Aplicação de modelos de defeitos na geração de conjuntos de teste completos a partir de Sistemas de Transição com Entrada/Saída

O Teste Baseado em Modelos (TBM) emergiu como uma estratégia promissora para minimizar problemas relacionados à falta de tempo e recursos em teste de software e visa verificar se a implementação sob teste está em conformidade com sua especificação. Casos de teste são gerados automaticamente a partir de modelos comportamentais produzidos durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento de software. Entre as técnicas de modelagem existentes, Sistemas de Transição com Entrada/Saída (do inglês, Input/Output Transition Systems - IOTSs), são modelos amplamente utilizados no TBM por serem mais expressivos do que Máquinas de Estado Finito (MEFs). Apesar dos métodos existentes para geração de testes a partir de IOTSs, o problema da seleção de casos de testes é um tópico difícil e importante. Os métodos existentes para IOTS são não-determinísticos, ao contrário da teoria existente para MEFs, que fornece garantia de cobertura completa com base em um modelo de defeitos. Esta tese investiga a aplicação de modelos de defeitos em métodos determinísticos de geração de testes a partir de IOTSs. Foi proposto um método para geração de conjuntos de teste com base no método W para MEFs. O método gera conjuntos de teste de forma determinística além de satisfazer condições de suficiência de cobertura da especificação e de todos os defeitos do domínio de defeitos definido. Estudos empíricos avaliaram a aplicabilidade e eficácia do método proposto: resultados experimentais para analisar o custo de geração de conjuntos de teste utilizando IOTSs gerados aleatoriamente e um estudo de caso com especificações da indústria mostram a efetividade dos conjuntos gerados em relação ao método tradicional de Tretmans.

Specification matching of object-oriented components

Object-orientation supports software reuse via features such as abstraction, information hiding, polymorphism, inheritance and redefinition. However, while libraries of classes do exist, one of the challenges that still remains is to locate suitable classes and adapt them to meet the specific requirements of the software developer. Traditional approaches to library retrieval are text-based; it is therefore difficult for the developer to express their requirements in a precise and unambiguous manner. A more promising approach is specification-based retrieval, where library component interfaces and requirements are expressed using a formal specification language. In this case retrieval is based on matching formal specifications. In this paper we describe how existing approaches to specification matching can be extended to handle object-oriented components.

An online study combining the constructs from the theory of planned behaviour and protection motivation theory in predicting intention to test for chlamydia in two testing contexts

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection that has potentially serious consequences unless detected and treated early. The health service in the UK offers clinic-based testing for chlamydia but uptake is low. Identifying the predictors of testing behaviours may inform interventions to increase uptake. Self-tests for chlamydia may facilitate testing and treatment in people who avoid clinic-based testing. Self-testing and being tested by a health care professional (HCP) involve two contrasting contexts that may influence testing behaviour. However, little is known about how predictors of behaviour differ as a function of context. In this study, theoretical models of behaviour were used to assess factors that may predict intention to test in two different contexts: self-testing and being tested by a HCP. Individuals searching for or reading about chlamydia testing online were recruited using Google Adwords. Participants completed an online questionnaire that addressed previous testing behaviour and measured constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Protection Motivation Theory, which propose a total of eight possible predictors of intention. The questionnaire was completed by 310 participants. Sufficient data for multiple regression were provided by 102 and 118 respondents for self-testing and testing by a HCP respectively. Intention to self-test was predicted by vulnerability and self-efficacy, with a trend-level effect for response efficacy. Intention to be tested by a HCP was predicted by vulnerability, attitude and subjective norm. Thus, intentions to carry out two testing behaviours with very similar goals can have different predictors depending on test context. We conclude that interventions to increase self-testing should be based on evidence specifically related to test context.

