Faunistic studies

An update on the work undertaken by the authors, Macan and Hynes, over the past year. Macan provides details of additional work undertaken since his publication of faunistic work on adult animals, including details on additional field data, further developments of the conclusions intially drawn and further comparisons with fauna of the highlands of Scotland. Two histograms are provided showing succession of Corixidae in two separate waterbodies. Habitat conditions are also discussed for this species and a number of locations are mentioned including, Blelham Tarn, Derwentwater and Rusland Moss. An update on stonefly work undertaken by Hynes is provided, specifically stomach contents of nymphs and habitat preference. Details are also given of aquatic insects being breed by the staff for research.

Effects of Cow Green Reservoir upon downstream fish populations

Post impoundment observations on the fish populations of the River Tees, downstream from the Cow Green Reservoir were made between 1971 and 1980. Both bullhead (Cottus gobio L.) and brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) population densities increased in the river after impoundment but changes in growth rate were small. Investigations into the stomach contents of the two species reflects the results of other work on increases of benthos in the river. Following regulation there was an increase in the quantity of Ephemerella ignita found in trout stomachs while in the bullhead, regulation caused an increase in the importance of Mollusca and a decrease in importance of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.

The food of coarse fish

Remarkably little has been published on the feeding habits of the non-salmonid fishes of British fresh waters. The following report briefly summarizes the results obtained from the examination of the stomach contents of some 2,700 fish, belonging to 19 species, which were obtained during 1939. The results of all examinations of gut contents were analysed, species by species, upon a simple basis of the presence of different types of food. Foodstuffs were divided up into six main categories— fish, molluscs, insects, crustaceans, higher plants together with filamentous algae, and diatoms—and the occurrence of members of any of these categories was recorded for each fish.

Dieta do boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Benédén, 1864) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) na Baía de Sepetiba (RJ)

O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Benédén, 1864) é um pequeno cetáceo da família Delphinidae. Ocorre em águas costeiras da América do Sul e Central, associado à ambientes estuarinos, às baías e áreas protegidas. Estudos sobre hábitos alimentares são importantes para avaliar os padrões de relação entre presa e predador. Desta forma, o conhecimento da composição da dieta do predador pode fornecer informações a respeito de sua distribuição, padrões de migração e de seu comportamento, além de contribuir com informações sobre a biologia e comportamento de suas presas. Neste trabalho, são abordados aspectos da ecologia alimentar do boto-cinza da Baía de Sepetiba, com o objetivo de caracterizar a dieta e compará-la em relação ao sexo, classe etária e estações do ano, a partir da análise do conteúdo estomacal de 76 botos-cinza encalhados entre 2005 e 2011. Os itens alimentares recuperados dos estômagos como otólitos e ossos de peixes, bicos de cefalópodes, carapaças de crustáceos, foram identificados baseando-se em trabalhos de identificação e em uma coleção de referência. O comprimento e biomassa das presas foram estimados com o uso de equações de regressão encontradas na literatura para estas espécies. As amostras foram separadas em machos adultos, fêmeas adultas e juvenis, e em estações quente/chuvosa (out-abr) e fria/seca (mai-set), em que os estômagos foram recuperados. Um total de 1800 presas foi identificado, relativo a 23 espécies de teleósteo, quatro espécies de cefalópode e três de crustáceo. O boto-cinza da Baía de Sepetiba apresentou uma dieta tipicamente piscívora, com um hábito alimentar no qual, poucas espécies foram consumidas em alta frequencia. Todas as presas identificadas têm distribuição costeira sendo a maioria estuarina de pequeno porte ou juvenil. As presas mais importantes na dieta do boto-cinza, segundo o índice de importância relativa (IIR), foram Cetengraulis edentulus; Micropogonias furnieri; Mugil spp.; Chloroscombrus chrysurus; Cynoscion jamaicensis; Stellifer sp.; e Sciadeichthys luniscutis. Dentre os cefalópodes, a lula Doryteuthis plei foi à presa mais importante. Este estudo indica que o boto-cinza apresenta variações intra-específicas no seu hábito alimentar entre fêmeas adultas, machos adultos e juvenis, além de variações sazonais na composição de sua dieta. A partir do conhecimento do comportamento e hábito de suas presas, pode-se concluir que, Sotalia guianensis da Baía de Sepetiba se alimenta ao longo de toda a Baía, além de utilizar áreas costeiras próximas para atividades de alimentação e forrageio.

