Terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino. revisión sistemática de la literatura

Antecedentes El dolor en neonatos ha sido un problema poco explorado. Se ha propuesto el uso de las terapias no farmacológicas para su tratamiento, sin embargo existen pocas aproximaciones sistemáticas para la evaluación de su eficacia. Objetivos Determinar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para evaluar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en el recién nacido petérmino. La búsqueda se realizó a través de las bases de datos Embase, Cochrane, Bireme y Embase. Se identificaron estudios publicados inglés y español. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Resultados Se incluyeron 10 ensayos clínicos. La solución de sacarosa administrada por vía oral mostró reducir la intensidad del dolor en el recién nacido. La intubación y toma de muestras facilitada por el cuidador mostró también reducir la intensidad del dolor. Conclusión Se recomienda la administración solución de sacarosa y acompañamiento del cuidador durante los procedimientos como medidas para reducir el dolor en el recién nacido pretérmino.

Evaluación de la validez de la escala llanto para el dolor en neonatos y menores de cinco años

Introducción: La escala LLANTO para dolor es una escala que hasta la fecha ha sido solo validada en población infantil española, actualmente no se conocen datos en población colombiana. Se pretende validar la escala de dolor LLANTO en pacientes neonatos y menores de 5 años, a través de su aplicación en pacientes atendidos en una de tres instituciones, además comparándola con las escalas FLACC y PIPP dependiendo de edad del paciente. Metodología: Se incluyeron niños con cualquier tipo de dolor, clasificándolos en dos grupos por edad: 1) neonatos y 2) niños entre 1 mes y 5 años de edad, que asistieron a la Fundación Cardioinfantil, Clínica Infantil Colsubsidio o al Hospital Universitario Mayor. Las escalas fueron aplicadas por dos residentes de pediatría y una enfermera especializada en el cuidado de población infantil. Para la prueba piloto se diseñó un cuestionario determinar dificultades en la aplicación de la escala LLANTO. Una vez corregidos los problemas identificados se procederá a la validación de la escala. Resultados: Se presentan los datos de la prueba piloto. Se incluyeron 8 neonatos y 8 niños entre 1 mes y 5 años, esta muestra fue obtenida en un periodo de un mes, con la encuesta se evaluó la aceptación y entendimiento de la escala LLANTO por parte de los evaluadores. La prueba piloto mostró resultados favorables en el 100% de los encuestados. Discusión: Se considera que la escala LLANTO no requiere cambios para continuar con su validación.

Desenvolvimento neurológico e resposta apendicular ao movimento do tronco de crianças prematuras, durante o primeiro ano de vida

A ausência de estudos de acompanhamento do desenvolvimento neurológico de crianças nascidas prematuras, em nosso meio, motivou a realização desta pesquisa. Com o intuito de estabelecer marcos desse desenvolvimento e de verificar as respostas apendiculares ao movimento do tronco e a uniformidade entre as funções motoras, perceptivas e de linguagem, foram avaliados prematuros aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade corrigida, em um estudo de coorte não controlado, com enfoque prognóstico. As respostas apendiculares ao movimento do tronco foram estudadas por meio das reações de paraquedismo e de apoio lateral. A amostra foi constituída de 40 recém-nascidos (RN) prematuros, nascidos no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, que foram acompanhados no ambulatório do hospital aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade corrigida. Foram incluídos no estudo RN com idade gestacional até 36 semanas e 6 dias, com 2.000g ou menos de peso no nascimento. Foram excluídos os RN com índices de Apgar <7 no 5o minuto, hemorragia cerebral, crises convulsivas, alterações no estado de consciência, infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC), infecções congênitas, síndromes genéticas e intoxicações pré-natais. Também foram excluídos os RN que apresentaram intercorrências capazes de interferir no desenvolvimento neurológico e os que apresentaram exame neurológico alterado. As reações de paraquedismo e de apoio lateral estavam ambas presentes em 8,1% das crianças aos 6 meses de idade corrigida. Aos 9 meses de idade corrigida, a reação de paraquedismo estava presente em 87% das crianças e a reação de apoio lateral, em 90%. Aos 12 meses de idade corrigida, 100% dos casos apresentaram as reações posturais. Estes resultados não foram semelhantes aos encontrados em RN de termo de 6 e 9 meses de idade. O desenvolvimento do RN prematuro foi uniforme em relação às funções perceptivas e de linguagem para as idades corrigidas de 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade corrigida. O desenvolvimento do equilíbrio estático foi o aspecto motor em desacordo com o esperado para cada idade corrigida. A evolução dos reflexos primitivos coincidiu com o esperado para cada idade corrigida; e o reflexo cutâneo-plantar se tornou flexor simultaneamente ao desaparecimento da preensão plantar.