Online MBPeT dashboard : enabling performance testing as a service in the cloud

In this thesis, tool support is addressed for the combined disciplines of Model-based testing and performance testing. Model-based testing (MBT) utilizes abstract behavioral models to automate test generation, thus decreasing time and cost of test creation. MBT is a functional testing technique, thereby focusing on output, behavior, and functionality. Performance testing, however, is non-functional and is concerned with responsiveness and stability under various load conditions. MBPeT (Model-Based Performance evaluation Tool) is one such tool which utilizes probabilistic models, representing dynamic real-world user behavior patterns, to generate synthetic workload against a System Under Test and in turn carry out performance analysis based on key performance indicators (KPI). Developed at Åbo Akademi University, the MBPeT tool is currently comprised of a downloadable command-line based tool as well as a graphical user interface. The goal of this thesis project is two-fold: 1) to extend the existing MBPeT tool by deploying it as a web-based application, thereby removing the requirement of local installation, and 2) to design a user interface for this web application which will add new user interaction paradigms to the existing feature set of the tool. All phases of the MBPeT process will be realized via this single web deployment location including probabilistic model creation, test configurations, test session execution against a SUT with real-time monitoring of user configurable metric, and final test report generation and display. This web application (MBPeT Dashboard) is implemented with the Java programming language on top of the Vaadin framework for rich internet application development. The Vaadin framework handles the complicated web communications processes and front-end technologies, freeing developers to implement the business logic as well as the user interface in pure Java. A number of experiments are run in a case study environment to validate the functionality of the newly developed Dashboard application as well as the scalability of the solution implemented in handling multiple concurrent users. The results support a successful solution with regards to the functional and performance criteria defined, while improvements and optimizations are suggested to increase both of these factors.

Problem-Based SRS: método para especificação de requisitos de software baseado em problemas

Requirements specification has long been recognized as critical activity in software development processes because of its impact on project risks when poorly performed. A large amount of studies addresses theoretical aspects, propositions of techniques, and recommended practices for Requirements Engineering (RE). To be successful, RE have to ensure that the specified requirements are complete and correct what means that all intents of the stakeholders in a given business context are covered by the requirements and that no unnecessary requirement was introduced. However, the accurate capture the business intents of the stakeholders remains a challenge and it is a major factor of software project failures. This master’s dissertation presents a novel method referred to as “Problem-Based SRS” aiming at improving the quality of the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) in the sense that the stated requirements provide suitable answers to real customer ́s businesses issues. In this approach, the knowledge about the software requirements is constructed from the knowledge about the customer ́s problems. Problem-Based SRS consists in an organization of activities and outcome objects through a process that contains five main steps. It aims at supporting the software requirements engineering team to systematically analyze the business context and specify the software requirements, taking also into account a first glance and vision of the software. The quality aspects of the specifications are evaluated using traceability techniques and axiomatic design principles. The cases studies conducted and presented in this document point out that the proposed method can contribute significantly to improve the software requirements specification.

Uma abordagem dirigida a modelo para a geração de casos de teste baseada na detecção de cenários implícitos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2015.

Normative reference values for the 20-meter shuttlerun test in a population-based sample of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia: The FUPRECOL Study

Our aim was to determine the normative reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to establish the proportion of subjects with low CRF suggestive of future cardio-metabolic risk.

A simple data logger for student-designed rocket experiments.

The final-year project for Mechanical & Space Engineering students at UQ often involves the design and flight testing of an experiment. This report describes the design and use of a simple data logger that should be suitable for collecting data from the students' flight experiments. The exercise here was taken as far as the construction of a prototype device that is suitable for ground-based testing, say, the static firing of a hybrid rocket motor.

Uma Abordagem para a Geração de Casos de Teste Baseada em Modelos

Abstract — The analytical methods based on evaluation models of interactive systems were proposed as an alternative to user testing in the last stages of the software development due to its costs. However, the use of isolated behavioral models of the system limits the results of the analytical methods. An example of these limitations relates to the fact that they are unable to identify implementation issues that will impact on usability. With the introduction of model-based testing we are enable to test if the implemented software meets the specified model. This paper presents an model-based approach for test cases generation from the static analysis of source code.

