Produçao e comercializaçao em assentamentos rurais : Estudo do caso do assentamento Sao Domingos dos Olhos D'Agua (Morrinhos, Goiás - Brasil)

The paper aims to diagnose obstacles to the commercialization of agricultural production of the settlement of S��o Domingos dos Olhos D'Água, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The research is characterized as exploratory, with qualitative approach and field research. The results show that the difficulties in the commercialization of production, especially those produced with the based on agribusiness and intermediaries, can be overcome with the expansion of public programs to support family farms. It follows that family farming can be a viable alternative to combat the expropriation of the wealth produced by resettled farmers, especially with the establishment of commercializationmechanisms that connect them directly with the final consumer, such as the Food Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos).

Produçao e comercializaçao em assentamentos rurais : Estudo do caso do assentamento Sao Domingos dos Olhos D'Agua (Morrinhos, Goiás - Brasil)

The paper aims to diagnose obstacles to the commercialization of agricultural production of the settlement of S��o Domingos dos Olhos D'Água, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The research is characterized as exploratory, with qualitative approach and field research. The results show that the difficulties in the commercialization of production, especially those produced with the based on agribusiness and intermediaries, can be overcome with the expansion of public programs to support family farms. It follows that family farming can be a viable alternative to combat the expropriation of the wealth produced by resettled farmers, especially with the establishment of commercializationmechanisms that connect them directly with the final consumer, such as the Food Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos).

Produçao e comercializaçao em assentamentos rurais : Estudo do caso do assentamento Sao Domingos dos Olhos D'Agua (Morrinhos, Goiás - Brasil)

The paper aims to diagnose obstacles to the commercialization of agricultural production of the settlement of S��o Domingos dos Olhos D'Água, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The research is characterized as exploratory, with qualitative approach and field research. The results show that the difficulties in the commercialization of production, especially those produced with the based on agribusiness and intermediaries, can be overcome with the expansion of public programs to support family farms. It follows that family farming can be a viable alternative to combat the expropriation of the wealth produced by resettled farmers, especially with the establishment of commercializationmechanisms that connect them directly with the final consumer, such as the Food Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos).

Benthic foraminiferal biofacies and stable isotopic record of St. Stephens Quarry, Alabama

We integrate upper Eocene-lower Oligocene lithostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, stable isotopic, benthic foraminiferal faunal, downhole log, and sequence stratigraphic studies from the Alabama St. Stephens Quarry (SSQ) core hole, linking global ice volume, sea level, and temperature changes through the greenhouse to icehouse transition of the Cenozoic. We show that the SSQ succession is dissected by hiatuses associated with sequence boundaries. Three previously reported sequence boundaries are well dated here: North Twistwood Creek-Cocoa (35.4-35.9 Ma), Mint Spring-Red Bluff (33.0 Ma), and Bucatunna-Chickasawhay (the mid-Oligocene fall, ca. 30.2 Ma). In addition, we document three previously undetected or controversial sequences: mid-Pachuta (33.9-35.0 Ma), Shubuta-Bumpnose (lowermost Oligocene, ca. 33.6 Ma), and Byram-Glendon (30.5-31.7 Ma). An ~0.9 per mil d18O increase in the SSQ core hole is correlated to the global earliest Oligocene (Oi1) event using magnetobiostratigraphy; this increase is associated with the Shubuta-Bumpnose contact, an erosional surface, and a biofacies shift in the core hole, providing a first-order correlation between ice growth and a sequence boundary that indicates a sea-level fall. The d18O increase is associated with a eustatic fall of ~55 m, indicating that ~0.4 per mil of the increase at Oi1 time was due to temperature. Maximum d18O values of Oi1 occur above the sequence boundary, requiring that deposition resumed during the lowest eustatic lowstand. A precursor d18O increase of 0.5 per mil (33.8 Ma, midchron C13r) at SSQ correlates with a 0.5 per mil increase in the deep Pacific Ocean; the lack of evidence for a sea-level change with the precursor suggests that this was primarily a cooling event, not an ice-volume event. Eocene-Oligocene shelf water temperatures of ~17-19 °C at SSQ are similar to modern values for 100 m water depth in this region. Our study establishes the relationships among ice volume, d18O, and sequences: a latest Eocene cooling event was followed by an earliest Oligocene ice volume and cooling event that lowered sea level and formed a sequence boundary during the early stages of eustatic fall.

Taxonomic lists and abundances of the Lower Miocene bivalve assemblages of the Vives quarry (Meilhan, SW France)

Biodiversity estimates through geological times are difficult because of taphonomic perturbations that affect sedimentary records. Pristine shell assemblages, however, allow for calibration of past diversity. Diversity structures of two exceptionally preserved Miocene bivalve assemblages are quantitatively determined, compared with recent communities and used as paleoenvironmental proxy. The extremely rich assemblages were collected in Aquitanian (Early Miocene) carbonate sands of the Vives Quarry (Meilhan, SW France). Both paleontological and sedimentological data indicate a coral patch-reef environment, which deposits were affected by transport processes. Among two samples more than 28.000 shells were counted and 135 species identified. Sample Vives 1 is interpreted as a proximal debris flow and Sample Vives 2 as a sandy shoreface/foreshore environment influenced by storms. The two Vives assemblages have a similar diversity structure despite facies differences. Rarefaction curves level off at ~600 shells. The rare species account for more than 80 % of the species pool. The high values of PIE diversity index suggest a relatively high species richness and an even distribution of abundance of the most common species within the assemblages. The fossil data are compared to death shell assemblages (family level) of a modern reefal setting (Touho area, New Caledonia). The shape of the rarefaction curves and PIE indices of Meilhan fossil assemblages compare well to modern data, especially those of deep (>10 m water depth), sandy depositional environments found downward the reef slope (slope and pass settings). In addition to primary ecological signals, the similarity of the Vives samples and the Recent deep samples derives from taphonomic processes. This assumption is supported by sedimentological and paleontological observations. Sediment transports gather allochthonous and in situ materials leading to mixing of various ecological niches. Such taphonomic processes are recorded in the diversity metrics. Environmental mixing and time-averaging of the shell assemblages disturb the preservation of local-scale diversity properties but favour the sampling of the regional-scale diversity.