O exame neurológico do recém-nascido pré-termo não complicado: avaliação pela escala de saint-anne dargassies, e screening pelas escalas de amiel-barrier-shnider modificada e prechtl ao termo

This study compared the evolution of posture, tone and neonatal reflexes in preterm infants without clinical or neurological complications before and after the age of term using the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies. To reach the age of the term, was applied Scales Amiel-Barrier-Shnider changed and the Prechtl, traditionally used in the evaluation of term newborns, looking for possible changes to the term, while also evaluating the sensitivity of these scales. We studied 20 non-complicated preterm infants, both sexes aged 32-36 weeks, born in Januário Cicco Maternity School, from August 2006 to August 2007. Was applied to the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies every two weeks until reach the term, and the range of Amiel-Barrier-Shnider changed and the Prechtl, after reaching 39 and 41 weeks. The evaluation result of articular angles was subjected to the test of Friedman ANOVA, significant differences between the three measurements of the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies only for angles heel-to-ear to term. Neonatal reflexes changed in the period of prematurity were the cardinal points reflexes, Moro reflexes, cross extensions reflex and the automatic walking reflexes. The posture was the parameter which remained unchanged in the three scales. Considering a significance level of 5% by applying Cochran Q Test, it was found that the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies is more sensitive to detect suspects. With this methodology and the results it was possible to prepare a manuscript: The neurological examination of non-complicated preterm newborns using the Sanit-Anne Dargssies Scale from birth to term: normal or altered? In which we describe that despite the good clinical condition, the RNP show changes in tone and neonatal reflexes. These data are important because though non-complicated RNP need further attention its maturation process, enabling us to detect and intervene early. With these results we can build a scale simplified neurological assessment made with items found most altered during the application of three scales. The development of this project has a multidisciplinary approach, because it involved Paediatric Neurologist, Physiotherapist and Neonatologist, as recommended by PPGCSA

Alterações do fluxo sanguíneo em artéria umbilical na síndrome hipertensiva gestacional e suas implicações nos resultados neonatais

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características antropométricas, a morbidade e mortalidade de recém-nascidos (RN) prematuros nascidos vivos de mães hipertensas em função da presença ou não de diástole zero (DZ) ou reversa (DR) na doplervelocimetria arterial umbilical. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, envolvendo RN prematuros nascidos vivos de gestantes hipertensas, com idade gestacional entre 25 e 33 semanas, submetidas à doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical nos 5 dias que antecederam o parto, realizado no Hospital do Distrito Federal, entre 1º de novembro de 2009 e 31 de outubro de 2010. Os RN foram estratificados em dois grupos, conforme o resultado da doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical: Gdz/dr=presença de diástole zero (DZ) ou diástole reversa (DR) e Gn=doplervelocimetria normal. Medidas antropométricas ao nascimento, morbidades e mortalidade neonatal foram comparadas entre os dois grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 92 RN, assim distribuídos: Gdz/dr=52 RN e Gn=40 RN. No Gdz/dr a incidência de RN pequenos para idade gestacional foi significativamente maior, com risco relativo de 2,5 (IC95% 1,7‒3,7). No grupo Gdz/dr os RN permaneceram mais tempo em ventilação mecânica mediana 2 (0‒28) e no Gn mediana 0,5 (0‒25), p=0,03. A necessidade de oxigênio aos 28 dias de vida foi maior no Gdz/dr do que no Gn (33 versus10%; p=0,01). A mortalidade neonatal foi maior em Gdz/dr do que em Gn (36 versus 10%; p=0,03; com risco relativo de 1,6; IC95% 1,2 - 2,2). Nessa amostra a regressão logística mostrou que a cada 100 gramas a menos de peso ao nascer no Gdz/dr a chance de óbito aumentou 6,7 vezes (IC95% 2,0 - 11,3; p<0,01). CONCLUSÃO: em RN prematuros de mães hipertensas com alteração na doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical a restrição do crescimento intrauterino é frequente e o prognóstico neonatal pior, sendo elevado o risco de óbito relacionado ao peso ao nascimento.

