Uptake of radioisotopes and their transfer through food chains by marine organisms : annual report, 1959-1960 /

"September 1961."

Radioisotopes in world industry : abstracts of selected foreign literature.

Cover title.

Radioisotopes in world industry : abstracts of selected foreign literature.

Cover title.

Radioisotopes in medicine : a course given by the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies /

"September 1953."

Applications of nuclear radiation and radioisotopes to textile materials and processes : annual report for the period...

Contract no. AT-(40-1)-2477.

The Effects of radiation and radioisotopes on the life processes; an annotated bibliography,

Mode of access: Internet.

Revised tables to correct for physical decay of some frequently used radioisotopes /

"Contract No. AT(40-1)-Gen-133."

Radioisotopes in medicine /

Prepared for: Office of Isotopes Development, United States Atomic Energy Commission.

Radioisotopes in agriculture : animal husbandry, fertilizer uptake, plant physiology, photosynthesis, and entomology : a selected bibliography /

This annotated bibliography contains 148 selected references on the uses of radioactive and stable isotopes in animal husbandry and in studies of fertilizer uptake by plants, plant physiology, photosynthesis, and entomology. These references were selected from scientific journals published during the period 1957-1958. Subject and author indexes and a list of the periodicals from which the references were selected are included.

Radioisotopes in agriculture : analytical procedures, animal husbandry, entomology, fertilizer uptake, general studies, photosynthesis, plant genetics, and plant physiology : a selected bibliography /

"TID-3078(Suppl. 1). Biology and Medicine, TID-4500 (31st edition)."

Proceedings of the second Japan Conference on Radioisotopes, 1958.

Sponsored by the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum and Japan Radioisotopes Association.

Radioisotopes in medicine and human physiology : a selected list of references /

Cover title.

Radioisotopes in industry training program.

"Designed specifically to teach professional industrial personnel the basic considerations in the application of radioisotopes to industrial work."

The biological application of cobalt

This review collects and summarises the biological applications of the element cobalt. Small amounts of the ferromagnetic metal can be found in rock, soil, plants and animals, but is mainly obtained as a by-product of nickel and copper mining, and is separated from the ores (mainly cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite) using a variety of methods. Compounds of cobalt include several oxides, including: green cobalt(II) (CoO), blue cobalt(II,III) (Co3O4), and black cobalt(III) (Co2O3); four halides including pink cobalt(II) fluoride (CoF2), blue cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2), green cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2), and blue-black cobalt(II) iodide (CoI2). The main application of cobalt is in its metal form in cobalt-based super alloys, though other uses include lithium cobalt oxide batteries, chemical reaction catalyst, pigments and colouring, and radioisotopes in medicine. It is known to mimic hypoxia on the cellular level by stabilizing the α subunit of hypoxia inducing factor (HIF), when chemically applied as cobalt chloride (CoCl2). This is seen in many biological research applications, where it has shown to promote angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and anaerobic metabolism through the transcriptional activation of genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), contributing significantly to the pathophysiology of major categories of disease, such as myocardial, renal and cerebral ischaemia, high altitude related maladies and bone defects. As a necessary constituent for the formation of vitamin B12, it is essential to all animals, including humans, however excessive exposure can lead to tissue and cellular toxicity. Cobalt has been shown to provide promising potential in clinical applications, however further studies are necessary to clarify its role in hypoxia-responsive genes and the applications of cobalt-chloride treated tissues.