An energy-efficient route to the rapid synthesis of organically-modified SBA-15 via ultrasonic template removal

A low energy route for the removal of Pluronic P123 surfactant template during the synthesis of SBA-15 mesoporous silicas is explored. The conventional reflux of the hybrid inorganic-organic intermediate formed during co-condensation routes to Pr-SOH-SBA-15 is slow, utilises large solvent volumes, and requires 24 h to remove ∼90% of the organic template. In contrast, room temperature ultrasonication in a small methanol volume achieves the same degree of template extraction in only 5 min, with a 99.9% energy saving and 90% solvent reduction, without compromising the textural, acidic or catalytic properties of the resultant Pr-SOH-SBA-15. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

An efficient and rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-YL acetates

An efficient and rapid synthesis of 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 1 and its derivatives 7 via the microwave-assisted cyclisation and decarboxylation of 2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]benzoic acids 5 is described. The latter were left to react with acetic anhydride using triethylamine as the base and were subjected to microwave irradiation for 1 minute, at 80 °C with initial power of 300 W. The target 1-acetyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 1 and derivatives 7 were isolated in 34-71% yield. In particular, synthesis of 1-acetyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 7f and 1-acetyl-3-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl acetate 7h is reported for the first time.

Solid phase synthesis of Smac/DIABLO-derived peptides using a 'Safety-Catch' resin:Identification of potent XIAP BIR3 antagonists

The N-terminal sequence of the Smac/DIABLO protein is known to be involved in binding to the BIR3 domain of the anti-apoptotic proteins IAPs, antagonizing their action. Short peptides and peptide mimetics based on the first 4-residues of Smac/DIABLO have been demonstrated to re-sensitize resistant cancer cells, over-expressing IAPs, to apoptosis. Based on the well-defined structural basis for this interaction, a small focused library of C-terminal capped Smac/DIABLO-derived peptides was designed in silico using docking to the XIAP BIR3 domain. The top-ranked computational hits were conveniently synthesized employing Solid Phase Synthesis (SPS) on an alkane sulfonamide 'Safety-Catch' resin. This novel approach afforded the rapid synthesis of the target peptide library with high flexibility for the introduction of various C-terminal amide-capping groups. The library members were obtained in high yield (>65%) and purity (>85%), upon nucleophilic release from the activated resin by treatment with various amine nucleophiles. In vitro caspase-9 activity reconstitution assays of the peptides in the presence of the recombinant BIR3-domain of human XIAP (500nM) revealed N-methylalanyl-tertiarybutylglycinyl-4-(R)-phenoxyprolyl-N-biphenylmethyl carboxamide (11a) to be the most potent XIAP BIR3 antagonist of the series synthesized inducing 93% recovery of caspase-9 activity, when used at 1µM concentration. Compound (11a) also demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, compared to the Smac/DIABLO-derived wild-type peptide sequences that were totally inactive in the same cell lines.

Stereoselective synthesis of 5-substituted pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-3-ones. Access to aldosterone synthase inhibitors and chiral precatalysts

Compounds containing the pyrrolidine moiety are key substructures of compounds with biological activity and organocatalysts. In particular, annulated chiral pyrrolidines with alpha stereogenic centers have aldostereone synthase inhibition activity. In addition, 5-substituted pyrroloimidazol(in)ium salts precursors to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precatalysts are rare due to a lack of convenient synthetic routes to access them. In this thesis is described a rapid synthesis of NHC precursors and a possible route to 5-substituted pyrroloimidazole biologically active compounds. The method involves the preparation of chiral saturated and achiral unsaturated pyrrolo[I,2- c]imidazol-3-ones from N-Cbz-protected t-Butyl proline carboxamide. The resulting starting materials may be used to prepare the target chiral annulated imidazol(in)ium products by a two-step sequence involving first stereoselective lithiation-substitution, followed by POCh induced salt formation.