Relação do peso de recém-nascidos e placentas. Estudo em recém-nascidos de termo, pré-termo e pós-termo, de pesos adequado, baixo e grande para a idade gestacional

Birth weight and placental weight of 566 newborns were determined. The newborns were classified by birth weight and gestational age in seven groups: term, preterm and postterm newborns with weight appropriate for gestational age; term and postterm newborns small for gestational age; term and preterm newborns large for gestational age. The differences in the mean placental weight in the preterm, term and postterm newborns with weight appropriate for gestational age were not significant. After 34 weeks of gestation there was little increase in placental weight. The mean placental weight of newborns large for gestational age was significantly different from that of term newborns appropriate for gestational age. In the term and postterm newborns small for gestational age the mean placental weight was significantly different from term and postterm newborns appropriate for gestational age. These findings suggest that newborns with an appropriate intrauterine growth have little increase in placental weight in the gestational period. Gestational age is not an important factor in determining placental weight in this period. Nutrition is important for placental growth-retarded infants have small placentas and large-for-date infants have large placental weight.

Estresse oxidativo em recém-nascidos de mães hipertensas: relação com prognóstico neonatal no curto prazo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Cuidado integral ao recém-nascido de muito baixo peso: representações de familiares e enfermeiros

Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva - FMB

Prenatal and Neonatal Adaptations with a Focus on the Respiratory System

Contents Among the modifications that occur during the neonatal period, pulmonary development is the most critical. The neonate's lungs must be able to perform adequate gas exchange, which was previously accomplished by the placenta. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is defined as insufficient surfactant production or pulmonary structural immaturity and is specifically relevant to preterm newborns. Prenatal maternal betamethasone treatment of bitches at 55days of gestation leads to structural changes in the neonatal lung parenchyma and consequently an improvement in the preterm neonatal respiratory condition, but not to an increase in pulmonary surfactant production. Parturition represents an important challenge to neonatal adaptation, as the uterine and abdominal contractions during labour provoke intermittent hypoxia. Immediately after birth, puppies present venous mixed acidosis (low blood pH and high dioxide carbon saturation) and low but satisfactory Apgar scores. Thus, the combination of physiological hypoxia during birth and the initial effort of filling the pulmonary alveoli with oxygen results in anaerobiosis. As a neonatal adaptation follow-up, the Apgar analysis indicates a tachypnoea response after 1h of life, which leads to a shift in the blood acidbase status to metabolic acidosis. One hour is sufficient for canine neonates to achieve an ideal Apgar score; however, a haemogasometric imbalance persists. Dystocia promotes a long-lasting bradycardia effect, slows down Apgar score progression and aggravates metabolic acidosis and stress. The latest data reinforce the need to accurately intervene during canine parturition and offer adequate medical treatment to puppies that underwent a pathological labour.

