Structural and reduction studies of ZrO2-CeO2:Ni for application in SOFC anodes.

Zirconia-ceria solid-solutions are extensively used as promoters for three-way catalysts, which are applied in the control of NOx, CO and hydrocarbons emission from automotive exhausts. In addition, thesematerials can be used as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated with hydrocarbons. There areonly few works on ZrO2-CeO2 ordered mesoporous materials for catalytic applications and for anodes inSOFCs. The interest in these anodes relies on the fact that ZrO2-CeO2materials are mixed ionic/electronic conductors in reducing atmosphere and, therefore, fuel oxidation is produced on its entire surface, while it only occurs in the [anode/electrolyte/gas] interface (triple-phase boundaries) for electronic conductors. In this work, a synthesis method was developed usingZr and Ce chloride precursors, HCl aqueous solution, Pluronic P123 as the structure directing agent, NH4OH to adjust the pH (3-4) and a Teflon autoclave to perform hydrothermal treatment (80ºC/48 hours). The samples were dried and calcined, until 540ºC in N2and 4 hours in air. The X-ray diffraction data showed that powders with higher CeO2 content are formed by a larger fraction of the cubic CeO2 phase, while for a lower CeO2content the major crystalline structure is the tetragonal ZrO2 phase. The NiO impregnation was made with an ethanol dispersion of Ni(NO3)×6H2O. The resulting powder was calcinated in air until 350ºC for 2 hours. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) data were collected in order to evaluate the reduction profiles of ZrO2-x%CeO2:Ni samples in H2/Ar atmosphere. Results showed lower reduction temperatures for all ceria content in samples comparing to a NiO standard.

Semicelle SOFC: studio e produzione di elettroliti con processi a basso impatto ambientale

Le celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC) sono dei sistemi elettrochimici in grado di trasformare direttamente l’energia chimica di un combustibile (generalmente H2) e di un comburente (O2) in energia elettrica, senza l’intervento intermedio di un ciclo termico. Le SOFCs rappresentano un sistema energetico pulito, efficiente e sicuro, tuttavia questa tecnologia presenta costi di produzione ancora elevati e necessita di un maggiore sviluppo. L’argomento della presente tesi si colloca nell’ambito dello studio e realizzazione di materiali per l’elettrolita di SOFCs ed il contributo scientifico che si propone di fornire trova spazio nella necessità di migliorare la sinterizzazione di tali materiali e nell’ottimizzazione dei processi di formatura per produzioni facilmente scalabili a livello industriale con costo contenuto ed ecocompatibili. L’approccio di ricerca adottato è stato quello di approfondire le conoscenze relative ad un ossido di cerio drogato con gadolinio (GDC), scelto come elettrolita, cercando di comprendere su quali parametri intervenire per promuovere la densificazione ed ottimizzare il seguente processo di formatura. La ricerca si è articolata nei seguenti punti: a) Studio del processo di sinterizzazione in relazione alle caratteristiche morfologiche delle polveri di GDC pura ed esaminando l’influenza dell’ossido di rame, aggiunto come drogante, sul comportamento in sinterizzazione e microstruttura finale. I risultati indicano che il processo di sinterizzazione è enormemente influenzato dalla presenza del CuO, dalla sua morfologia e dalla procedura usata per il drogaggio b) Realizzazione di un inchiostro serigrafico a base di GDC in matrice acquosa da depositare su anodi in verde. La serigrafia rappresenta un’importante tecnica di formatura, facilmente adattabile ad una produzione industriale, con cui è possibile ottenere film di GDC densi. L’ottimizzazione dei processi in matrice acquosa porta un enorme contributo per la diminuzione dei costi di produzione e per la realizzazione di un processo maggiormente ecocompatibile. Questo obiettivo è stato raggiunto con la corretta scelta e caratterizzazione di tutti gli additivi di formatura c) Assemblaggio della semicella SOFC anodo supportante e relativo trattamento in co-firing. La messa a punto di un idoneo ciclo di burn out degli organici ha contribuito a preservare l’integrità ed omogeneità dei film depositati che dopo sinterizzazione risultano perfettamente densi e privi di cricche.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) come anodo innovativo per celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC)