Hábitos alimentares e análise de sobreposição trófica de elasmobrânquios no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

O presente trabalho analisou o conteúdo estomacal de cinco espécies de elasmobrânquios, sendo 9 estômagos de Psammobatis rutrum, 83 de Psammobatis extenta, 59 de Atlantoraja cyclophora, 112 de Rioraja agassizi e 43 de Rhizoprionodon lalandii, com o objetivo de obter informações sobre os hábitos alimentares dessas espécies, além de verificar a formação de guildas tróficas entre as espécies estudadas. As coletas ocorreram entre janeiro de 2006 e agosto de 2007, no litoral sul do Rio de Janeiro, ao largo da Ilha Grande. Os itens alimentares encontrados foram analisados quanto a Frequência de Ocorrência, Peso Percentual e Índice Alimentar, sendo a dieta de cada espécie avaliada considerando toda amostra, de acordo com o sexo dos indivíduos, estádios de maturidade e épocas do ano. Para investigar a similaridade entre as dietas e verificar a formação de guildas tróficas foi realizada uma Análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional (MDS). As dietas de Psammobatis rutrum e Psammobatis extenta foram consideradas carcino-bentófagas, com grande importância de camarões. O principal item para Atlantoraja cyclophora foi o siri Portunus spinicarpus, sendo a dieta considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com grande importância de teleósteos. Em Rioraja agassizi, a dieta foi considerada principalmente carcino-bentófaga, mas também com forte influência ictiófaga. Já o comportamento alimentar de Rhizoprionodon lalandii foi considerado ictio-bentófago. A dieta entre os sexos apresentou uma alta sobreposição em P. extenta, A. cyclophora e R. lalandii, mas para R. agassizi essa sobreposição foi considerada baixa. Entre os estádios de maturidade a sobreposição foi pequena para P. extenta e R. agassizi, entretanto para A. cyclophora e R. lalandii essa sobreposição foi elevada. Os exemplares maiores, aparentemente apresentaram preferência a se alimentarem de peixes, enquanto que predadores de menor porte se restringem aos invertebrados, basicamente crustáceos. Para todas as espécies foram identificadas alterações sazonais na importância dos itens alimentares, que pode ser explicado pelas oscilações naturais na composição e abundancia das presas potenciais em consequência das variações das massas de água na plataforma continental do sul fluminense. Os resultados indicaram a formação de 2 guildas, sendo a guilda 1 composta por P. rutrum e P extenta e com uma dieta principalmente de crustáceos (camarões) e a guilda 2 composta por A. cyclophora, R. agassizi e R. lalandii apresentando uma alimentação em Crustáceos e em Teleósteos.

Note sur le régime alimentaire de quelques poissons démérsaux de Côte d'Ivoire

Stomach contents from 21 species of demersal fish caught on Grand Bassam (Côte d'Ivoire) fishing grounds at 20 and 35 m depth are analyzed. The results are compared with those of Longhurst (1957, 1960). The great importance of Crustacea in the food of those species appears clearly. A representative scheme of the diet is suggested.

Zooplancton et micronecton dans la région du Dôme d'Angola en février-mars 1971 et rélation avec les thons

Diurnal variations and geographic distribution of zooplankton and micronekton are studied in the Angola Dome. The small zooplankton species (Copepodids, Copepods, Amphipods, Ostracods, Chaetognaths, etc.) undertake vertical migrations within a 100 m water layer. Most of the micronekton species are below this layer during the day and move towards the surface during the night. The whole region prospected is rich in zooplankton and micronekton species that are present in the upper 100 m layer during the day. Only the South-West region is poor. On the contrary, this latter region is abundant in species that migrate below this layer during the day. The authors think there are 3 main difficulties in establishing good relationships between micronekton and tunas distribution: 1 - inability of micronekton nets to catch the tunas preys; 2 - the great diversity of tunas food; and 3 - the too large delay between micronekton studies and those of stomach contents of tunas.

