Acessibilidade e resolutividade em assistência oftalmológica para o SUS

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Visual scanning in sports actions: comparison between soccer goalkeepers and judo fighters

Visual search and oculomotor behaviour are believed to be very relevant for athlete performance, especially for sports requiring refined visuo-motor coordination skills. Modern coaches believe that a correct visuo-motor strategy may be part of advanced training programs. In this thesis two experiments are reported in which gaze behaviour of expert and novice athletes were investigated while they were doing a real sport specific task. The experiments concern two different sports: judo and soccer. In each experiment, number of fixations, fixation locations and mean fixation duration (ms) were considered. An observational analysis was done at the end of the paper to see perceptual differences between near and far space. Purpose: The aim of the judo study was to delineate differences in gaze behaviour characteristics between a population of athletes and one of non athletes. Aspects specifically investigated were: search rate, search order and viewing time across different conditions in a real-world task. The second study was aimed at identifying gaze behaviour in varsity soccer goalkeepers while facing a penalty kick executed with instep and inside foot. Then an attempt has been done to compare the gaze strategies of expert judoka and soccer goalkeepers in order to delineate possible differences related to the different conditions of reacting to events occurring in near (peripersonal) or far (extrapersonal) space. Judo Methods: A sample of 9 judoka (black belt) and 11 near judoka (white belt) were studied. Eye movements were recorded at 500Hz using a video based eye tracker (EyeLink II). Each subject participated in 40 sessions for about 40 minutes. Gaze behaviour was considered as average number of locations fixated per trial, the average number of fixations per trial, and mean fixation duration. Soccer Methods: Seven (n = 7) intermediate level male volunteered for the experiment. The kickers and goalkeepers, had at least varsity level soccer experience. The vision-in-action (VIA) system (Vickers 1996; Vickers 2007) was used to collect the coupled gaze and motor behaviours of the goalkeepers. This system integrated input from a mobile eye tracking system (Applied Sciences Laboratories) with an external video of the goalkeeper’s saving actions. The goalkeepers took 30 penalty kicks on a synthetic pitch in accordance with FIFA (2008) laws. Judo Results: Results indicate that experts group differed significantly from near expert for fixations duration, and number of fixations per trial. The expert judokas used a less exhaustive search strategy involving fewer fixations of longer duration than their novice counterparts and focused on central regions of the body. The results showed that in defence and attack situation expert group did a greater number of transitions with respect to their novice counterpart. Soccer Results: We found significant main effect for the number of locations fixated across outcome (goal/save) but not for foot contact (instep/inside). Participants spent more time fixating the areas in instep than inside kick and in goal than in save situation. Mean and standard error in search strategy as a result of foot contact and outcome indicate that the most gaze behaviour start and finish on ball interest areas. Conclusions: Expert goalkeepers tend to spend more time in inside-save than instep-save penalty, differences that was opposite in scored penalty kick. Judo results show that differences in visual behaviour related to the level of expertise appear mainly when the test presentation is continuous, last for a relatively long period of time and present a high level of uncertainty with regard to the chronology and the nature of events. Expert judoist performers “anchor” the fovea on central regions of the scene (lapel and face) while using peripheral vision to monitor opponents’ limb movements. The differences between judo and soccer gaze strategies are discussed on the light of physiological and neuropsychological differences between near and far space perception.

Studio della sicurezza stradale nelle zone di transizione: gli interventi sulla sp 610 "selice-montanara"

Studio della sicurezza stradale nelle zone di transizione: gli interventi sulla sp 610 "selice-montanara"

Análisis del comportamiento visual de taekwondistas de diferente nivel de pericia

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar y comparar el comportamiento visual de taekwondistas de diferente nivel de pericia (17 expertos, 7 experimentados y 9 novatos) ante una situación de combate simulada en laboratorio. Se empleó el pupilómetro Mobile Eye ASL para registrar la mirada mientras visionaban acciones de ataque grabadas y presentadas a tamaño real. Los resultados mostraron que mientras que los taekwondistas novatos mostraron un mayor número de fijaciones de menor duración en zonas corporales como la cabeza o piernas del oponente a medida que aumentaban el nivel de pericia (experimentados y expertos)el comportamiento visual se caracterizó por un menor número de fijaciones pero de mayor duración en la zona del torso del oponente. Los taekwondistas expertos mostraron una estrategia visual muy diferenciada basada en un pivote visual y una estabilización de la mirada, quite eye, antes de la toma de decisiones.

