职业倦怠与自我和谐、人际信任的关系研究：中学校长与一般教师的对比

Job Burnout has been a focus of the Occupational Stress Research. As a typical,helping occupation, teacher has attracted widely attention and researches in the areas of pedagogy and psychology. The special subgroup of teacher, headmasters who are the elites of the Basic Education, is ignored. The research about principals’ Job Burnout is nearly blank after analyzing related documents and information. With the development of the society, people pay more and more attention to the education and put more demands on the headmasters, especially middle-school principals. They are required not only to be good educators, who are equipped with all the inner qualities as a teacher, but also good managers. So the main purpose of this research was to compare the principal group with ordinary teacher group, and reveal underling factors, such as background variables and psychological protection variables. A representative sample of Wenzhou middle school principals sized 192 and a sample of middle school teacher sized 302 were sampled from various schools. The educational version of burnout inventory, self consistency scale, and interpersonal trust scale were administrated to the two samples, together with some demographic variables of interest. The applicability and equivalence of the three instruments used in this study were checked. Based on well-established reliability and cross-sample congruence of measures, the difference between principals and teachers was test. Then the contributing factors were analysis gradually. The five background variables were examined one by one in the two samples separately. A multiple covariance analysis was conducted to test whether there remained any difference between these two samples on the variables of interest. Regression analysis was used to further control the effect of self harmony and interpersonal trust to test the difference between two samples. Mediating analysis was conducted to build the relationship among the three constructs. The main results of the research were stated as following: 1. The internal consistency coefficients of all the scales were good, and no difference exited between the two groups. The measurement equivalence of three instruments was established well. The measures could be applied to and comparing the two samples. 2. The self-harmony, and interpersonal trust of principals were better than the ordinary middle-school teachers. Job Burnout of principals was significant lower than teachers. 3. Demographic variables like the gender, age groups, income levels, disricts, and the type of school, were important influencing factors. The difference patterns of the variables on these five variables in two samples had similarity and distinction. 4. After controlling the background variables, there remained significant difference between principals and teachers on the variables of interest. 5. Job Burnout negatively correlated with self-harmony and interpersonal trust. That is to say，the lower the degree of self-harmony and interpersonal are, the serious of the Job Burnout is, The correlation between the self-harmony and the interpersonal trust was positive. 6. After statistically controlling the background variables and psychological variables, there still exited significant difference between two groups of this study. Also, self harmony and interpersonal trust were significant protection predictors to different aspect of job burnout. 7. Mediating analysis was conducted to the residual score of the three constructs after controlling the five variables and group membership. Self harmony partially mediated the relationship between interpersonal trust and job burnout. That is, interpersonal trust had indirect effect to burnout mediated by self harmony, also had direct effect to burnout.

A Role for Behavior in the Relationships Between Depression and Hostility and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence, Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality: the Prime Study

BACKGROUND: Behavioral factors are important in disease incidence and mortality and may explain associations between mortality and various psychological traits.

PURPOSE: These analyses investigated the impact of behavioral factors on the associations between depression, hostility and cardiovascular disease(CVD) incidence, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality.

METHODS: Data from the PRIME Study (N = 6953 men) were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, following adjustment for demographic and biological CVD risk factors, and other psychological traits, including social support.

RESULTS: Following initial adjustment, both depression and hostility were significantly associated with both mortality outcomes (smallest SHR = 1.24, p < 0.001). Following adjustment for behavioral factors, all relationships were attenuated both when accounting for and not accounting for other psychological variables. Associations with all-cause mortality remained significant (smallest SHR = 1.14, p = 0.04). Of the behaviors included, the most significant contribution to outcomes was found for smoking, but a role was also found for fruit and vegetable intakes and high alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate well-known associations between depression, hostility, and mortality and suggest the potential importance of behaviors in explaining these relationships.