Compaction quality control on site of earthworks - A comparative study

The capacity to use geologic materials (soil and rock) that are available in the surrounding environment is inherent to the human civilization and has contributed to the evolution of societies throughout the course of history. The use of these materials in the construction of structures such as houses, roads, railways or dams, stirred the improvement of socioeconomic and environmental conditions. Several reports of structural problems on embankments can be found throughout history. A considerable number of those registers can be linked to inadequate compaction, demonstrating the importance of guaranteeing a suitable quality of soil compaction. Various methodologies and specifications of compaction quality control on site of earthworks, based on the fill moisture content and dry unit weight, were developed during the 20th century. Two widely known methodologies are the conventional and nuclear techniques. The conventional methods are based on the use of the field sand cone test (or similar) and sampling of material for laboratory-based testing to evaluate the fill dry unit weight and water content. The nuclear techniques measure both parameters in the field using a nuclear density gauge. A topic under discussion in the geotechnical community, namely in Portugal, is the comparison between the accuracy of the nuclear gauge and sand cone test results for assessing the compaction and density ratio of earth fills, particularly for dams. The main purpose of this dissertation is to compare both of them. The data used were acquired during the compaction quality control operations at the Coutada/Tamujais dam trial embankment and core construction. This is a 25 m high earth dam located in Vila Velha de Rodão, Portugal. To analyse the spatial distribution of the compaction parameters (water content and compaction ratio), a 3D model was also developed. The main results achieved are discussed and finally some considerations are put forward on the suitability of both techniques to ensure fill compaction quality and on additional research to complement the conclusions obtained.

Early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in newborn infants using IgG subclasses against two Toxoplasma gondii recombinant proteins

The aim of this work was to evaluate the utility of ELISA-based testing of total IgG (IgGt) antibodies and its subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4) against soluble (STAg) and recombinant (rSAG1 and rMIC3) antigens of Toxoplasma gondii for diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis. Sera from 217 newborns initially testing positive for specific IgM in filter paper dried blood spots were tested for specific IgM and IgG by ELFA-VIDAS®. Congenital toxoplasmosis was confirmed in 175 and ruled out in 42 infants. The validity of the ELISA tests was determined using the persistence of IgG antibodies (ELFA-VIDAS® kit) at the end of 12 months, which is considered the reference test for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. The frequency of positivity with IgGt against STAg, rSAG1 and rMIC3 was found in 97.2%, 96.3% and 80.2%, respectively, of the newborns with confirmed congenital toxoplasmosis. IgG1 reacted with all three antigens, while IgG3 and IgG4 reacted preferentially with rMIC3. Higher mean values of reactivity (sample optical density/cut-off) were found for all subclasses when using rMIC3. All of the antigens showed high sensitivity and low specificity in detecting anti-T. gondii IgGt and IgG1 and low sensitivity and high specificity in detecting IgG3 and IgG4. In conclusion, the combined detection of IgG antibody subclasses against recombinant toxoplasmic antigens may be useful for the early diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Komposiittipakkausrakenteen valmistustekninen selvitys

Diplomityö on tehty Exel Oyj:lle tuotekehityprojektina. Tarkoituksena on kehittää Exel Oyj:n valmistamaa komposiittipakkausrakennetta. Työssä on keskitytty valmistustekniseen selvitykseen komposiittirakenteen teollisen mittakaavan tuotannossa. Työssä selvitettiin erilaisten tuoterakenteiden valmistettavuutta sekä suoritettiin kyseisen tuotteen vaatimusprofiilin mukaisia testejä valituille rakennevaihtoehdoille. Pakkausrakenteelle asetettuja vaatimuksia ovat mm. kuljetusvaatimukset, jotka määräytyvät lähinnä NATO standardien pohjalta. Lisäksi tuotteelta vaaditaan tiettyä pitkäaikaiskestoa käsittelyn kannalta sekä soveltuvuutta vallitseviin ilmasto-olosuhteisiin. Vaatimusten mukaisia ominaisuuksia tutkittiin lisäksi mm. ballistisilla ja mekaanisilla testeillä sekä kaasuläpäisytesteillä. Testien pohjalta voidaan todeta, etteivät perinteisen alipaineinjektoidun komposiittituotteen ballistiset ominaisuudet ole riittävällä tasolla suojatuotetta ajatellen. Ballististen ja mekaanisten testien kesken havaittiin joitain yhtäläisyyksiä ja tämä vaikuttaa olevan nimenomaan mekaanisesti optimoidun komposiitin ominaisuus. DI-työn lopputuloksena on saatu selkeä kuva pakkausrakenteen materiaalivaihtoehtojen soveltuvuudesta kyseiselle tuotteelle. Lisäksi pakkausrakenteelle on ehdotettu neljä erilaista tuotesuunnitelmaan, niiden valmistustekniikat sekä lopputuotteen kustannusarviointi.

