelsnamen Removab® für die Behandlung maligner Ascites zugelassen) und ertumaxomab (derzeit in klinischen Prüfungen) hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkweise untersucht. Die Antikörper besitzen im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen monoklonalen Antikörpern zwei verschiedene Bindungsarme, einer gegen CD3 auf T-Zellen, der zweite gegen EpCAM respektive Her2/neu - beides weit verbreitete Tumorantigene - gerichtet. An ihrem Fc-Teil besitzen sie eine dritte Bindungskapazität, über welche sie an Fcγ RI, -IIa und -III positive akzessorische Zellen binden. Diese Kombination ermöglicht theoretisch die Ausbildung eines Tri-Zell-Komplexes aus T-Zelle, Tumorzelle und akzessorischer Zelle. Dies stellt eine wirkungsvolle Therapieoption unter Ausnutzung der körpereigenen, immunologischen Abwehr dar. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass beide Antikörper eine Größenreduktion der Sphäroide mit den entsprechenden Tumorantigenen in gleichem Maße bewirkten und die Plattierungseffizienz durch ertumaxomab dosisabhängig reduziert wurde. Mit dem erstellten Testsystem konnte der Wirkmechanismus von catumaxomab auf Sphäroide der Zelllinie FaDu (Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinom) detaillierter gezeigt werden: catumaxomab wirkte dosisabhängig auf die Reduktion der Sphäroidvolumina und die zunehmende Infiltration von CD45+ Zellen, die als T-, NK- und/oder dendritische Zellen identifiziert wurden. Des Weiteren rief die catumaxomab-Gabe eine verstärkte Ausschüttung der Zytokine IL-2, IFN-γ und TNF-α hervor. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass catumaxomab die zelluläre Immunantwort aktiviert.rnDie Standard-Tumorbehandlung beinhaltet die Gabe von Chemotherapeutika. Oft werden dafür Zytostatika mit dem unerwünschten Nebeneffekt auch gesunde proliferierende Zellen anzugreifen verwendet. Dies kann prinzipiell auch die Wirksamkeit der Antikörper-Therapie beeinflussen. Aus diesem Grund wurden in dieser Arbeit zusätzlich vergleichende Kombinations-Versuche mit catumaxomab und einem gängigen Zytostatikum - Cisplatin - durchgeführt. Mit Untersuchungen der Sphäroidvolumina, Vitalitätstests und Plattierungseffizienz konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Wirkung von catumaxomab bei gleichzeitiger Anwendung beider Therapeutika aufrecht erhalten bleibt und diese sogar additiv verstärkt wird. Eine Kombinationstherapie im Menschen ist daher denkbar.rnrn

Micromass co-culture of human articular chondrocytes and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to investigate stable neocartilage tissue formation in vitro

Cell therapies for articular cartilage defects rely on expanded chondrocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent an alternative cell source should their hypertrophic differentiation pathway be prevented. Possible cellular instruction between human articular chondrocytes (HAC) and human bone marrow MSC was investigated in micromass pellets. HAC and MSC were mixed in different percentages or incubated individually in pellets for 3 or 6 weeks with and without TGF-beta1 and dexamethasone (±T±D) as chondrogenic factors. Collagen II, collagen X and S100 protein expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Proteoglycan synthesis was evaluated applying the Bern score and quantified using dimethylmethylene blue dye binding assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was detected on cryosections and soluble ALP measured in pellet supernatants. HAC alone generated hyaline-like discs, while MSC formed spheroid pellets in ±T±D. Co-cultured pellets changed from disc to spheroid shape with decreasing number of HAC, and displayed random cell distribution. In -T-D, HAC expressed S100, produced GAG and collagen II, and formed lacunae, while MSC did not produce any cartilage-specific proteins. Based on GAG, collagen type II and S100 expression chondrogenic differentiation occurred in -T-D MSC co-cultures. However, quantitative experimental GAG and DNA values did not differ from predicted values, suggesting only HAC contribution to GAG production. MSC produced cartilage-specific matrix only in +T+D but underwent hypertrophy in all pellet cultures. In summary, influence of HAC on MSC was restricted to early signs of neochondrogenesis. However, MSC did not contribute to the proteoglycan deposition, and HAC could not prevent hypertrophy of MSC induced by chondrogenic stimuli.