Are food-related perceptions associated with meal portion size decisions? A cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to test a comprehensive model of meal portion size determinants consisting of sociodemographic, psychological and food-related variables, whilst controlling for hunger and thirst.
Using cross-sectional nationally representative data collected in 2075 participants from the Island of Ireland (IoI) and Denmark (DK), eight separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between food-related variables and meal portion size (i.e. pizza, vegetable soup, chicken salad and a pork meal) within each country. Stepwise regressions were run with physiological control measures (hunger and thirst) entered in the first step, sociodemographic variables (sex, age, body mass index (BMI)) in the second step; psychological variables (cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, general health interest (GHI)) in the third step and food-related variables (expected fillingness, liking, expected healthfulness, food familiarity) in the fourth step.
Sociodemographic variables accounted for 2-19% of the variance in meal portion sizes; psychological variables explained an additional 3-8%; and food-related variables explained an additional 2-12%. When all four variable groups were included in the regression models, liking and sometimes expected healthfulness was positively associated with meal portion size. The strongest association was for liking, which was statistically significant in both countries for all meal types. Whilst expected healthfulness was not associated with pizza portion size in either country, it was positively associated with meals that have a healthier image (vegetable soup; chicken salad and in IoI, the pork meal).
In conclusion, after considering sociodemographic and psychological variables, and the food-related variables of liking and expected healthfulness, there may be little merit in manipulating the satiating power, at least of these type of meals, to maintain or promote weight loss.
Keywords: Meal portion size; psychological variables; expected fillingness; expected healthfulness; food liking; food familiarity.

Vulnerabilidade psicológica para a disfunção eréctil

A disfunção eréctil é actualmente considerada um problema de saúde pública que afecta muitos milhares de homens em todo o mundo. Para além dos factores de natureza médica, reconhecidamente implicados neste tipo de problemática sexual, a literatura empírica tem destacado um conjunto de variáveis de cariz psicológico envolvidas nas dificuldades. Não obstante, o estudo acerca da influência de variáveis disposicionais no funcionamento eréctil não tem merecido muita atenção da literatura científica nos últimos anos. Neste sentido, o conjunto de estudos apresentados no âmbito da presente dissertação procurou investigar de que forma variáveis disposicionais como as dimensões da personalidade, afecto-traço, auto-consciência sexual e mecanismos de excitação e inibição sexual, intervêm na resposta de excitação sexual masculina e são susceptíveis de se constituírem como factores de risco psicológico para o desenvolvimento e/ou manutenção da disfunção eréctil. Este trabalho envolveu a participação de um total de 1,274 indivíduos da população Portuguesa e os resultados obtidos indicaram a relevância das referidas variáveis no funcionamento eréctil de homens sexualmente funcionais da comunidade e também em homens diagnosticados com disfunção eréctil. Adicionalmente, os dados mostraram que as dimensões disposicionais avaliadas se encontram envolvidas na disfunção eréctil associada a diferentes factores etiológicos (factores psicológicos e/ou médicos), sublinhando a sua relevância para a generalidade das situações clínicas relacionadas com a perda da função eréctil e de forma independente dos factores precipitantes envolvidos. Ao demonstrar empiricamente que aspectos individuais de natureza psicológica são susceptíveis de interagir com factores de ordem médica no desenvolvimento e na manutenção da disfunção eréctil, o conjunto dos dados apresentados oferece uma perspectiva integrada para a conceptualização deste quadro clínico e encoraja a utilização de uma abordagem terapêutica multidisciplinar no tratamento das dificuldades erécteis.

Construção de competências transversais no sector das telecomunicações : percepções e estilos de aprendizagem

