1000 resultados para SAMARIUM


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RATIONALE The vaporization of Sm, Eu, and Yb tri- and dibromides is accompanied by decomposition and disproportionation reactions. These result in complex vapor compositions whose analysis is an intricate problem for experimentalists. Approaches have been developed to interpret mass spectra and accurately determine the vapor composition of thermally unstable compounds. METHODS A sector type magnet instrument was used. A combined ion source allowed the study of both the molecular and ionic vapor compositions in the electron ionization (EI) and the thermionic emission (TE) modes. The methodological approaches were based on a joint analysis of the ionization efficiency functions, the temperature and time dependences of the ion currents, and special mathematical data evaluation. RESULTS The vaporization of SmBr3, YbBr3, SmBr2, EuBr2, and YbBr2 was studied in the temperature range of 850–1300 K. An initial stage of incongruent vaporization was observed in the case of the tribromides, SmBr2, and YbBr2. This eventually changed to a congruent vaporization stage. Various neutral (Ln, Br, Br2, LnBr, LnBr2, LnBr3, Ln2Br4, Ln2Br5, and Ln2Br6) and charged (Br–, LnBr3–, LnBr4–) species were detected at different vaporization stages. CONCLUSIONS The quantitative vapor composition of Sm, Eu, and Yb tri- and dibromides was determined. It was found that only EuBr2 was stable in the studied temperature range. The developed approaches can be useful in the case of other thermally unstable compounds.

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Purpose: Many patients with metastatic bone disease have to use radiopharmaceuticals associated with chemotherapy to relieve bone pain. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of docetaxel on the biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP in bones and other organs of rats. Methods: Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 6 rats each. The DS (docetaxel/samarium) group received docetaxel (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in two cycles 11 days apart. The S (samarium/control) group rats were not treated with docetaxel. Nine days after chemotherapy, all the rats were injected with 0.1ml of samarium-153-EDTMP via orbital plexus (25μCi). After 2 hours, the animals were killed and samples of the brain, thyroid, lung, heart, stomach, colon, liver, kidney and both femurs were removed. The percentage radioactivity of each sample (% ATI/g) was determined in an automatic gamma-counter (Wizard-1470, Perkin-Elmer, Finland). Results: On the 9th day after the administration of the 2nd chemotherapy cycle, the rats had a significant weight loss (314.50±22.09g) compared (p<0.5) to pre-treatment weight (353.66± 22.8). The % ATI/g in the samples of rats treated with samarium-153-EDTMP had a significant reduction in the right femur, left femur, kidney, liver and lungs of animals treated with docetaxel, compared to the control rats. Conclusion: The combination of docetaxel and samarium-153-EDTMP was associated with a lower response rate in the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical to targeted tissues. Further investigation into the impact of docetaxel on biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP would complement the findings of this study

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Purpose: Many patients with metastatic bone disease have to use radiopharmaceuticals associated with chemotherapy to relieve bone pain. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of docetaxel on the biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP in bones and other organs of rats. Methods: Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 6 rats each. The DS (docetaxel/samarium) group received docetaxel (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally in two cycles 11 days apart. The S (samarium/control) group rats were not treated with docetaxel. Nine days after chemotherapy, all the rats were injected with 0.1ml of samarium-153-EDTMP via orbital plexus (25μCi). After 2 hours, the animals were killed and samples of the brain, thyroid, lung, heart, stomach, colon, liver, kidney and both femurs were removed. The percentage radioactivity of each sample (% ATI/g) was determined in an automatic gamma-counter (Wizard-1470, Perkin-Elmer, Finland). Results: On the 9th day after the administration of the 2nd chemotherapy cycle, the rats had a significant weight loss (314.50±22.09g) compared (p<0.5) to pre-treatment weight (353.66± 22.8). The % ATI/g in the samples of rats treated with samarium-153-EDTMP had a significant reduction in the right femur, left femur, kidney, liver and lungs of animals treated with docetaxel, compared to the control rats. Conclusion: The combination of docetaxel and samarium-153-EDTMP was associated with a lower response rate in the biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical to targeted tissues. Further investigation into the impact of docetaxel on biodistribution of samarium-153-EDTMP would complement the findings of this study

