ANTAGONISM IS THE PREDOMINANT EFFECT OF HERBICIDE MIXTURES USED FOR IMIDAZOLINONE-RESISTANT BARNYARDGRASS (Echinochloa crus-galli) CONTROL

ABSTRACTHerbicides mixtures are used in many situations without the adequate knowledge related with the effect on major target weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different herbicides mixtures used in irrigated rice in order to establish the adequate combinations for the prevention and management of herbicide resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Three experiments were performed at field conditions with all major post-emergent herbicides used in irrigated rice in Brazil. The first experiment was performed with barnyardgrass resistant to imidazolinone herbicides and herbicides applied at label rates. The second and third experiments were performed with barnyardgrass resistant and susceptible to imidazolinone herbicides applied at doses of 50 or 75% of the label rates. The occurrence of additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects was identified at 18, 18 and 64%, respectively, among the total of 50 different associations of herbicide and rates evaluated. In general, the mixture of ACCase inhibitors with ALS inhibitors, quinclorac, clomazone + propanil or thiobencarb resulted in antagonism. Sinergic mixtures were found in clomazone with propanil + thiobencarb, profoxydim with cyhalofop-butyl or clomazone, and quinclorac with imazapyr + imazapic, bispyribac-sodium or cyhalofop-butyl. The mixtures of quinclorac with profoxydim were antagonic. Rice grain yield varied according to the efficiency of weed control. Seveveral mixtures were effective for imidazolinone resistant barnyardgrass control.

Relação entre alguns atributos físicos e a produção de grãos de soja e arroz de sequeiro em latossolos

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar atributos físicos e a correlação com a produção de grãos de soja e arroz de sequeiro em três níveis de compactação e dois conteúdos de água no solo (água retida na tensão de 0,05 e 0,01MPa), com três repetições. Foram utilizadas amostras de Latossolo Vermelho, textura média (LVd) e, Latossolo Vermelho, textura argilosa (LVef), coletadas na profundidade de 0-20cm e compactadas em camadas de 3cm, em vasos de 9,82L. Foram avaliados a porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, densidade do solo, resistência à penetração e a produção de grãos de soja e arroz de sequeiro. Os atributos físicos apresentaram correlações altas e significativas entre si, nos dois solos e conteúdos de água. As maiores correlações dos atributos físicos com a produção de grãos de soja e arroz foram obtidas no LVd e no conteúdo de água retida na tensão de 0,05MPa, condição em que ocorreu maior redução da produção de grãos com o aumento da compactação. As correlações foram positivas da macroporosidade e porosidade total e negativas da microporosidade, densidade do solo e resistência à penetração com a produção de grãos de soja e arroz.

Influência do etil-trinexapac no acúmulo, na distribuição de nitrogênio (15N) e na massa de grãos de arroz de terras altas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Sucessão de cultivo de feijão-arroz com doses de adubação nitrogenada após adubação verde, em semeadura direta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro em Cassilândia, MS

O uso de cultivares selecionadas é uma das tecnologias de mais fácil adoção pelo agricultor, pois além de incrementar a produtividade, é um dos insumos de menor custo na produção agrícola. Assim, é fundamental obter informações sobre o desempenho de novas cultivares, nas mais diversas regiões de cultivo. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho avaliar o comportamento de cultivares de arroz de terras altas (Oryza sativa L.) (BRS Aroma, BRS Bonança, BRS Colosso, BRSMG Conai, BRSMG Curinga, BRS Soberana, BRS Talento e IAC 202), sob condições de sequeiro, na região de Cassilândia, MS. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada em 30 de novembro de 2005, no espaçamento de 0,40 m entre linhas e 70 sementes viáveis por metro. As cultivares BRS Talento, IAC 202 e BRS Soberana apresentaram comportamento superior. As cultivares BRS Soberana, BRS Bonança, BRS Colosso, IAC 202 e BRS Talento apresentaram maior rendimento de grãos inteiros. É possível obterse boa produtividade (acima de 3.000 kg ha-1), na cultura do arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro no município de Cassilândia, MS, desde que sejam utilizadas cultivares adequadas.

Componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de arroz de sequeiro em função do espaçamento e da densidade de semeadura

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar três espaçamentos entre fileiras (30, 40 e 50 cm) e três densidades de semeadura (100, 150 e 200 sementes viáveis/m2) quanto a fenologia da planta, os componentes da produção e a produtividade de grãos do arroz de sequeiro cv. IAC 201. Desta forma, foi instalado um experimento em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho escuro, epi-eutrófico, textura argilosa, em Selvíria, MS. A redução do espaçamento entre fileiras aumentou o número de colmos e de panículas. O aumento da densidade de semeadura reduziu o perfilhamento por planta. A densidade de 100 sementes/m2 é mais adequada para o cultivar IAC 201. em cultivo de sequeiro sob alta precipitação e boa distribuição pluvial, o espaçamento de 30 cm entre fileiras de plantas, proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos do cultivar IAC 201 de arroz.

Restos vegetais e adubação nitrogenada na micorrização e produtividade do arroz de terras altas em sistema plantio direto

The objective of this research was to verify the influence of plant residues and the nitrogen fertilization in covering on the mycorrhization (colonization and number of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), and grain yield of upland rice grown under a no tillage system. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Station of Unesp/Ilha Solteira Campus, at Selviria (Mato Grosso do Sul State). In the main plots, the leguminous were tested: sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper & Tracy) and the grass: corn (Zea mays L.), millet (Peenisetum americamum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), plus no planted area during the winter, as plant cover. In the subplots, after the rice sowing, the nitrogen fertilization in covering (zero and 75 kg ha(-1) of N at the urea form) was used. The rice grain yield was influenced by the plant residues, but not for the N doses or the interaction. The sorghum grain showed negative influence on the rice productivity. The nitrogen fertilization influenced the number of spores, but not the mycorrhizal colonization or the grain yield, at the time of the crop. Correlation between the studied variable was riot found.

Tolerância à deficiência hídrica de genótipos de arroz de terras altas

Water deficit is one of the environmental factors that cause a great reduction in the upland rice grain yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate genotypes of upland rice with broad genetic diversity for tolerance to this stress and to identify secondary traits for evaluation of this tolerance. Sixty-four genotypes were evaluated during two years at the Experiment Station of EMATER, in Porangatu, GO, under well-watered and water deficit conditions. The genotypes showed differences in grain yield and were influenced differently by the water treatments, both under a mild water deficit in the first year and under a severe one in the second year. The genotype grain yield under water deficiency was significantly and positively correlated with tiller fertility, number of panicles m-2, 100-grain weight, and plant height, and negatively with spikelet sterility and the number of days for the occurrence of 50% panicle emergence. It was also observed that the most productive genotypes under water deficit conditions showed lower leaf temperature, indicating improved water status. Nine genotypes were productive in both water conditions and three were productive only when well-watered.

Estabilização de landfarming de refinaria de petróleo, mediante metabolismo microbiano, e aplicabilidade em solos pré-desertificados

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

Turnover isotópico do carbono em tecidos corporais de suínos: músculos, fígado, gordura abdominal, plasma, casco e costela

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Produtividade de arroz de terras altas em função de reguladores de crescimento

The use of sprinkler-irrigation and/or high levels of fertilization in upland rice can increase plant height and hence plant lodging. Lodging can be controlled by using growth regulators, in order to reduce plant height. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of plant growth regulators applied at the stage of panicle primordium differentiation on the reduction of plant height and the impact on grain yield and its components of upland rice cultivar Primavera, under sprinkler irrigation. The experiment was arranged in a 3x4 factorial randomized blocks design with four replications. Treatments consisted of: mepiquat chloride and trinexapac-ethil applied at doses 9, 50, 100, and 200 mg a.i. ha-1, and paclobutrazol at doses of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg a.i. ha-1. Plant growth regulators reduced rice plant height; increasing doses of regulators reduced upland rice grain yield and its components; trinexapac-ethyl was the most harmful to rice grain yield.In this study, it was not identified the dose of growth regulator that allied reduction in plant height and did not cause decrease in rice yield.

Digestibilidade do amido e disponibilidade de ca e p em alimentos energéticos extrusados para a tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of starch and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) apparent availability were evaluated in five cereal grain products and byproducts (corn, wheat meal, rice grain, rice bran and sorghum) for Nile tilapia. Chromic oxide was used as an external digestibility marker. The highest Ca and P apparent availability, respectively, were obtained for rice grain (43.03 and 64.79%), sorghum (39.89 and 58.09%) and corn (22.18 and 19.48%), while rice bran (-31.49 and 3.25%) and wheat meal (5.80 and 1.18%) showed the lowest values. Starch digestibility varied between 99.45 and 95.59% among the evaluated ingredients. This high ADC of starch observed in this study confirms that Nile tilapia is able to efficiently digest and utilize complex carbohydrates.

