Vascular endothelial growth factors, angiogenesis, and survival in human ileal enterochromaffin cell carcinoids

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Well-differentiated neuro-endocrine ileal carcinoids are composed of serotonin-producing enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Life expectancy is determined by metastatic spread to the liver because medical treatment options are still very limited. Selective inhibition of angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis might prevent tumour growth and metastatic spread. We examined the role of the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) A, B, C, D, and their receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, 3 in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of ileal EC cell carcinoids with and without liver metastases. METHODS: The expression of various VEGFs and VEGFRs was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in healthy mucosa, primary tumour, lymph node metastases and liver metastases of 25 patients with ileal EC cell carcinoids. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by CD-31 staining in primary tumours and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) by LYVE-1 staining. VEGF expression levels, MVD, LVD, and patients' survival time were correlated using logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: VEGF-A was highly expressed with no difference between normal mucosa and tumours. VEGF-B and -D as well as VEGFR-1 and -2 expression levels were significantly increased in the tumours when compared to normal mucosa. Patients with liver metastasis, however, had a significantly lower expression of the factors A, B, and C and the receptors 2 and 3. MVD in primary tumours positively correlated with the expression of VEGF ligands and their receptors, except for VEGF-D. LVD did not correlate with any VEGF ligand or receptor. Interestingly, low expression levels of VEGF-B were associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION: Patients with more aggressive metastatic spreading had relatively decreased expression levels of VEGF ligands and receptors. Thus, anti-angiogenic therapy may not be a suitable target in metastatic ileal EC cell carcinoids.

Calcium isotopic composition of high-latitude proxy carrier Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.)

The accurate reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) history in climate-sensitive regions (e.g. tropical and polar oceans) became a challenging task in palaeoceanographic research. Biogenic shell carbonate SST proxies successfully developed for tropical regions often fail in cool water environments. Their major regional shortcomings and the cryptic diversity now found within the major high latitude proxy carrier Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) highlight an urgent need to explore complementary SST proxies for these cool-water regions. Here we incorporate the genetic component into a calibration study of a new SST proxy for the high latitudes. We found that the calcium isotopic composition (δ44/40Ca) of calcite from genotyped net catches and core-top samples of the planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) is related to temperature and unaffected by genetic variations. The temperature sensitivity has been found to be 0.17 (±0.02)‰ per 1°C, highlighting its potential for downcore applications in open marine cool-water environments. Our results further indicate that in extreme polar environments, below a critical threshold temperature of 2.0 (±0.5)°C associated with salinities below 33.0 (±0.5)‰, a prominent shift in biomineralization affects the δ44/40Ca of genotyped and core-top N. pachyderma (sin.), becoming insensitive to temperature. These findings highlight the need of more systematic calibration studies on single planktonic foraminiferal species in order to unravel species-specific factors influencing the temperature sensitivity of Ca isotope fractionation and to validate the proxies' applicability.

Anti-infective therapy of peri-implantitis with adjunctive local drug delivery or photodynamic therapy: 12-month outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to compare the clinical, microbiological and host-derived effects in the non-surgical treatment of initial peri-implantitis with either adjunctive local drug delivery (LDD) or adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) after 12 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty subjects with initial peri-implantitis, that is, pocket probing depths (PPD) 4-6 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) and radiographic bone loss ≤2 mm, were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. All implants were mechanically debrided with titanium curettes and with a glycine-based powder airpolishing system. Implants in the test group (N = 20) received adjunctive PDT, whereas minocycline microspheres were locally delivered into the peri-implant pockets of control implants (N = 20). At sites with residual BoP, treatment was repeated after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The primary outcome variable was the change in the number of peri-implant sites with BoP. Secondary outcome variables included changes in PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL), mucosal recession (REC) and in bacterial counts and crevicular fluid (CF) levels of host-derived biomarkers. RESULTS: After 12 months, the number of BoP-positive sites decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline in both groups (PDT: 4.03 ± 1.66-1.74 ± 1.37, LDD: 4.41 ± 1.47-1.55 ± 1.26). A statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in PPD from baseline was observed at PDT-treated sites up to 9 months (4.19 ± 0.55 mm to 3.89 ± 0.68 mm) and up to 12 months at LDD-treated sites (4.39 ± 0.77 mm to 3.83 ± 0.85 mm). Counts of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline to 6 months in the PDT and to 12 months in the LDD group, respectively. CF levels of IL-1β decreased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline to 12 months in both groups. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between groups after 12 months with respect to clinical, microbiological and host-derived parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Non-surgical mechanical debridement with adjunctive PDT was equally effective in the reduction of mucosal inflammation as with adjunctive delivery of minocycline microspheres up to 12 months. Adjunctive PDT may represent an alternative approach to LDD in the non-surgical treatment of initial peri-implantitis.