The formation of gold nanoparticles using hydroquinone as a reducing agent through a localized pH change upon addition of NaOH to a solution of HAuCl4

We demonstrate a rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles using hydroquinone as a reducing agent under acidic conditions without the need for precursor seed particles. The nanoparticle formation process is facilitated by the addition of NaOH to a solution containing HAuCl4 and hydroquinone to locally change the pH; this enhances the reducing capability of hydroquinone to form gold nucleation centres, after which further growth of gold can take place through an autocatalytic mechanism. The stability of the nanoparticles is highly dependent on the initial solution pH, and both the concentration of added NaOH and hydroquinone present in solution. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential measurements. It was found that under optimal conditions that stable aqueous suspensions of 20 nm diameter nanoparticles can be achieved where benzoquinone, the oxidized product of hydroquinone, acts as a capping agent preventing nanoparticles aggregation.

Mechanistic Insights into a Non-Classical Diffusion Pathway for the Formation of Hollow Intermetallics: A Route to Multicomponent Hollow Structures

Hollow nanostructures are used for various applications including catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery. Methods based on the Kirkendall effect have been the most successful for obtaining hollow nanostructures of various multicomponent systems. The classical Kirkendall effect relies on the presence of a faster diffusing species in the core; the resultant imbalance in flux results in the formation of hollow structures. Here, an alternate non-Kirkendall mechanism that is operative for the formation of hollow single crystalline particles of intermetallic PtBi is demonstrated. The synthesis method involves sequential reduction of Pt and Bi salts in ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. Detailed analysis of the reaction at various stages indicates that the formation of the intermetallic PtBi hollow nanoparticles occurs in steps. The mechanistic details are elucidated using control experiments. The use of microwave results in a very rapid synthesis of intermetallics PtBi that exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for formic acid oxidation reaction. The method presented can be extended to various multicomponent systems and is independent of the intrinsic diffusivities of the species involved.

Highly active PtRu catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes prepared by modified impregnation method for methanol electro-oxidation

A simple and rapid synthesis method (denoted as modified impregnation method, MI) for PtRu/CNTs (MI) and PtRu/C (MI) was presented. PtRu/CNTs (MI) and PtRu/C (MI) catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry. It was shown that Pt-Ru particles with small average size (2.7 nm) were uniformly dispersed on carbon supports (carbon nanotubes and carbon black) and displayed the characteristic diffraction peaks of Pt face-centered cubic structure.

Polyaniline/Pt Hybrid Nanofibers: High-Efficiency Nanoelectrocatalysts for Electrochemical Devices

A simple and facile procedure to synthesize a novel hybrid nanoelectrocatalyst based on polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber-supported supra-high density Pt nanoparticles (NPs) or Pt/Pd hybrid NPs without prior PANI nanofiber functionalization at room temperature is demonstrated. This represents a new type of ID hybrid nanoelectrocatalyst with several important benefits. First, the procedure is very simple and can be performed at room temperature using commercially available reagents without the need for templates and surfactants. Second, ultra-high density small "bare" Pt NPs or Pt/Pd hybrid NPs are grown directly onto the surface of the PANI nanofiber, without using any additional linker. Most importantly, the present PANI nanofiber-supported supra-high density Pt NPs or Pt/Pd hybrid NPs can be used as a signal enhancement element for constructing electrochemical devices with high performance.

Rectangular Silver Nanorods: Controlled Preparation, Liquid-Liquid Interface Assembly, and Application in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

In this paper, we for the first time report a polyol method for large-scale synthesis of rectangular silver nanorods in the presence of directing agent and seeds. This method has some clear advantages including simplicity, high quality, and ease of scaleup. Silver nanowires or silver nanorods with a submicrometer diameter could also be facilely prepared when the reaction parameters are slightly changed. Furthermore, a liquid-liquid assembly strategy has been employed to construct uniform rectangular silver nanorod arrays on a solid substrate which could be used as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with high SERS activity, stability, and reproducibility. It is found that the SERS spectra obtained from the probe molecules with the different concentrations show different SERS intensifies. As the concentration of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) or rhodamine 6G (R6G) increases, the SERS intensities progressively increase. The enhancement factor for 4-ATP and R6G should be as large as 5.06 x 10(4) or much larger than the value of 5.06 x 10(8), respectively.