Le celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC) sono reattori elettrochimici che convertono l’energia chimica di un gas combustibile direttamente in energia elettrica con un’alta efficienza e con basse emissioni. Il materiale più comunemente usato come anodo, il Ni/YSZ cermet, mostra però numerosi svantaggi nell’applicazione quali la suscettibilità all’avvelenamento da zolfo e la deposizione di coke per cracking degli idrocarburi usati come combustibile. E’ perciò necessario sviluppare materiali alternativi che sopperiscano a questi problemi. Il titanato di stronzio drogato con lantanio con stechiometria La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) è stato scelto come anodo alternativo per le ottime proprietà possedute. Lo scopo del lavoro di tesi è stato quindi lo studio dell’influenza della natura dei precursori, delle condizioni di sintesi e dell’aggiunta di agenti porizzanti necessari per l’ottenimento della fase perovskitica pura e con porosità controllata. In un primo tempo è stata verificata la possibilità di ottenere la fase La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 pura mediante sintesi allo stato solido, trattando termicamente miscele di precursori diversi. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che l’utilizzo di nitrati metallici porta a risultati migliori rispetto all’utilizzo di carbonati ed ossidi poiché permette la formazione della fase perovskite a temperature inferiori e con una purezza maggiore. Poiché l’analisi elementare sui materiali preparati in questa prima fase ha evidenziato un problema sulla stechiometria, il metodo di sintesi è stato ottimizzato solubilizzando preventivamente i precursori di lantanio e stronzio e determinandone il titolo mediante ICP. Inoltre, sono state effettuate delle sintesi utilizzando TiO2 a diversa area superficiale, per verificare l’effetto sulle fasi formate di una maggior reattività di questo componente. Per completezza la perovskite è stata sintetizzata anche tramite sintesi sol-gel, utilizzando il metodo Pechini, ottenendo a 700°C la fase pura. L’analisi morfologica ha evidenziato che le polveri con caratteristiche migliori per la formatura sono quelle ottenute tramite sintesi allo stato solido. Le pastiglie prodotte, miscelando tali polveri e agenti porizzanti opportuni, hanno evidenziato la stabilità della fase perovskitica voluta ma anche la necessità di ottimizzare l’aggiunta del porizzante per avere una porosità adeguata all’applicazione del sistema quale anodo SOFC.

The Effect of Various Electrode Microstructure Parameters on the Effective Conductivity and Three-Phase Boundary Density of Infiltrated SOFC Electrodes

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has the potential to be a significant player in our future energy technology repertoire based on its ability to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Infiltrated SOFCs, in particular, have demonstrated improved performance and at lower cost than traditional SOFCs. An infiltrated electrode comprises porous ceramic scaffolding (typically constructed from the oxygen ion conducting material) that is infiltrated with electron conducting and catalytic particles. Two important SOFC electrode properties are effective conductivity and three phase boundary density (TPB). Researchers study these electrode properties separately, and fail to recognize them as competing properties. This thesis aims to (1) develop a method to model the TPB density and use it to determine the effect of porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former size on TPB density as well as to (2) compare the effect of porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former size on TPB density and effective conductivity to determine a desired set of parameters for infiltrated SOFC electrode performance. A computational model was used to study the effect of microstructure parameters on the effective conductivity and TPB density of the infiltrated SOFC electrode. From this study, effective conductivity and TPB density are determined to be competing properties of SOFC electrodes. Increased porosity, scaffolding particle size, and pore former particle size increase the effective conductivity for a given infiltrate loading above percolation threshold. Increased scaffolding particle size and pore former size ratio, however, decreases the TPB density. The maximum TPB density is achievable between porosities of 45% and 60%. The effect of microstructure parameters are more prominent at low loading with scaffolding particle size being the most significant factor and pore former size ratio being the least significant factor.

Outlook and application status of the Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems SOFC

Rolls-Royce fuel cell systems is developing megawatt scale power systems based on solid oxide fuel cell technology. The hybrid design promises to meet challenging energy efficiency, cost and performance targets in a grid friendly fashion. Analysis and testing to date indicate that those targets can be met and enable a wealth of fuel cell applications to meet customer and existing grid and modern grid requirements. Working with a global development team, a series of laboratory tests and evaluations are completed and future field test and evaluation and demonstration planned.