Laufzeitverlängerung von Atomkraftwerken - Nein, Danke!? Der Einfluss medialer Kommunikation auf Einstellungen zur Atomkraft

In dieser Studie wurde der Einfluss der individuellen Mediennutzung auf Einstellungen gegenüber Atomkraft am Beispiel der im Jahr 2010 geplanten Laufzeitverlängerung deutscher Atomkraftwerke untersucht. Die Studie wurde im Zwei-Methoden-Design durchgeführt. In einer repräsentativen Telefonbefragung wurden die Einstellungen und das Mediennutzungsverhalten von n=551 Thüringern erhoben. Die Argumente in der Berichterstattung für bzw. gegen eine Laufzeitverlängerung wurden durch eine quantitative Inhaltsanalyse von n=480 Medienbeiträgen erfasst. Bei der Datenverknüpfung wurden Variablen zum individuellen Medieninput an Argumenten aus der Berichterstattung gebildet. Auf Basis dieser Variablen wurden dann Einstellungseffekte geprüft. Die Befunde zeigten, dass der individuelle Medieninput an Argumenten die Einstellungen gegenüber Atomkraft sowohl mittel- als auch langfristig beeinflusste. Deutlich wurde auch, dass sich Einstellungen gegenüber der Laufzeitverlängerung besser durch generelle Einstellungen zu Atomkraft, Energie und Politik vorhersagen ließen, als durch die individuelle Nutzung medialer Kommunikationsinhalte.

Informationssuche zwischen Energiepolitik und Energiespartipps. Einstellungs-Verhaltens-Relationen als Erklärungsfaktoren der aktiven Suche nach energiebezogenen Informationen

Im Beitrag wird ein Erklärungsansatz für die aktive Suche nach Informationen zu den Themen Energie, Energieverbrauch und Energieeinsparmöglichkeiten entwickelt und geprüft. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Frage, ob die Diskrepanz zwischen themenbezogenen Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen einen Einfluss auf die Informationssuche hat. Dazu werden zunächst die Dimensionen dargelegt, die das Themenfeld umfasst und verdeutlicht, warum diese Aspekte von Bedeutung sind. Anschließend werden verschiedene theoretische Ansätze vorgestellt, aus denen sich Einflussfaktoren für die aktive Informationssuche ableiten lassen. Danach wird ein zentraler Befund der sozialwissenschaftlichen Umweltforschung – die häufig zu beobachtende Diskrepanz zwischen Umwelteinstellungen und Umweltverhalten – erläutert und mit der Theorie der kognitiven Dissonanz und dem Konzept der selektiven Zuwendung in Verbindung gebracht. Darauf aufbauend wird ein theoretisches Erklärungsmodell für die Suche nach energiebezogenen Informationen entwickelt. Dieses Modell wird anhand von Paneldaten aus den Jahren 2010 und 2011 empirisch geprüft. Die Befunde zeigen, dass dissonante/konsonante Einstellungs-Verhaltens-Relationen einen Beitrag zur Erklärung der aktiven Informationssuche leisten können, insbesondere dann, wenn Energie für die Personen ein wichtiges Thema ist.

Nutrient additions affecting matter turnover in forest and pasture ecosystems

Nutrient inputs into ecosystems of the tropical mountain rainforest region are projected to further increase in the next decades. To investigate whether important ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and matter turnover in native forests and pasture ecosystems show different patterns of response, two nutrient addition experiments have been established: NUMEX in the forest and FERPAST at the pasture. Both ecosystems already responded 1.5 years after the start of nutrient application (N, P, NP, Ca). Interestingly, most nutrients remained in the respective systems. While the pasture grass was co-limited by N and P, most tree species responded to P addition. Soil microbial biomass in the forest litter layer increased after NP fertilization pointing to nutrient co-limitation. In pasture soils, microorganisms were neither limited by N nor P. The results support the hypothesis that multiple and temporally variable nutrient limitations can coexist in tropical ecosystems.