Tem sido frequentemente referido na literatura que os diplomados do ensino superior estão mal preparados para as exigências do mercado de trabalho. Face à situação económica actual, mais do que conhecimentos académicos, os estudantes necessitam desenvolver competências que promovam a sua empregabilidade e aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Isto é particularmente relevante no sector das Telecomunicações, face às constantes mutações tecnológicas e organizacionais. Estas competências são usualmente designadas por competências transversais, englobam o conjunto de competências que são comuns às diferentes actividades profissionais. Trata-se de competências imprescindíveis à empregabilidade, uma vez que permitem aos indivíduos agir numa multiplicidade de tarefas e funções. O presente trabalho propõe uma caracterização da construção das competências transversais no sector das Telecomunicações, tendo por base as percepções dos estudantes de engenharia, mas também as percepções das empresas do sector. No sentido de apoiar a fundamentação de estratégias práticas promotoras do desenvolvimento das competências transversais, o presente trabalho analisou os estilos de aprendizagem dos alunos de engenharia, tendo sido realizado um estudo para a adaptação do Index of Learning Styles (Felder & Soloman, n.d.) para a população portuguesa. No presente trabalho, 337 estudantes avaliaram o seu domínio num conjunto de competências transversais, bem como a sua importância para um futuro profissional. Desta avaliação foram identificados gaps de competências transversais que traduzem necessidades de desenvolvimento e formação. Foram também analisadas as relações entre as competências transversais e os estilos de aprendizagem dos estudantes, e as relações entre as competências transversais e um conjunto de variáveis psicológicas relacionadas com o desempenho competente: auto-eficácia, auto-regulação e optimismo. Representantes de empresas do sector das Telecomunicações avaliaram a importância das mesmas competências transversais para as práticas de negócio. A interpretação dos resultados, bem como as possíveis implicações destes no desenvolvimento de estratégias promotoras da construção das competências transversais, são discutidos à luz da literatura relevante.

A psicologia da construção da vida : incursões no conceito da adaptabilidade para o estudo da influência parental na construção de carreira em adolescentes

Tese de doutoramento, Psicologia (Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e Aconselhamento de Carreira), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2016

Salivary testosterone and cortisol : role of athletic setting, game outcome, and game location /

Many studies investigating the relationship between hormones and competition have focused on athletic competition. The athletic setting enables r researchers to investigate the hormone-behaviour relationship in a relatively controlled environment. However, research to date has been based on observations made from single status contests and/or weekend tournaments and as such, does not provide a clear picture of an individual's average hormonal responses to both victory and defeat. In appreciation of this limitation, the current study tracked elite hockey players throughout a hockey season, measuring pre- and post-game salivary testosterone and Cortisol as well as psychological measures. I was interested in determining whether status outcome (win vs. loss) would influence an individual's testosterone and Cortisol responses to competition. Furthermore, I was also interested in assessing whether testosterone and Cortisol responses were specific to the competitive environment or whether similar hormonal responses would occur during non-competitive practice sessions. Last, I was interested in whether there were any differences in pre-game hormonal and psychological states depending on where the status contest was held: home versus away. The results indicated that game outcome moderated the testosterone responses to competition. That is, testosterone increased significantly more after a victory compared to a defeat. Furthermore, a loss of status produced significantly hreports, the players did not show an anticipatory rise in either Cortisol or testosterone prior to competition. In addition to the effects of status outcome on hormonal levels, it was also found that these hormonal responses were specific to competition. The athletes in the current study did not demonstrate any hormonal responses to the practice sessions. Last, there were significant differences in pre-game testosterone as well as in selfconfidence, cognitive, and somatic anxiety levels depending on the location at which the status contest took place. Pre-game testosterone and self-confidence levels were significantly higher prior to games played in the home venue. In contrast, pre-game somatic and cognitive anxiety levels were significantly higher prior to games played in the away venue. The current findings add to the developing literature on the relationship between hormones and competition. This was the first study to detect a moderating effect of status outcome on testosterone responses in a team sport. Furthermore, this was also the first study in humans to demonstrate that post-contest Cortisol levels were significantly higher after a loss of status. Last, the current study also adds to the sport psychology literature by demonstrating that pre-game psychological variables differ depending on where the status contest is being held: higher self-confidence at home and higher somatic and cognitive anxiety away. Taken together, the results from the current thesis may have important practical relevance to coaches, trainers and sport psychologists who are always trying to find ways to maximize performance. post-game Cortisol levels than did an increase in status. In contrast to previous

Locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference for amphetamine in late adolescent and adult male and female rats /

reports, the players did not show an anticipatory rise in either Cortisol or testosterone prior to competition. In addition to the effects of status outcome on hormonal levels, it was also found that these hormonal responses were specific to competition. The athletes in the current study did not demonstrate any hormonal responses to the practice sessions. Last, there were significant differences in pre-game testosterone as well as in selfconfidence, cognitive, and somatic anxiety levels depending on the location at which the status contest took place. Pre-game testosterone and self-confidence levels were significantly higher prior to games played in the home venue. In contrast, pre-game somatic and cognitive anxiety levels were significantly higher prior to games played in the away venue. The current findings add to the developing literature on the relationship between hormones and competition. This was the first study to detect a moderating effect of status outcome on testosterone responses in a team sport. Furthermore, this was also the first study in humans to demonstrate that post-contest Cortisol levels were significantly higher after a loss of status. Last, the current study also adds to the sport psychology literature by demonstrating that pre-game psychological variables differ depending on where the status contest is being held: higher self-confidence at home and higher somatic and cognitive anxiety away. Taken together, the results from the current thesis may have important practical relevance to coaches, trainers and sport psychologists who are always trying to find ways to maximize performance. the cycle. The sex-specific age differences in locomotor responses to amphetamine are not due to gonadal immaturity, as females are cycling at this stage of adolescence. However, age differences may reflect the ongoing maturation of the neural substrates that that are involved in locomotor sensitizing, but not rewarding effects of amphetamine.

Modélisation de facteurs associés à une perception d'insuffisance lactée

Peu de femmes atteignent la recommandation internationale d’un allaitement exclusif d’une durée minimale de 6 mois malgré ses nombreux bienfaits pour l’enfant et pour la mère. Une raison fréquemment mentionnée pour la cessation précoce de l’allaitement ou l’introduction de préparations commerciales pour nourrissons est l’insuffisance de lait. L’origine de cette perception maternelle demeure toujours inexpliquée bien que sa prévalence dans les écrits soit bien documentée. L’insuffisance lactée relève-t-elle de pratiques d’allaitement qui contreviennent au processus physiologique de la lactation ou relève-t-elle d’un manque de confiance maternelle dans sa capacité d’allaiter? Une meilleure compréhension des déterminants de la perception d’insuffisance lactée (PIL) s’avère primordiale, un manque d’interventions infirmières permettant de prévenir, dépister et soutenir les femmes allaitant percevant une insuffisance lactée ayant été identifié. Cette étude visait à déterminer l’apport explicatif de variables biologiques et psychosociales de 252 femmes primipares allaitant sur une PIL. Une modélisation de facteurs associés à la PIL a été développée à l’aide de l’approche synthèse théorique comportant les variables suivantes: les événements entourant la naissance, les capacités infantiles et maternelles, la supplémentation, le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement, la PIL et les pratiques d’allaitement. Afin de mieux comprendre comment se développe et évolue la PIL, un devis prédictif confirmatif longitudinal a été privilégié de la naissance à la 6e semaine postnatale. Au T1, soit le premier 24 heures suivant la naissance, les participantes ont complété un questionnaire concernant leur intention d’initier et de maintenir un allaitement exclusif pour une durée de 6 mois. Au T2, soit la 3e journée postpartum, les femmes complétaient un 2e questionnaire regroupant les différentes mesures utilisées pour l’étude des variables de la modélisation PIL, incluant le prélèvement d’un échantillon de lait maternel. À la 2e semaine, soit le T3, les femmes complétaient un questionnaire similaire à celui du T2, lequel était envoyé par la poste. Finalement, au T4, soit à la 6e semaine, une entrevue téléphonique semi-dirigée concernant les pratiques d’allaitement a été réalisée. La vérification des hypothèses s’est faite principalement à l’aide de tests de corrélations de Pearson, d’analyses de régressions et d’équations structurelles. Les résultats indiquent une influence simultanée des capacités infantiles et du sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement sur la PIL au T2 et au T3; le sentiment maternel d’efficacité en allaitement exerçant de surcroit un effet médiateur entre les capacités infantiles et la perception d’insuffisance lactée au T2 et au T3. Au T2, la fréquence des tétées est associée à une diminution du taux de Na+ du lait maternel, marqueur biologique de l’établissement de la lactogenèse II. Des interventions ciblant le développement d’un sentiment maternel élevé d’efficacité en allaitement devraient être privilégiées.