Regional variation in the annual feeding cycle of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the western Gulf of Alaska

Juvenile fish in temperate coastal oceans exhibit an annual cycle of feeding, and within this cycle, poor wintertime feeding can reduce body growth, condition, and perhaps survival, especially in food-poor areas. We examined the stomach contents of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) to explain previously observed seasonal and regional variation in juvenile body condition. Juvenile walleye pollock (1732 fish, 37–250 mm standard length) of the 2000 year class were collected from three regions in the Gulf of Alaska (Kodiak, Semidi, and Shumagin) representing an area of the continental shelf of ca. 100,000 km2 during four seasons (August 2000 to September 2001). Mean stomach content weight (SCW, 0.72% somatic body weight) decreased with fish body length except from winter to summer 2001. Euphausiids composed 61% of SCW and were the main determinant of seasonal change in the diets of fish in the Kodiak and Semidi regions. Before and during winter, SCW and the euphausiid dietary component were highest in the Kodiak region. Bioenergetics modeling indicated a relatively high growth rate for Kodiak juveniles during winter (0.33 mm standard length/d). After winter, Shumagin juveniles had relatively high SCW and, unlike the Kodiak and Semidi juveniles, exhibited no reduction in the euphausiid dietary component. These patterns explain previous seasonal and regional differences in body condition. We hypothesize that high-quality feeding locations (and perhaps nursery areas) shift seasonally in response to the availability of euphausiid

Mississippi River sustenance of brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) in Louisiana coastal waters

Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) are abundant along the Louisiana coast, a coastline that is heavily influenced by one of the world’s largest rivers, the Mississippi River. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (CNS) isotopes of shrimp and their proventriculus (stomach) contents were assayed to trace riverine support of estuarine-dependent brown shrimp. Extensive inshore and of fshore collections were made in the Louisiana coastal zone during 1999–2006 to document shrimp movement patterns across the bay and shelf region. Results showed an unexpectedly strong role for nursery areas in the river delta in supporting the offshore fishery, with about 46% of immigrants to offshore regions arriving from riverine marshes. Strong river influences also were evident offshore, where cluster analysis of combined CNS isotope data showed three regional station groups related to river inputs. Two nearer-river mid-shelf station groups showed isotope values indicating river fertilization and productivity responses in the benthic shrimp food web, and a deeper offshore station group to the south and west showed much less river inf luence. At several mid-shelf stations where hypoxia is common, shrimp were anomalously 15N depleted versus their diets, and this d15N difference or mismatch may be useful in monitoring shrimp movement responses to hypoxia.

Feeding ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in a northeast Pacific fjord: diet, availability of zooplankton, selectivity for prey, and potential competition for prey resources

We investigated the feeding ecology of juvenile salmon during the critical early life-history stage of transition from shallow to deep marine waters by sampling two stations (190 m and 60 m deep) in a northeast Pacific fjord (Dabob Bay, WA) between May 1985 and October 1987. Four species of Pacific salmon—Oncorhynchus keta (chum) , O. tshawytscha (Chinook), O. gorbuscha (pink), and O. kisutch (coho)—were examined for stomach contents. Diets of these fishes varied temporally, spatially, and between species, but were dominated by insects, euphausiids, and decapod larvae. Zooplankton assemblages and dry weights differed between stations, and less so between years. Salmon often demonstrated strongly positive or negative selection for specific prey types: copepods were far more abundant in the zooplankton than in the diet, whereas Insecta, Araneae, Cephalapoda, Teleostei, and Ctenophora were more abundant in the diet than in the plankton. Overall diet overlap was highest for Chinook and coho salmon (mean=77.9%)—species that seldom were found together. Chum and Chinook salmon were found together the most frequently, but diet overlap was lower (38.8%) and zooplankton biomass was not correlated with their gut fullness (%body weight). Thus, despite occasional occurrences of significant diet overlap between salmon species, our results indicate that interspecific competition among juvenile salmon does not occur in Dabob Bay.