Evaluation of an alternative spectroscopic approach for aflatoxin analysis: Comparative analysis of food and feed samples with UPLC-MS/MS

Increasing research has highlighted the effects of changing climates on the occurrence and prevalence of toxigenic Aspergillus species producing aflatoxins. There is concern of the toxicological effects to human health and animal productivity following acute and chronic exposure that may affect the future ability to provide safe and sufficient food globally. Considerable research has focused on the detection of these toxins, based on the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the aflatoxin compounds, in agricultural products for human and animal consumption. As improvements in food security continue more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins have arisen globally; the most stringent in Europe. These regulations are important for developing countries as aflatoxin occurrence is high significantly effecting international trade and the economy. In developed countries analytical approaches have become highly sophisticated, capable of attaining results with high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories. Regrettably, many countries that are affected by aflatoxin contamination do not have resources for high tech HPLC and MS instrumentation and require more affordable, yet robust equally accurate alternatives that may be used by producers, processors and traders in emerging economies. It is especially important that those companies wishing to exploit the opportunities offered by lucrative but highly regulated markets in the developed world, have access to analytical methods that will ensure that their exports meet their customers quality and safety requirements.

This work evaluates the ToxiMet system as an alternative approach to UPLC–MS/MS for the detection and determination of aflatoxins relative to current European regulatory standards. Four commodities: rice grain, maize cracked and flour, peanut paste and dried distillers grains were analysed for natural aflatoxin contamination. For B1 and total aflatoxins determination the qualitative correlation, above or below the regulatory limit, was good for all commodities with the exception of the dried distillers grain samples for B1 for which no calibration existed. For B1 the quantitative R² correlations were 0.92, 0.92, 0.88 (<250 μg/kg) and 0.7 for rice, maize, peanuts and dried distillers grain samples respectively whereas for total aflatoxins the quantitative correlation was 0.92, 0.94, 0.88 and 0.91. The ToxiMet system could be used as an alternative for aflatoxin analysis for current legislation but some consideration should be given to aflatoxin M1 regulatory levels for these commodities considering the high levels detected in this study especially for maize and peanuts

Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands - Part 1. Grain yield and yield components

Responses of rice genotypes to drought stress may be different when characteristics of the drought stress environments differ. The performance of 128 genotypes was examined under irrigation and four different types of drought stress, to determine genotypic consistency in yield and factors determining yields under different drought stress conditions. The different drought conditions were mild drought during grain filling, short and severe drought at flowering, prolonged severe drought during the reproductive to grain filling, and prolonged mild drought during vegetative and grain filling. Genotypic grain yield under mild stress conditions was associated with yield under irrigated conditions, indicating the importance of potential yield in environments where the yield reduction was less than 50%. However, yields under irrigated conditions differed over time and locations. Under prolonged or severe drought conditions, flowering time was an important determinant of grain yield. Earlier flowering genotypes escaped the severe stress and had higher grain yields indicating large genotype by environment (G x E) interactions which have implications for plant breeding even for mild stress. It is suggested that variations in flowering time, potential yields and drought patterns need to be considered for development of drought-resistant cultivars using specific physiological traits. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Correlation between grain nutritional content and pasting properties of pre-gelatinized red rice flour

As with any variety of rice, red rice characteristics are subject to varietal differences, growing conditions, types of processing, and nutritional and rheological properties. This study determined the nutritional characteristics (centesimal composition and minerals) and paste viscosity properties of raw grains of four red rice genotypes (Tradicional MNAPB0405, MNACE0501 and MNACH0501) and the paste viscosity properties of pre-gelatinized flours obtained at different cooking times (20, 30 and 40 min). The main nutritional properties were correlated with the pasting properties of the pre-gelatinized flours. The samples showed differences in nutritional properties and paste viscosity. MNAPB0405 and MNACE0501 showed higher levels of fiber and fat and provided higher caloric energy than Tradicional and MNACH0501, which, in turn, showed higher levels of amylose. MNACH0501 showed higher peak viscosity (2402 cP), higher breakdown viscosity (696 cP) and a greater tendency to retrogradation (1510 cP), while Tradicional, MNAPB0405 and MNACE0501 had pasting profiles with peak viscosities varying between 855 and 1093 cP, breaking viscosity below 85 cP and retrogradation tendency between 376 and 1206 cP. The factors genotype and cooking time influenced the rheological behavior of pre-gelatinized flours, decreasing their pasting properties. The protein and amylose levels are correlated with the pasting properties and can be used as indicators of these properties in different genotypes of red rice, whether raw or processed into pre-gelatinized flours.