Douleur, affectivité, personnalité et fonctionnement attentionnel suite à un traumatisme craniocérébral léger

L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’étudier la nature multifactorielle des difficultés attentionnelles que présentent les personnes ayant subi un traumatisme craniocérébral léger (TCCL). Plus spécifiquement, nous avons voulu cerner l’impact des symptômes de douleur, ainsi que de facteurs émotifs et de personnalité, sur le fonctionnement attentionnel de personnes ayant eu un TCCL. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, cette thèse présente trois articles. Dans le premier article, l’impact cognitif/neuropsychologique de la douleur chronique (DC) et de ses variables psychologiques concomitantes a été examiné par le biais d’une recension des écrits. Le deuxième article présente une étude expérimentale portant sur les relations entre des variables liées à la douleur et à l’affectivité, et le fonctionnement attentionnel de personnes ayant subi un TCCL étant à différents stades de récupération, comparativement à un groupe témoin normal. Enfin, un troisième article décrit une étude expérimentale qui a été menée afin d’explorer les associations entre certains facteurs de personnalité (neuroticisme, extraversion) et l’efficacité attentionnelle chez des participants normaux, ainsi que chez des personnes ayant subi un TCCL. Les résultats des articles présentés dans cette thèse démontrent que le TCCL en soi peut nuire au fonctionnement attentionnel, puisque des déficits de l’attention peuvent être observés sur des tâches neuropsychologiques qui mesurent les temps de réaction avec précision. Des variables concomitantes au TCCL peuvent aussi avoir un impact négatif sur l’attention sélective; la présence de symptômes de douleur nuit à la performance sur des tâches d’attention et certains traits de personnalité sont associés à l’efficacité attentionnelle ou aux symptômes post-commotionnels. Cette thèse montre donc que divers facteurs peuvent contribuer aux difficultés d’attention des personnes ayant subi un TCCL. Le neuropsychologue devrait utiliser des tâches sensibles aux atteintes, parfois plus subtiles, que présentent les personnes ayant eu un TCCL lorsqu’il tente de comprendre les difficultés attentionnelles de cette clientèle. De plus, les variables associées à la douleur et certains traits de personnalité devraient être systématiquement évalués lors de l’examen neuropsychologique post-TCCL.

Prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés : apport de la neuropsychologie clinique

L’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés est attribuable en partie, aux effets délétères du vieillissement normal sur le fonctionnement cognitif. Les méthodes d’évaluation neuropsychologique par les tests ayant montré une certaine efficacité dans le cas du dépistage des habiletés de conduite chez les conducteurs âgés atteints d’affections neurologiques pathologiques, la présente thèse vise à évaluer la pertinence de cette approche chez les conducteurs vieillissants de la population générale. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est ainsi d’obtenir une vue d’ensemble sur le rôle et la sensibilité des mesures neuropsychologiques dans la prédiction des habiletés et habitudes de conduite automobile sécuritaire chez les conducteurs âgés. Dans la même perspective, la thèse explore d’autre part le rôle de variables sociodémographiques et psychologiques. L’article 1 évalue la validité prédictive de sept tests des fonctions visuo-attentionnelles et de la mémoire de travail en regard des habiletés de détection périphérique chez 50 conducteurs âgés de 62 à 83 ans. L’étude sur simulateur de conduite comprend une condition de conduite simple et une condition plus soutenue incluant une distraction téléphonique de type « mains-libres ». Selon les résultats, certains tests cognitifs prédisent bien les temps de détection. En outre, la validité prédictive des tests est plus importante dans la situation de conduite plus exigeante. Cela dit, les résultats de l’article 2 révèlent que le recours aux stratégies d’évitement des situations exigeantes est plus prononcé chez les individus qui présentent des faiblesses à certains des tests neuropsychologiques proposés. Les résultats indiquent en outre que l’utilisation des stratégies d’évitement routier est plus fréquente chez les conducteurs ayant tendance à déprécier leurs habiletés de conduite générales, à exprimer une moindre perception de contrôle ainsi qu’une attitude défavorable à l’endroit des situations de conduite complexes ou risquées. Les stratégies d’évitement se révèlent donc comme des réponses autorégulatrices proportionnelles aux limitations cognitives et aux perceptions individuelles. Dans les deux études, l’âge ne permet pas d’expliquer les différences individuelles, ceci ni en termes d’habiletés de détection périphérique ni de tendances autorégulatrices. Le rôle du genre est cependant plus nuancé. Ainsi, le principal apport de la présente thèse réside dans la constatation que si d’une part, certaines limitations neuropsychologiques sont associées à une réduction des habiletés de détection périphérique, ces mêmes limitations s’accompagnent aussi de mesures autorégulatrices qui peuvent contribuer à réduire le risque routier. Il appert conséquemment que les méthodes de dépistage de l’insécurité routière chez les conducteurs âgés se basant sur l’évaluation des limitations cognitives et attentionnelles doivent également rechercher et évaluer la teneur de leurs comportements routiers autorégulateurs. Dans le contexte de vieillissement de la population, des interventions pourront également miser sur le renforcement de ces comportements.