La mirada de los porteros de fútbol-sala ante diferentes tipo de respuesta motriz.

En este estudio se exploró y analizó el comportamiento visual de un grupo de porteros expertos de fútbol sala con el objetivo de comprobar cómo el tipo de respuesta motriz solicitada influía en su comportamiento visual. Participaron 4 porteros a los que se les presentó un total de 48 clips de vídeo en una pantalla a tamaño real, bajo dos condiciones de respuesta: con movimiento de parada y sin movimiento de parada. Se registró su mirada con el pupilómetro ASL Mobile Eye durante dos condiciones de tiro de penalti. Se analizó la mirada en el intervalo de -250 a 205 ms en torno al disparo. Los resultados mostraron que cuando respondían con la acción habitual de parada, solo se encontraron fijaciones en la mitad de los casos, estas fijaciones eran de corta duración y localizadas principalmente en la zona del suelo justo enfrente del balón. Por el contrario, cuando se mantenían en posición estática, su mirada se dirigía hacia la zona entre el balón y la pierna de apoyo, empleando fijaciones de una duración más larga. Se puede concluir que el comportamiento visual fue diferente entre las dos condiciones como resultado de la adaptación a las demandas espacio-temporales específicas de cada condición, ya que el grado de movimiento en la respuesta solicitada tuvo influencia en el comportamiento visual asociado.

Analisi della sicurezza dei percorsi ciclabili mediante tecnologie innovative

La tesi si pone l’obiettivo di valutare l’efficienza in termini di sicurezza stradale e di gradimento per l’utenza di una pista ciclabile esistente all’interno dell’area urbana del comune di Bologna. La ricerca è nata dalla necessità di avere degli strumenti di analisi che permettano di migliorare e potenziare le infrastrutture ciclabili. Essendo noto che il conducente di un velocipede durante la guida scansiona con lo sguardo l’ambiente che lo circonda, cercando informazioni significative per la posizione spaziale e temporale in cui si trova, per progettare ciclabili sicure diventa fondamentale conoscere quali elementi dell’ambiente sono maggiormente guardati e considerati dagli utenti. La Tangenziale delle Biciclette è un' infrastruttura ciclabile di recente realizzazione; importante dunque è studiarne le criticità, in modo da rendere le viabilità ciclabile su di essa più fluida e rapida possibile. Il campo prova su cui sono stati effettuati i test è quindi il tratto "Tangenziale Nord-Ovest delle Biciclette". La sperimentazione si è articolata in due parti: inizialmente sono state effettuate indagini preliminari sul campo prova, nello specifico sono stati distribuiti questionari di gradimento ad un totale di 50 utenti ciclabili. In un secondo momento invece sono stati eseguiti in loco test tramite la strumentazione Mobile Eye, cioè un dispositivo per il rilievo in continuo dello sguardo dei conducenti durante la guida. Mediante lo studio combinato dei risultati acquisiti dai questionari e dai video del Mobile Eye è stato possibile dedurre alcune criticità che compromettono la fluidità della viabilità ciclabile. L'ultimo paragrafo della tesi è dedicato all'elenco di alcune soluzioni strutturali che potrebbero rendere queste criticità meno impattanti.

La segnaletica di cantiere e la sua influenza sulla condotta di guida degli utenti