Diagnostic microchip to assay 3D colony-growth potential of captured circulating tumor cells

Microfluidic technology has been successfully applied to isolate very rare tumor-derived epithelial cells (circulating tumor cells, CTCs) from blood with relatively high yield and purity, opening up exciting prospects for early detection of cancer. However, a major limitation of state-of-the-art CTC-chips is their inability to characterize the behavior and function of captured CTCs, for example to obtain information on proliferative and invasive properties or, ultimately, tumor re-initiating potential. Although CTCs can be efficiently immunostained with markers reporting phenotype or fate (e.g. apoptosis, proliferation), it has not yet been possible to reliably grow captured CTCs over long periods of time and at single cell level. It is challenging to remove CTCs from a microchip after capture, therefore such analyses should ideally be performed directly on-chip. To address this challenge, we merged CTC capture with three-dimensional (3D) tumor cell culture on the same microfluidic platform. PC3 prostate cancer cells were isolated from spiked blood on a transparent PDMS CTC-chip, encapsulated on-chip in a biomimetic hydrogel matrix (QGel™) that was formed in situ, and their clonal 3D spheroid growth potential was assessed by microscopy over one week in culture. The possibility to clonally expand a subset of captured CTCs in a near-physiological in vitro model adds an important element to the expanding CTC-chip toolbox that ultimately should improve prediction of treatment responses and disease progression.

Annexins as cell-type-specific markers in the developing chicken chorionallantoic membrane

Between day E8 and E12 of embryonic development, the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) undergoes massive structural rearrangement enabling calcium-uptake from the eggshell to supply the growing embryo. However, the contribution of the various cell types of the chorionic epithelium including the capillary covering (CC) cells, villus cavity (VC) cells, endothelial-like cells, and basal cells to this developmental program is largely unknown. In order to obtain markers for the different cell types in the chorionic epithelium, we determined the expression patterns of various calcium-binding annexins in the developing chicken CAM. By reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction with primers deduced from nucleotide sequences available in various databases, the presence of annexin (anx)-1, anx-2, anx-5, and anx-6 was demonstrated at days E8 and E12. Quantitative immunoblotting with novel antibodies raised against the recombinant proteins revealed that anx-1 and anx-5 were significantly up-regulated at day E12, whereas anx-2 and anx-6 expression remained almost unchanged in comparison to levels at day E8. Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded sections of E12 CAM revealed anx-1 in CC cells and VC cells. Anx-2 was localized in capillaries in the chorionic epithelium and in basal cells of the allantoic epithelium, whereas anx-6 was detected in basal cells or endothelial-like cells of the chorionic epithelium and in the media of larger vessels in the mesenchyme. A 2-day exposure of the CAM to a tumor cell spheroid resulted in strong proliferation of anx-1-expressing CC cells suggesting that these cells participate in the embryonic response to experimental intervention. Thus, annexins exhibit complementary expression patterns and represent appropriate cell markers for the further characterization of CAM development and the interpretation of results obtained when using CAM as an experimental model.

Self-assembly of sensory neurons into ganglia-like microtissues

Unraveling intra- and inter-cellular signaling networks managing cell-fate control, coordinating complex differentiation regulatory circuits and shaping tissues and organs in living systems remain major challenges in the post-genomic era. Resting on the laurels of past-century monolayer culture technologies, the cell culture community has only recently begun to appreciate the potential of three-dimensional mammalian cell culture systems to reveal the full scope of mechanisms orchestrating the tissue-like cell quorum in space and time. Capitalizing on gravity-enforced self-assembly of monodispersed primary embryonic mouse cells in hanging drops, we designed and characterized a three-dimensional cell culture model for ganglion-like structures. Within 24h, a mixture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) and cells, derived from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (sensory neurons and Schwann cells) grown in hanging drops, assembled to coherent spherical microtissues characterized by a MEF feeder core and a peripheral layer of DRG-derived cells. In a time-dependent manner, sensory neurons formed a polar ganglion-like cap structure, which coordinated guided axonal outgrowth and innervation of the distal pole of the MEF feeder spheroid. Schwann cells, present in embryonic DRG isolates, tended to align along axonal structures and myelinate them in an in vivo-like manner. Whenever cultivation exceeded 10 days, DRG:MEF-based microtissues disintegrated due to an as yet unknown mechanism. Using a transgenic MEF feeder spheroid, engineered for gaseous acetaldehyde-inducible interferon-beta (ifn-beta) production by cotransduction of retro-/ lenti-viral particles, a short 6-h ifn-beta induction was sufficient to rescue the integrity of DRG:MEF spheroids and enable long-term cultivation of these microtissues. In hanging drops, such microtissues fused to higher-order macrotissue-like structures, which may pave the way for sophisticated bottom-up tissue engineering strategies. DRG:MEF-based artificial micro- and macrotissue design demonstrated accurate key morphological aspects of ganglions and exemplified the potential of self-assembled scaffold-free multicellular micro-/macrotissues to provide new insight into organogenesis.