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Les éléments de terres rares (REEs) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans une multitude d’applications, notamment la fabrication d’aimants, de batteries rechargeables et les écrans de téléviseurs. Ils sont pour la plupart des métaux trivalents peu solubles dans les eaux naturelles. Comme pour les métaux divalents, le risque écologique des REEs est très probablement étroitement lié à leurs spéciations chimiques. Cependant, le comportement du samarium (Sm) dans les matrices environnementales est très peu connu et il n'existe actuellement aucune technique pour évaluer sa spéciation chimique. Dans cette optique, la technique d'échange d'ions (IET) sur la résine Dowex a été optimisée pour mesurer le samarium libre en solution. Les temps d'équilibre ont d'abord été déterminés pour des solutions tamponnées de samarium (Sm 6,7x10-8 M ; MES 1,0 mM M ; pH 6,0) en présence du nitrate de sodium (de 0,01M à 0,5 M). Pour ces diverses forces ioniques, l’équilibre thermodynamique n’est atteint que pour NaNO3 0,5M. Un autre mode d’utilisation de la résine (mode dynamique) a donc été développé pour tenir compte des conditions environnementales et évaluer efficacement le samarium libre. Les impacts des ligands organiques tels le NTA, l’EDTA, le citrate, l’acide malique et l’acide fulvique Suwannee River Standard I (SRFA) ont été étudiés par l’IET en mode dynamique. Une grande corrélation a été trouvée plus entre les taux d’accumulation de samarium sur la résine d’échange pour différents rapports NTA : Sm, EDTA : Sm, SRFA : Sm et le samarium libre. Par contre, aucune corrélation significative n’a été observée pour les ligands citrate et acide malique compte tenu des complexes qu’ils forment avec le samarium et qui s’adsorbent aussi sur la résine Dowex. Les concentrations Sm3+ mesurées par la technique IET ont été fortement corrélées avec celles prédites par le modèle WHAM 7.0 en utilisant la constante de stabilité obtenue par titration de SRFA par extinction de la fluorescence. Par ailleurs, la formation de colloïdes de samarium en fonction du pH influe grandement sur la détermination du samarium libre et doit être prise en compte dans la spéciation du samarium. L'IET assisté par des techniques auxiliaires comme le dosage par extinction de la fluorescence et le SP-ICPMS pourrait être une technique utile pour évaluer les concentrations de Sm biodisponible dans les eaux naturelles.

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Les éléments de terres rares (REEs) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans une multitude d’applications, notamment la fabrication d’aimants, de batteries rechargeables et les écrans de téléviseurs. Ils sont pour la plupart des métaux trivalents peu solubles dans les eaux naturelles. Comme pour les métaux divalents, le risque écologique des REEs est très probablement étroitement lié à leurs spéciations chimiques. Cependant, le comportement du samarium (Sm) dans les matrices environnementales est très peu connu et il n'existe actuellement aucune technique pour évaluer sa spéciation chimique. Dans cette optique, la technique d'échange d'ions (IET) sur la résine Dowex a été optimisée pour mesurer le samarium libre en solution. Les temps d'équilibre ont d'abord été déterminés pour des solutions tamponnées de samarium (Sm 6,7x10-8 M ; MES 1,0 mM M ; pH 6,0) en présence du nitrate de sodium (de 0,01M à 0,5 M). Pour ces diverses forces ioniques, l’équilibre thermodynamique n’est atteint que pour NaNO3 0,5M. Un autre mode d’utilisation de la résine (mode dynamique) a donc été développé pour tenir compte des conditions environnementales et évaluer efficacement le samarium libre. Les impacts des ligands organiques tels le NTA, l’EDTA, le citrate, l’acide malique et l’acide fulvique Suwannee River Standard I (SRFA) ont été étudiés par l’IET en mode dynamique. Une grande corrélation a été trouvée plus entre les taux d’accumulation de samarium sur la résine d’échange pour différents rapports NTA : Sm, EDTA : Sm, SRFA : Sm et le samarium libre. Par contre, aucune corrélation significative n’a été observée pour les ligands citrate et acide malique compte tenu des complexes qu’ils forment avec le samarium et qui s’adsorbent aussi sur la résine Dowex. Les concentrations Sm3+ mesurées par la technique IET ont été fortement corrélées avec celles prédites par le modèle WHAM 7.0 en utilisant la constante de stabilité obtenue par titration de SRFA par extinction de la fluorescence. Par ailleurs, la formation de colloïdes de samarium en fonction du pH influe grandement sur la détermination du samarium libre et doit être prise en compte dans la spéciation du samarium. L'IET assisté par des techniques auxiliaires comme le dosage par extinction de la fluorescence et le SP-ICPMS pourrait être une technique utile pour évaluer les concentrations de Sm biodisponible dans les eaux naturelles.