Il presente testo viene redatto con lo scopo di studiare l’effettiva interazione tra i cantieri stradali, con la relativa segnaletica, e gli utenti che transitano sulla sede stradale interessata da lavori di rifacimento, manutenzione o adeguamento della stessa, partendo dalla conoscenza di tutta la normativa che disciplina i cantieri su strada. Nel presente testo verrà esposta in modo dettagliato la sperimentazione effettuata, analizzando il percorso di prova, il campo prove con i relativi partecipanti, la tipologia dei cantieri presenti lungo il percorso e il segnalamento di ciascuno di essi. Questo studio verrà svolto analizzando nel dettaglio il comportamento dell’utente alla guida ed in particolare la sua risposta alle informazioni fornite dalla segnaletica temporanea di cantiere, sia verticale che orizzontale, grazie a strumenti specifici quali il Mobile-Eye ed il V-Box. I risultati ottenuti, infine, saranno discussi per valutare quali siano le migliori pratiche di installazione di un cantiere su strada e di posizionamento della relativa segnaletica, per ottenere la massima visibilità e considerazione da parte dei conducenti, e quindi la regolazione del loro comportamento in termini di adeguamento della velocità di marcia in relazione ad una situazione straordinaria che si presenta lungo il tracciato che stanno percorrendo. Tutto ciò potrà servire a redigere delle linee guida specifiche in merito all’installazione dei cantieri e al posizionamento della relativa segnaletica di avviso e preavviso, sempre nel rispetto di tutta la normativa che ne disciplina gli stessi.

Lesion selection by melanoma high-risk consumers during skin self-examination using mobile teledermoscopy

Mobile teledermatoscopy (MTD) for the early detection of skin cancer uses smartphones with dermatoscope attachments to magnify, capture, and transfer images remotely.1 Using the asymmetry–color variation (AC) rule, consumers achieve dermoscopy sensitivity of 92.9% to 94.0% and specificity of 62.0% to 64.2% for melanoma.2 This pilot randomized trial assessed lesions of concern selected by consumers at high risk of melanoma using MTD plus the AC rule (intervention, n = 10) or the AC rule alone (control, n = 12) during skin self-examination (SSE). Also measured were lesion location patterns, lesions overlooked by participants, provisional clinical diagnoses, likelihood of malignant tumor, and participant pressure to excise lesions.

Middleware for Mobile Sensing Applications in Urban Environments

Sensor networks represent an attractive tool to observe the physical world. Networks of tiny sensors can be used to detect a fire in a forest, to monitor the level of pollution in a river, or to check on the structural integrity of a bridge. Application-specific deployments of static-sensor networks have been widely investigated. Commonly, these networks involve a centralized data-collection point and no sharing of data outside the organization that owns it. Although this approach can accommodate many application scenarios, it significantly deviates from the pervasive computing vision of ubiquitous sensing where user applications seamlessly access anytime, anywhere data produced by sensors embedded in the surroundings. With the ubiquity and ever-increasing capabilities of mobile devices, urban environments can help give substance to the ubiquitous sensing vision through Urbanets, spontaneously created urban networks. Urbanets consist of mobile multi-sensor devices, such as smart phones and vehicular systems, public sensor networks deployed by municipalities, and individual sensors incorporated in buildings, roads, or daily artifacts. My thesis is that "multi-sensor mobile devices can be successfully programmed to become the underpinning elements of an open, infrastructure-less, distributed sensing platform that can bring sensor data out of their traditional close-loop networks into everyday urban applications". Urbanets can support a variety of services ranging from emergency and surveillance to tourist guidance and entertainment. For instance, cars can be used to provide traffic information services to alert drivers to upcoming traffic jams, and phones to provide shopping recommender services to inform users of special offers at the mall. Urbanets cannot be programmed using traditional distributed computing models, which assume underlying networks with functionally homogeneous nodes, stable configurations, and known delays. Conversely, Urbanets have functionally heterogeneous nodes, volatile configurations, and unknown delays. Instead, solutions developed for sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks can be leveraged to provide novel architectures that address Urbanet-specific requirements, while providing useful abstractions that hide the network complexity from the programmer. This dissertation presents two middleware architectures that can support mobile sensing applications in Urbanets. Contory offers a declarative programming model that views Urbanets as a distributed sensor database and exposes an SQL-like interface to developers. Context-aware Migratory Services provides a client-server paradigm, where services are capable of migrating to different nodes in the network in order to maintain a continuous and semantically correct interaction with clients. Compared to previous approaches to supporting mobile sensing urban applications, our architectures are entirely distributed and do not assume constant availability of Internet connectivity. In addition, they allow on-demand collection of sensor data with the accuracy and at the frequency required by every application. These architectures have been implemented in Java and tested on smart phones. They have proved successful in supporting several prototype applications and experimental results obtained in ad hoc networks of phones have demonstrated their feasibility with reasonable performance in terms of latency, memory, and energy consumption.