HPV vaccine acceptance in males

Background Despite Human Papillomavirus (HPV)’s impact on the health of both sexes, there is debate around the inclusion of males in HPV vaccination programmes. The aim of this scoping review was to synthesize the evidence on vaccine acceptability to males. Given that the vaccine is most effective in adolescent males, vaccine acceptance in parents and health care professionals (HCPs) was also examined. Method A rapid synthesis using specified key words of published systematic reviews into vaccine acceptability in adolescent males, parents and HCPs was conducted. The most common electronic databases were searched including: Medline, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL. Results There was variability amongst studies with respect to design and methodological approaches. Despite this there appears to be a positive attitude towards male HPV vaccination from both parents and older males. There is currently insufficient evidence on vaccine acceptance to adolescent males. Understanding the risks involved in HPV acquisition, and receiving a recommendation from a HCP, appear to be the major factors involved in males deciding to be vaccinated. Parents consistently report the importance of a HCP recommendation, yet HCPs (in the US) appear to have a preference for vaccinating older than younger adolescents, and for vaccinating females. Conclusions The absence of an agreed definition of vaccine acceptance leads to a lack of a universally accepted tool for its measurement. This makes comparison of studies difficult. With no established theoretical framework the identification and exploration of factors that influence vaccine uptake can be variable. In addition, acceptance is not indicative of uptake. The majority of studies are cross-sectional which makes the identification of factors that lead to actual vaccine uptake difficult. Prospective, longitudinal studies identifying individuals that acted on vaccine intention should be conducted to identify the factors that mediate the uptake.

Sels de tétraarylphosphonium : synthèse et application à la synthèse de la (–)-coniine ; capacité trans-directrice du groupement amide en cyclopropanation d’oléfines

Le développement ainsi que l’amélioration des différentes techniques de purification sont des défis importants pour la chimie d’aujourd’hui. Certaines des méthodes actuelles, tel que le greffage d’un réactif sur un support solide permettant d’accéder à un produit pur par simple filtration du milieu, comportent toutefois certains inconvénients. En effet, les propriétés de solubilité de ces polymères rendent la mise en œuvre des réactions plus difficiles. C’est dans ce contexte que le groupe du Pr. Charette a rapporté l’utilisation de réactifs liés à un sel de tétraarylphosphonium (TAP). Ces sels peuvent être solubilisés dans un solvant tel que le dichlorométhane et aisément retirés du milieu réactionnel par précipitation à l’aide d’éther diéthylique (Chapitre 1). L’un des objectifs de cette thèse a donc été lié à la découverte de deux méthodes complémentaires qui, jusqu’à présent, sont considérées comme des méthodes de choix pour la synthèse des sels de TAP fonctionnalisés (Chapitre 2). L’une d’entre elles est utilisée par Soluphase inc., une entreprise qui commercialise ces sels de TAP. L’efficacité des sels en tant que support dans la synthèse de petites molécules a été démontrée lors de la synthèse d’un produit naturel, la (–)-coniine (Chapitre 3). L’isolement des intermédiaires synthétiques instables par simple précipitation à l’aide d’un support de TAP a permis de rendre cette synthèse plus efficace que celle déjà connue. Dans le deuxième volet de cette thèse, plusieurs problèmes reliés à la synthèse de dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,1-disubstitués ont été étudiés. Ces derniers font partie intégrale de plusieurs produits naturels et de médicaments. Cependant, leur formation par une réaction de cyclopropanation d’alcènes utilisant des réactifs diazoïques possédant deux groupements de type accepteur n’est pas tâche facile (Chapitre 4). En effet, cette réaction souffre d’un faible contrôle diastéréosélectif. Par le fait même, très peu de méthodologies de synthèse ont rapporté l’utilisation de ce type de réactifs diazoïques dans des réactions de cyclopropanation stéréosélectives. L’étude du mécanisme de la réaction de cyclopropanation catalysée au Rh(II) a proposé des indices favorisant un modèle ayant des précédents dans la littérature (Chapitre 5). Ces études nous ont mené à la découverte de la «capacité trans-directrice» du groupement amide lors des réactions de cyclopropanation d’oléfines. Nous avons donc utilisé cette propriété afin de résoudre plusieurs problèmes rencontrés dans la littérature. Nous avons montré qu’elle permet l’accès à des dérivés cyclopropaniques possédant deux groupements carboxyliques géminaux avec des sélectivités élevées (Chapitre 6). Ces produits étaient accessibles que par des séquences synthétiques nécessitant plusieurs étapes. De plus, nous avons démontrés que ces nouveaux dérivés cyclopropaniques sont des outils synthétiques fort utiles dans la synthèse de produits naturels d’intérêt biologique. Cette formidable «capacité trans-directrice» du groupement amide nous a permi de résoudre le problème de la synthèse asymétrique de dérivés carboxyliques α-cyano cyclopropaniques (Chapitre 7). De plus, ce projet nous a menées à la découverte de l’effet de divers additif achiraux permettant d’augmenter la sélectivité dans certaines réactions. Cette réaction possède une vaste étendue et l’utilité de ces nouveaux dérivés cyclopropaniques a été démontrée par plusieurs transformations de groupements fonctionnels.