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This research led to the discovery of one of the best preserved remnants of the Earth's surficial environment 3.47 billion years ago. These ancient volcanic and sedimentary rocks contain original minerals and textures that are rare in rocks of this age. The research concentrated on chemical analysis of volcanic rocks to differentiate secondary alteration from the primary magmatic signature. This study contributes to our understanding of melting processes and geochemical reservoirs in the early Earth, which is vital for forward modelling of Earth's geodynamic evolution.

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Phase diagrams for ternary Ln2O3-H2O-CO2 systems for the entire lanthanide series (except promethium) were studied at temperatures in the range 100–950 °C and pressures up to 3000 bar. The phase diagrams obtained for the heavier lanthanides are far more complex, with the appearance of a number of stable carbonate phases. New carbonates isolated from lanthanide systems (Ln ≡ Tm, Yb, Lu) include Ln6(OH)4(CO3)7, Ln4(OH)6-(CO3)3, Ln2O(OH)2CO3, Ln6O2(OH)8(CO3)3 and Ln12O7(OH)10(CO3)6. Stable carbonate phases common to all the lighter lanthanides are hexagonal LnOHCO3 and hexagonal Ln2O2CO3. Ln2(CO3)3• 3H2O is stable from samarium onwards and orthorhombic LnOHCO3 is stable from gadolinium onwards. On the basis of the appearance of stable carbonates, four different groups of lanthanides were established: lanthanum to neodymium, promethium to europium, terbium to erbium and thulium to lutetium. Gadolinium is the connecting element between groups II and III. This is in accordance with the tetrad classification for f transition elements.

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Leucogranite magmatism occurred in southern Finland during the later stages of the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogeny. The leucogranites are considered to have formed from pre-existing crustal rocks that have undergone anatexis in the extensional stage of the orogeny, following continental collision and resultant crustal thickening. The leucogranites have been studied in the field using petrographic and mineralogical methods, elemental and isotope geochemistry on whole rocks and minerals, and U-Pb geochronology. On outcrop scale, these granites typically form heterogeneous, layered, sheet-like bodies that migmatize their country rocks. All of the leucogranites are peraluminous and rich in SiO2, but otherwise display significant geochemical variation. Their Nd isotope composition ranges from fairly juvenile to very unradiogenic, and the Hf isotope composition of their zircon shows a varying degree of mixing in the source, the zircon populations becoming more heterogeneous and generally less radiogenic towards the east. The leucogranites have been dated using U-Pb isotopic analyses, utilizing thermal ionization mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser ablation multicollector ICP mass spectrometry on zircon and monazite. The results show that the granites were emplaced between 1.85 Ga and 1.79 Ga, which is a considerably longer period than has traditionally been perceived for these rocks. The rocks tend to become younger towards the east. Single crystal data also display a wide array of inherited zircons, especially in the eastern part of the leucogranite belt. The most common inherited age groups are ~2.8 2.5 Ga, ~2.1 2.1 Ga, and ~1.9 Ga. Magmatic zircon and monazite usually record similar ages for any one sample.Thermobarometric calculations indicate that the leucogranites in the Veikkola area of southcentral Finland were formed from relatively low-temperature melts, and emplaced at 17-25 km depth, i.e. at mid-crustal level. It is likely that these conditions apply to the Svecofennian leucogranites in general. Large differences in the Hf and Nd isotope compositions, emplacement ages, and distributions of inherited zircon ages show that these granites were formed from different types of source rocks, which probably included both sedimentary and igneous rocks.