A thermodynamic protocol for explaining subcriticality and other subtle features in self-deflagrating solids

A novel universal approach to understand the self-deflagration in solids has been attempted by using basic thermodynamic equation of partial differentiation, where burning mte depends on the initial temperature and pressure of the system. Self-deflagrating solids are rare and are reported only in few compounds like ammonium perchlorate (AP), polystyrene peroxide and tetrazole. This approach has led us to understand the unique characteristics of AP, viz. the existence of low pressure deflagration limit (LPL 20 atm), hitherto not understood sufficiently. This analysis infers that the overall surface activation energy comprises of two components governed by the condensed phase and gas phase processes. The most attractive feature of the model is the identification of a new subcritical regime I' below LPL where AP does not burn. The model is aptly supported by the thermochemical computations and temperature-profile analyses of the combustion train. The thermodynamic model is further corroborated from the kinetic analysis of the high pressure (1-30 atm) DTA thermograms which affords distinct empirical decomposition rate laws in regimes I' and 1 (20-60 atm). Using Fourier-Kirchoff one dimensional heat transfer differential equation, the phase transition thickness and the melt-layer thickness have been computed which conform to the experimental data.

Analog/RF Built-in-Self-Test Subsystem for a Mobile Broadcast Video Receiver in 65-nm CMOS

A built-in-self-test (BIST) subsystem embedded in a 65-nm mobile broadcast video receiver is described. The subsystem is designed to perform analog and RF measurements at multiple internal nodes of the receiver. It uses a distributed network of CMOS sensors and a low bandwidth, 12-bit A/D converter to perform the measurements with a serial bus interface enabling a digital transfer of measured data to automatic test equipment (ATE). A perturbation/correlation based BIST method is described, which makes pass/fail determination on parts, resulting in significant test time and cost reduction.

Explaining World Wide Web Traffic Self-Similarity

Recently the notion of self-similarity has been shown to apply to wide-area and local-area network traffic. In this paper we examine the mechanisms that give rise to self-similar network traffic. We present an explanation for traffic self-similarity by using a particular subset of wide area traffic: traffic due to the World Wide Web (WWW). Using an extensive set of traces of actual user executions of NCSA Mosaic, reflecting over half a million requests for WWW documents, we show evidence that WWW traffic is self-similar. Then we show that the self-similarity in such traffic can be explained based on the underlying distributions of WWW document sizes, the effects of caching and user preference in file transfer, the effect of user "think time", and the superimposition of many such transfers in a local area network. To do this we rely on empirically measured distributions both from our traces and from data independently collected at over thirty WWW sites.

Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis

We tested the hypothesis that regulation of discrepancies between perceived actual and ideal differentiation between the ingroup and outgroup could help to explain the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias when participants are recategorized into a superordinate group. Replicating previous findings, we found that following recategorization, identification was positively related to intergroup bias. No such differences emerged in a control condition. However, we also, in the recategorization condition only, observed a positive association between ingroup identification and the perceived discrepancy between actual and ideal degree of differentiation from the outgroup: at higher levels of identification, participants increasingly perceived the ingroup to be less differentiated from the outgroup than they would ideally like. This tendency mediated the relationship between identification and bias. We discuss the theoretical, methodological and practical implications of these findings.

Explaining Social Class Inequalities in Smoking: The Role of Education, Self-Efficacy, and Deprivation

Rates of smoking have decreased dramatically in most Northern European countries over the last 50 years or so, but manual working class groups are substantially more likely to smoke daily than are the professional and managerial classes. This article examines three hypotheses about the processes producing these inequalities. The first argues that social class inequalities reflect differences across education groups in knowledge of the risks of smoking. The second suggests that the living conditions of lower social class groups leads to the development of lower self-efficacy and a lower propensity to quit smoking. The third states that smoking has a functional use among poorer individuals. This article draws upon data from the Republic of Ireland to assess these hypotheses. Our analysis provides some support for the first hypothesis in that education independently reduces the odds of a manual class person smoking relative to a non-manual by 12 per cent. The second hypothesis is not supported by the data. The third hypothesis gains the most support: measures of disadvantage and deprivation account for almost one-third of the class differential in smoking. The results suggest that smoking cessation policy should reflect the importance of social and economic context in quitting behaviour.