A study of sexuality following traumatic brain injury : moving towards the validation of a biopsychosocial model

L’étude de la sexualité dans le contexte des maladies neurologiques est un domaine émergent qui nous permet de mieux comprendre les corrélats cérébraux et neurocomportementaux de divers aspects de la sexualité. Les changements au sujet de la sexualité sont fréquents à la suite de troubles neurologiques tels que les blessures de la moelle épinière, la sclérose en plaques, l’accident vasculaire cérébral, l'épilepsie et les traumatismes craniocérébraux (TCC). Compte tenu de la complexité de la sexualité après un TCC, celle-ci doit être analysée à partir d'une perspective biopsychosociale qui comprend trois facteurs interdépendants : a) les facteurs neuropsychologiques et psychologiques, b) les variables médicales et physiques, et c) les facteurs relationnels. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier certains éléments de la sexualité auprès de personnes ayant subi un TCC afin de fournir des preuves empiriques pour contribuer à la validation d’une perspective biopsychosociale de la sexualité après un TCC. Trois études quantitatives originales ont été effectuées auprès de personnes ayant subi un TCC léger, modéré ou grave et ayant reçu des services de réadaptation post-TCC, et d’un groupe de témoins en bonne santé, tous vivant dans la communauté. Les groupes étaient comparables en ce qui concerne l’âge, le sexe, le nombre d’années de scolarité, le statut d’emploi et relationnel, et le revenu annuel. Les variables ciblant la sexualité, incluses dans cette thèse, étaient la qualité de vie sexuelle, le comportement sexuel à risque, et la sociosexualité (p. ex., les différences individuelles en ce qui concerne la volonté d’une personne à avoir des relations sexuelles sans engagement). Les variables neuropsychologiques et psychologiques incluaient les fonctions exécutives, la dépression et l’anxiété. Les aspects médicaux et physiques englobaient les symptômes postcommotionnels. Les facteurs relationnels comprenaient les attitudes envers l'infidélité. Les résultats démontrent que par rapport aux témoins en santé, les individus avec un TCC ont montré une diminution de la qualité de vie sexuelle, alors que les groupes étaient comparables sur le plan du comportement sexuel à risque, de la sociosexualité et des attitudes envers l'infidélité. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont montré une différence entre les hommes et les femmes sur le plan de la sociosexualité (p. ex., plus restrictive chez la femme). Chez les personnes ayant subi un TCC, une faible qualité de vie sexuelle était significativement associée à un nombre élevé de symptômes postcommotionnels, un comportement sexuel plus à risque corrélait avec une plus grande fréquence de symptômes dysexécutifs, et une plus faible acceptation de l'infidélité était liée à une sociosexualité moins restrictive. Les résultats de ces trois études soutiennent une perspective biopsychosociale de la sexualité après le TCC. Elles apportent des connaissances nouvelles en ce qui a trait aux domaines de la sexualité qui peuvent être touchés après un TCC, ainsi qu’à certaines variables neuropsychologiques et psychologiques, médicales et physiques, et relationnelles qui sont associées à ces changements. Les implications théoriques, ainsi que pour la pratique clinique et la réadaptation sont discutées. Les limitations des études sont présentées et des recommandations pour la recherche sont proposées. Le modèle biopsychosocial peut être utilisé comme une référence pour guider la recherche future dans ce domaine. D’autres études sur la sexualité et le développement d'interventions multidisciplinaires dans ce domaine pour les personnes TCC sont nécessaires.