Hydroxylation d’halogénures d’aryle utilisant la chimie en flux continu et développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie de synthèse de 3-aminoindazoles

L’attrait des compagnies pharmaceutiques pour des structures cycliques possédant des propriétés biologiques intéressantes par les compagnies pharmaceutiques a orienté les projets décrits dans ce mémoire. La synthèse rapide, efficace, verte et économique de ces structures suscite de plus en plus d’attention dans la littérature en raison des cibles biologiques visées qui deviennent de plus en plus complexes. Ce mémoire se divise en deux projets ciblant la synthèse de deux structures aromatiques importantes dans le monde de la chimie médicinale. Dans un premier temps, l’amélioration de la synthèse de dérivés phénoliques a été réalisée. L’apport de la chimie en flux continu dans le développement de voies synthétiques plus vertes et efficaces sera tout d’abord discuté. Ensuite, une revue des antécédents concernant l’hydroxylation d’halogénure d’aryle sera effectuée. Finalement, le développement d’une nouvelle approche rapide de synthèse des phénols utilisant la chimie en flux continu sera présenté, suivi d’un survol de ses avantages et ses limitations. Dans un deuxième temps, le développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour la formation de 3-aminoindazoles a été réalisé. Tout d’abord, un résumé de la littérature sur la synthèse de différents indazoles sera présenté. Ensuite, une présentation de deux méthodes efficaces d’activation de liens sera effectuée, soit l’activation d’amides par l’anhydride triflique et l’activation de liens C–H catalysée par des métaux de transition. Finalement, le développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour la synthèse de 3-aminoindazole utilisant ces deux approches sera discuté.

Synthetic entry to functionalised morpholines and [1,4]-oxazepanes via reductive amination reactions of carbohydrate derived dialdehydes

The rapid synthesis of functionalised morpholines and [1,4]-oxazepanes displaying up to three stereocentres, by reductive amination reactions between carbohydrate derived dialdehydes and a range of amines, is described. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The opportunistic fungal pathogen Scedosporium prolificans: Carbohydrate epitopes of its glycoproteins

Isolated from the mycelium, of Scedosporium prolificans were complex glycoproteins (RMP-Sp), with three structurally related components (HPSEC). RMP-Sp contained 35% protein and 62% carbohydrate with Rha, Ara, Man, Gal, Glc, and GlcNH(2) in a 18:1:24:8:6:5 molar ratio. Methylation analysis showed mainly nonreducing end- of Galp (13%), nonreducing end- (9%),2-O-(13%), and 3-O-subst. Rhap (7%), nonreducing end-(11%), 2-O-(10%), 3-O-(14%), and 2,6-di-O-subst. Manp units (13%). Mild reductive P-elimination of RMP-Sp gave alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->2)-D-Man-ol, with Man-ol substituted at O-6 with beta-D-Galp units, a related pentasaccharide lacking beta-D-Galp units, and beta-D-Galp-(1-->6)-[alpha-D-Manp-(1-->2)]-D-Man-ol in a 16:3:1 w/w ratio. Traces of Man-ol and Rha-ol were detected. ESI-MS showed HexHex-o1 and HCX(3-6)Hex-ol components. Three rhamnosyl units were peeled off successively from the penta- and hexasaccharide by ESI-MS-MS. The carbohydrate epitopes of RMP-Sp differ from those of the glycoprotein of Pseudallescheria boydii, a related opportunistic pathogen. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.