Fabrication of Sr- and Co-doped lanthanum chromite interconnectors for SOFC

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

(Starke) Metall-Träger Wechselwirkung von SOFC-relevanten Anodenmaterialien

Mag. Ramona Thalinger

Ceramic Materials Development for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy into electric power with high efficiency. Traditional SOFC has its disadvantages, such as redox cycling instability and carbon deposition while using hydrocarbon fuels. It is because traditional SOFC uses Ni-cermet as anode. In order to solve these problems, ceramic anode is a good candidate to replace Ni. However, the conductivity of most ceramic anode materials are much lower than Ni metal, and it introduces high ohmic resistance. How to increase the conductivity is a hot topic in this research field. Based on our proposed mechanism, several types of ceramic materials have been developed. Vanadium doped perovskite, Sr1-x/2VxTi1-xO3 (SVT) and Sr0.2Na0.8Nb1-xVxO3 (SNNV), achieved the conductivity as high as 300 S*cm-1 in hydrogen, without any high temperature reduction. GDC electrolyte supported cell was fabricated with Sr0.2Na0.8Nb0.9V0.1O3 and the performance was measured in hydrogen and methane respectively. Due to vanadium’s intrinsic problems, the anode supported cell is not easy. Fe doped double perovskite Sr2CoMoO6 (SFCM) was also developed. By carefully doping Fe, the conductivity was improved over one magnitude, without any vigorous reducing conditions. SFCM anode supported cell was successfully fabricated with GDC as the electrolyte. By impregnating Ni-GDC nano particles into the anode, the cell can be operated at lower temperatures while having higher performance than the traditional Ni-cermet cells. Meanwhile, this SFCM anode supported SOFC has long term stability in the reformate containing methane. During the anode development, cathode improvement caused by a thin Co-GDC layer was observed. By adding this Co-GDC layer between the electrolyte and the cathode, the interfacial resistance decreases due to fast oxygen ion transport. This mechanism was confirmed via isotope exchange. This Co-GDC layer works with multiple kinds of cathodes and the modified cell’s performance is 3 times as the traditional Ni-GDC cell. With this new method, lowering the SOFC operation temperature is feasible.

Síntese e caracterização de NiO-CGO para anodo e eletrólitos sólidos e base de Céria para SOFC

The direct use of natural gas makes the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) potentially more competitive with the current energy conversions technologies. The Intermediate Temperature SOFC (IT-SOFC) offer several advantages over the High Temperature SOFC (HT-SOFC), which includes better thermal compatibility among components, fast start with lower energy consumption, manufacture and operation cost reduction. The CeO2 based materials are alternatives to the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) to application in SOFC, as they have higher ionic conductivity and less ohmic losses comparing to YSZ, and they can operate at lower temperatures (500-800°C). Ceria has been doped with a variety of cations, although, the Gd3+ has the ionic radius closest to the ideal one to form solid solution. These electrolytes based in ceria require special electrodes with a higher performance and chemical and termomechanical compatibility. In this work compounds of gadolinia-doped ceria, Ce1-xGdxO2-δ (x = 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3), used as electrolytes, were synthesized by polymeric precursors method, Pechini, as well as the composite material NiO - Ce0,9Gd0,1O1,95, used as anode, also attained by oxide mixture method, mixturing the powders of the both phases calcinated already. The materials were characterized by X ray diffraction, dilatometry and scanning electronic microscopy. The refinement of the diffraction data indicated that all the Ce1-xGdxO2-δ powders were crystallized in a unique cubic phase with fluorite structure, and the composite synthesized by Pechini method produced smaller crystallite size in comparison with the same material attained by oxide mixture method. All the produced powders had nanometric characteristics. The composite produced by Pechini method has microstructural characteristics that can increase the triple phase boundaries (TPB) in the anode, improving the cell efficiency, as well as reducing the mass transport mechanism effect that provokes anode degradation