Social-emotional adustment in deaf children: An investigation of the relationship between academic and speech perception abilities to social-emotional adjustment

This paper discusses the results of a study undertaken to determine if there is a relationship between psychological variables and cognitive or academic variables among hearing-impaired children.

O conceito de poder social

A dissertação procura analisar o conceito de poder numa perspectiva de questionamento da Psicologia Social notadamente com respeito à relevância de seus achados para a sociedade e à vinculação de suas formulações com a estrutura social vigente. Verifica-se a polissemia do conceito, pertencente a diferentes níveis do conhecimento e possuindo um referencial empírico ampliado, o que por sua vez gera divergências em sua conceituação. Tendo seu lugar de demarcação nas relações interpessoais, intra e intergrupais, organizacionais e de classe, seu significado mescla-se ao de termos como influência, controle, autoridade, dominação, que são muitas vezes intercambiáveis num determinado texto. Seu exercício caracteriza a relação de dominação-subordinação e é visto como decorrente da posse de recursos, implicando em resistência por parte dos subordinados e em sua percepção como beneficiador unicamente de seu detentor. Entende-se como um esforço da Psicologia Social em prol da manutenção da ordem social seus trabalhos visando elaborar novas formas de manipulação dos conflitos consequentes ao exercício do poder. Enquanto a visão desta disciplina é eminentemente psicológica, desvinculada do contexto social, em Ciências Políticas e Sociologia o conceito insere-se numa reflexão sobre a macro-estrutura sem, contudo, dispensar a utilização de variáveis psicológicas. Motivações e habilidades do detentor do poder e valores, percepções e expectativas do elemento subordinado são fatores presentes nas diferentes reflexões analisadas, tanto nas oriundas da Psicologia quanto na integracionista, na elitista, na pluralista e na da troca, ausentando-se somente da marxista que recorta o conceito de poder no campo das lutas de classe.

Atribuição de causalidade em presos, amputados e cegos: aceitação e luta contra o infortúnio

Os objetivos deste trabalho compreendem a determinação: (a) dos processos de atribuição de causalidade e responsabilidade empregados, por sujeitos presos, cegos e amputados, na explicação dos eventos que os vitimaram; (b) da relação entre os processos de atribuição de causalidade e as respostas de combate a situação; (c) da eficácia das teorias de busca de controle, mundo justo e atribuição defensiva na explicação dos eventos por parte dos sujeitos: (d) da influência do sentimento de auto-estima, crença no mundo justo, “locus" de controle e sentimento de religiosidade, na atribuição de causalidade; (e) de como os observadores emparelhados aos atores atribuição da causalidade e responsabilidade aos eventos vitimadores. A parte inicial consiste em uma revisão das principais contribuições teóricas ao fenômenos da atribuição de causalidade em psicologia social e das pesquisas a ele relacionadas; sua extensão se justifica pela inexistência de textos desta natureza em nossa língua. A segunda parte compreende a análise das respostas a conjunto de questionários e escalas fornecidas por 43 sujeitos presos por homicídio ou assalto, 40 amputados de membro superior ou inferior, 35 cegos congênitos ou adquiridos, e de 138 sujeitos observadores a eles emparelhados em idade, nível sócio-econômico e escolaridade. Os resultados indicam diferenças no processo de atribuição de causalidade empregado pelos sujeitos com perdas diversas e na utilização de princípios das três teorias consideradas. O mesmo se verifica quando se comparam sujeitos atores e observadores. Os dados mostram ainda relações entre as variáveis psicológicas e o processo de atribuição de causalidade, bem como a influência destas variáveis no processo de luta contra a perda sofrida.