THE THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPE AND ROUGHNESS OF MINERAL DUST

Mineral dust shape and roughness are important for a multitude of processes; it is known for aspherical shape but the true measurements in three dimensions are rare. Atomic Force Microscope was used for determine both 3D shape and roughness for two dust which are commonly used in laboratory experiments – Arizona Test Dust (ATD) and Kaolinite. We determined both of them are rather flat and round; an oblate spheroid would be a good model. Loess Filter was used to smooth the particles' surface and correlation analysis was used to examine the surfaces' properties of the dust; we found no features under 100nm scales. Also, our particles' surface area result is very similar to BET surface area.

A microfluidic platform for chemoresistive testing of multicellular pleural cancer spheroids

This study reports on a microfluidic platform on which single multicellular spheroids from malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis, can be loaded, trapped and tested for chemotherapeutic drug response. A new method to detect the spheroid viability cultured on the microfluidic chip as a function of the drug concentration is presented. This approach is based on the evaluation of the caspase activity in the supernatant sampled from the chip and tested using a microplate reader. This simple and time-saving method does only require a minimum amount of manipulations and was established for very low numbers of cells. This feature is particularly important in view of personalised medicine applications for which the number of cells obtained from the patients is low. MPM spheroids were continuously perfused for 48 hours with cisplatin, one of the standard chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat MPM. The 50% growth inhibitory concentration of cisplatin in perfused MPM spheroids was found to be twice as high as in spheroids cultured under static conditions. This chemoresistance increase might be due to the continuous support of nutrients and oxygen to the perfused spheroids.

The expression levels of three raft-associated molecules in cultivated vascular cells are dependent on culture conditions

Relaying a signal across the plasma membrane requires functional connections between the partner molecules. Membrane microdomains or lipid rafts provide an environment in which such specific interactions can take place. The integrity of these sites is often taken for granted when signalling pathways are investigated in cell culture. However, it is well known that smooth muscle and endothelial cells undergo cytoskeletal rearrangements during monolayer culturing. Likewise affected--and with potentially important consequences for signalling events--is the organization of the plasma membrane. The expression levels of three raft markers were massively upregulated, and raft-associated 5'-nucleotidase activity increased in conventional monolayer cultures as compared with a spheroidal coculture model, shown to promote the differentiation of endothelial cells. Our data point to a shift of raft components in monolayer cultures and demonstrate potential advantages of the spheroid coculture system for investigation of raft-mediated signalling events in endothelial cells.

Bovine coccygeal intervertebral discs contain multipotent Tie2+ cells which can differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages

Question: The intervertebral disc (IVD) has a limited regenerative potential and low back pain represents a leading cause of disability [1]. IVD repair strategies require an appropriate cell source that is able to regenerate the damaged tissue such as progenitor stem cells. Recently, progenitor cells that are positive for the angiopoietin re- ceptor (Tie2) in the nucleus pulposus were identified [2]. Here we isolated primary cells from bovine IVD and sorted bovine nucleus pulposus progenitor cells (NPPC) for the marker Tie2. Furthermorewe tested whether Tie2 expressing cells can differentiate into os- teogenic and adipogenic lineages in vitro. Methods: NP cells were obtained from 1 year old bovine tails by sequential digestion with pronase for 1 h and collagenase over- night. Sorted Tie2- and Tie2+ cells were cultured in osteogenic and adipogenic medium for 3 weeks. The formed cell layers from both subpopulations were stained for calcium deposition and fat droplets. Colony forming units were prepared for both cell sus- pensions in methylcellulose-based medium and formed colonies ([10 cells) were analyzed macroscopically after 8 days. Results: After 3 weeks of culture, sorted Tie2+ cells were able to differentiate into osteocytes and adipocytes as characterized by cal- cium deposition and fat droplet formation. By contrast, Tie2- cells generated a weak staining for calcium and no fat droplets were ob- tained (Fig. 1). Sorted Tie2- and Tie2+ subpopulations of cells both formed colonies, however with different morphologies. The colonies formed from Tie2+ cells were spheroid in shape whereas those from Tie2- cells were spread and fibroblastic. Conclusion: Our data showed that Tie2+ cells of the nucleus pul- posus cells are progenitor-like cells that are able to differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Sorting of NPPC for Tie2 may represent a promising strategy with the potential to be used in the clinics for treatment of intervertebral disc damage. References 1. Freemont AJ (2009) The cellular pathobiology of the degenerate intervertebral disc and discogenic back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford) 48:5–10 2. Sakai D, Nakamura Y, Nakai T et al (2012) Exhaustion of nucleus pulposus progenitor cells with ageing and degeneration of the intervertebral disc. Nat Commun 3:1264 Acknowledgments: This project was funded by two projects of the Swiss National Science Foundation grant number #IZK0Z3_154384 and #310030_153411.

A Missense Change in the ATG4D Gene Links Aberrant Autophagy to a Neurodegenerative Vacuolar Storage Disease.

Inherited neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases that occur across different species. We have performed clinical, pathological and genetic studies to characterize a novel canine neurodegenerative disease present in the Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed. Affected dogs suffer from progressive cerebellar ataxia, sometimes accompanied by episodic nystagmus and behavioral changes. Histological examination revealed unique pathological changes, including profound neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization in the nervous system, as well as spheroid formation and cytoplasmic aggregation of vacuoles in secretory epithelial tissues and mesenchymal cells. Genetic analyses uncovered a missense change, c.1288G>A; p.A430T, in the autophagy-related ATG4D gene on canine chromosome 20 with a highly significant disease association (p = 3.8 x 10-136) in a cohort of more than 2300 Lagotto Romagnolo dogs. ATG4D encodes a poorly characterized cysteine protease belonging to the macroautophagy pathway. Accordingly, our histological analyses indicated altered autophagic flux in affected tissues. The knockdown of the zebrafish homologue atg4da resulted in a widespread developmental disturbance and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Our study describes a previously unknown canine neurological disease with particular pathological features and implicates the ATG4D protein as an important autophagy mediator in neuronal homeostasis. The canine phenotype serves as a model to delineate the disease-causing pathological mechanism(s) and ATG4D function, and can also be used to explore treatment options. Furthermore, our results reveal a novel candidate gene for human neurodegeneration and enable the development of a genetic test for veterinary diagnostic and breeding purposes.

Towards personalized medicine: Chemosensitivity assays of patient lung cancer cell spheroids in a perfused microfluidic platform

Cancer is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide and the variability in disease patterns calls for patient-specific treatment. Therefore, personalized treatment is expected to become a daily routine in prospective clinical tests. In addition to genetic mutation analysis, predictive chemosensitive assays using patient's cells will be carried out as a decision making tool. However, prior to their widespread application in clinics, several challenges linked to the establishment of such assays need to be addressed. To best predict the drug response in a patient, the cellular environment needs to resemble that of the tumor. Furthermore, the formation of homogeneous replicates from a scarce amount of patient's cells is essential to compare the responses under various conditions (compound and concentration). Here, we present a microfluidic device for homogeneous spheroid formation in eight replicates in a perfused microenvironment. Spheroid replicates from either a cell line or primary cells from adenocarcinoma patients were successfully created. To further mimic the tumor microenvironment, spheroid co-culture of primary lung cancer epithelial cells and primary pericytes were tested. A higher chemoresistance in primary co-culture spheroids compared to primary monoculture spheroids was found when both were constantly perfused with cisplatin. This result is thought to be due to the barrier created by the pericytes around the tumor spheroids. Thus, this device can be used for additional chemosensitivity assays (e.g. sequential treatment) of patient material to further approach the personalized oncology field.