Työturvallisuusriskien arviointiprosessi

Työturvallisuusriskien arviointi on oleellinen osa nykyaikaisen organisaation turvallisuusjohtamista. Työtapaturmat aiheuttavat organisaatioille merkittäviä kustannuksia, joita voidaan kuitenkin vähentää panostamalla työturvallisuusriskien hallintaan. Yksi riskienhallintakeino ovat henkilökohtaiset suojaimet. Suojainten ominaisuuksien tulee perustua työn arvioituihin riskeihin. Tässä työssä kuvataan Ovako Bar Oy Ab Imatran terästehtaalla suoritettu työturvallisuusriskienarviointiprosessi, sekä arvioinnin perusteella tehty henkilökohtaisten suojainten määrittäminen. Projektikuvauksen lisäksi työssä esitetään menetelmiä, joilla organisaatioiden on mahdollista kehittää työn riskien arviointia ja turvallisuuttaan yleisesti.

Testausmenetelmien ja testauksen lähestymistapojen valintaperusteet kirjallisuudessa

Testaustapausten valitseminen on testauksessa tärkeää, koska kaikkia testaustapauksia ei voida testata aika- ja raharajoitteiden takia. Testaustapausten valintaan on paljon eri menetelmiä joista eniten esillä olevat ovat malleihin perustuva valinta, kombinaatiovalinta ja riskeihin perustuva valinta. Kaikkiin edellä mainittuihin menetelmiin testaustapaukset luodaan ohjelman spesifikaation perusteella. Malleihin perustuvassa menetelmässä käytetään hyväksi ohjelman toiminnasta olevia malleja, joista valitaan tärkeimmät testattavaksi. Kombinaatiotestauksessa testitapaukset on muodostettu ominaisuuspareina jolloin yhden parin testaamisesta päätellään kahden ominaisuuden toiminta. Kombinaatiotestaus on tehokas löytämään virheitä, jotka johtuvat yhdestä tai kahdesta tekijästä. Riskeihin perustuva testaus pyrkii arvioimaan ohjelman riskejä ja valitsemaan testitapaukset niiden perusteella. Kaikissa menetelmissä priorisointi on tärkeässä roolissa, jotta testauksesta saadaan riittävä luotettavuus ilman kustannusten nousua.

XML-tekniikoihin perustuva ajurimalli LabView-pohjaiseen testausympäristöön

XML-muotoista tiedonesitystapaa hyödynnetään yhä enemmän esitettäessä rakenteellista tietoa. Tarkoituksena on antaa yleishyödyllinen ja uudelleenkäytettävä tapa jakaa yleistä tietoa erilaisten rajapintojen yli. XML-tekniikoita käytetään myös korjaamaan aiemmin tehdyissä sovellutuksissa esiintyneitä puutteita ja parantamaan niiden toimintaa. Tässä diplomityössä esitellään Telestelle LabView-pohjaiseen testaussovellusympäristöön suunniteltava ajuriuudistus. Työssä paranneltiin aiempaa ajurimallia soveltamalla siihen XML-tekniikoita hyödyntäviä toimintoja. Tarkoituksena oli vähentää testaussovelluskehityksessä vaadittavaa ohjelmointityötä korvaamalla sovelluksiin kovakoodatut ominaisuudet XML-pohjaisilla konfiguraatiotiedostoilla. Järjestelmän pohjana on yleiskäyttöinen ajuri, joka käyttää Telesten omaa EMS-protokollaa kommunikoinnissaan testattavien tuotteiden kanssa. Ajurimalli käyttää XML-pohjaisia konfiguraatiotiedostoja määrittelemään testattavien tuotteiden ominaisuuksia. XML-skeematiedostoilla esitetään ajurin käyttämän kommunikaatioprotokollan viestityypit ja niiden rakenteet. Työn tuloksena onnistuttiin luomaan uudenlainen XML-tekniikoita hyödyntävä ajurimalli. Yhteen yhteiseen ajuriin perustuva malli yhdenmukaistaa testaussovelluksien toteuttamista ja vähentää tarvittavaa ohjelmointityötä. Ajurin käyttöä helpotettiin toteuttamalla testaussovelluksien kehitysympäristöön erityinen editori, jolla voidaan helposti luoda ajuria käyttäviä toimintoja.