Dietary variations in three co-occurring rockfish species off the Pacific Northwest during anomalous oceanographic events in 1998 and 1999

Stomach samples from three rockfish species, yellowtail (Sebastes f lavidus), widow (S. entomelas), and canary (S. pinniger) rockfish, seasonally collected off the Pacific Northwest in 1998 and 1999, provided quantitative information on the food habits of these species during and after the 1997–98 El Niño event. Although euphausiids were the most common major prey of all three predators, gelatinous zooplankton and fishes were the most commonly consumed prey items during some seasonal quarters. The influence of the El Niño event was evident in the diets. Anomalous prey items, including the southern euphausiid species Nyctiphanes simplex and juveniles of Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) frequently appeared in the diets in the spring and summer of 1998. The results of stomach contents analyses, based on 905 stomach samples from 49 trawl hauls during seven commercial fishing trips and from 56 stations during research surveys, were consistent with the timing of occurrence and the magnitude of change in biomass of some zooplankton species reported from zooplankton studies in the northern California Current during the 1997–98 El Niño. Our findings indicate that the observed variations of prey groups in some rockfish diets may be a function of prey variability related to climate and environment changes.

Geographical differences in the feeding patterns of red rockfish (Sebastes capensis) along South American coasts

Feeding habits and feeding strategy of red rockfish (Sebastes capensis) were studied from fish captured along most of the range of this species in coastal waters of South America. Stomach contents of 613 individuals, collected during 2003, were analyzed. Fish were obtained from six locations along the Chilean (23°S to 46°S) and Argentinian (43°S) coasts. The main prey items were Mysidacea (75.06% IRI), Osteichthyes (6.29% IRI),and Rhynchocinetes typus (6.03% IRI). Predator sex and size did not significantly affect the diet, but significant differences were found between locations. Four geographical areas, discriminated by prey occurrence and frequencies, were determined: three on the Pacific coast and one on the Atlantic coast. These areas correspond roughly with biogeographic zones described for the Chilean and southern Argentinian coasts. The feeding strategy index (FSI) indicated a specialized feeding strategy for S. capensis for most of its range. However, the FSI does not include the behaviour of a predator, and the FSI must be interpreted carefully for fishes like S. capensis that are passive ambush feeders. The abundance and availability of different prey may explain both the geographic differences in dietary composition and the specialized feeding strategy of S. capensis.

The effect of predation (current and historical) by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on fish abundance near Kodiak Island, Alaska

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are significant marine consumers. To examine the potential effect of predation by humpback whales, consumption (kg of prey daily) and prey removal (kg of prey annually) were modeled for a current and historic feeding aggregation of humpback whales off northeastern Kodiak Island, Alaska. A current prey biomass removal rate was modeled by using an estimate of the 2002 humpback whale abundance. A historic rate of removal was modeled from a prewhaling abundance estimate (population size prior to 1926). Two provisional humpback whale diets were simulated in order to model consumption rate. One diet was based on the stomach contents of whales that were commercially harvested from Port Hobron whaling station in Kodiak, Alaska, between 1926 and 1937, and the second diet, based on local prey availability as determined by fish surveys conducted within the study area, was used to model consumption rate by the historic population. The latter diet was also used to model consumption by the current population and to project a consumption rate if the current population were to grow to reach the historic population size. Models of these simulated diets showed that the current population likely removes nearly 8.83

Food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River, SW Nigeria

An investigation was conducted into the food and feeding habits of Synodontis nigrita from the Osun River near Epe, Lagos, Nigeria. The food items in the stomach of the S. nigrita covered a wide spectrum, ranging from various types of plankton to invertebrates and plants. A seasonal variation was also noted in the stomach contents of S. nigrita over the period of investigation. The predominant food items found in the stomach were Polycystis spp., Closterium spp., Oedogonium spp., plant tissues, insect parts and detritus. This suggests that S. nigrita is an omnivore.

Study on feeding habits of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu) larvae in fish ponds

A limnological study of the artificial fish pond and an analysis of the stomach contents of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) larvae of 2 to 45 days age were made for a period of 45 days to evaluate their feeding preferences. A preference for chlorophytes and rotifers were noted, while other planktonic species remained constant in the stomach contents. Some limnological variables were found to have strong influence on the feeding behavior of the pacu. A preference for feeding on smaller species in the first few days of larval development was also noted.