Trasmissione post-natale del citomegalovirus attraverso il latte materno al neonato VLBW

Introduction Postnatal human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is usually asymptomatic in term babies, while preterm infants are more susceptible to symptomatic CMV infection. Breastfeeding plays a dominant role in the epidemiology of transmission of postnatal CMV infection, but the risk factors of symptomatic CMV infection in preterm infants are unknown. Patients and Methods Between December 2003 and August 2006, eighty Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) preterm infants (gestational age ≤ 32 weeks and birth weight < 1500 g), admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of St Orsola-Malpighi General Hospital, Bologna were recruited. All of them were breastfed for at least one month. During the first week of life, serological test for CMV was performed on maternal blood. Furthermore, urinary CMV culture was performed in all the infants in order to exclude a congenital CMV infection. Urine samples from each infant were collected and processed for CMV culture once a week. Once every 15 days a blood sample was taken from each infant to evaluate the complete blood count, the hepatic function and the C reactive protein. In addition, samples of fresh breast milk were processed weekly for CMV culture. A genetic analysis of virus variant was performed in the urine of the infected infants and in their mother’s milk to confirm the origin of infection. Results We evaluated 80 VLBW infants and their 68 mothers. Fifty-three mothers (78%) were positive for CMV IgG antibodies, and 15 (22%) were seronegative. In the seronegative group, CMV was never isolated in breast milk, and none of the 18 infants developed viruria; in the seropositive group, CMV was isolated in 21 out of 53 (40%) mother’s milk. CMV was detected in the urine samples of 9 out of 26 (35%) preterm infants, who were born from 21 virolactia positive mothers. Six of these infants had clinically asymptomatic CMV infection, while 3 showed a sepsis-like illness with bradycardia, tachypnea and repeated desaturations. Eight out of nine infants showed abnormal hematologic values. The detection of neutropenia was strictly related to CMV infection (8/9 infected infants vs 17/53 non infected infants, P<.005), such as the detection of an increase in conjugated bilirubin (3/9 infected infants vs 2/53 non infected infants, P<.05). The degree of neutropenia was not different between the two groups (infected/non infected). The use of hemoderivatives (plasma and/or IgM–enriched immunoglobulin) in order to treat a suspected/certain infection in newborn with GE< 28 ws was seen as protective against CMV infection (1/4 infected infants vs 18/20 non infected infants [GE<28 ws]; P<.05). Furthermore, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (defined both as oxygen-dependency at 30 days of life and 36 ws of postmenstrual age) correlated with symptomatic infection (3/3 symptomatic vs 0/6 asymptomatic: P<.05). Conclusion Our data suggest that CMV infection transmitted to preterm newborn through human milk is always asymptomatic when newborns are clinically stable. Otherwise, the infection can worsen a preexisting disease such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Human milk offers many nutritional and psychological advantages to preterm newborns: according to our data, there’s no reason to contraindicate it neither to pasteurize the milk of all the mothers of preterm infants who are CMV seropositive.

Apnea e reflusso gastroesofageo nel neonato pretermine

Objective: To document the existence of a relationship between apnea of prematurity (AOP) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in preterm infants. Setting: One Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients: Twenty-six preterm infants (gestational age<32 weeks) with recurrent apneas. Intervention: Simultaneous and synchronized recording of polysomnography and pH-impedance monitoring (pH-MII). Polysomnography detects and characterizes apneas, by recording of breathing movement, nasal airflow, electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter saturation. pH-MII is the state-of-theart methodology for GER detection in preterm newborns. Main outcome measures: Relationship between AOP and GER, which were considered temporally related if both started within 30 seconds of each other. Results: One-hundred-fifty-four apneas out of 1136 were temporally related to GER. The frequency of apnea during the one-minute time around the onset of GER was significantly higher than the one detected in the GER-free period (p=0.03). Furthermore, the frequency of apnea in the 30 seconds after GER (GER-triggered apneas) was greater than that detected in the 30 seconds before (p=0.01). A great inter-individual variability was documented in the proportion of GERtriggered apneas. A strong correlation between total number of apneas and the difference between apneas detected 30 seconds after and before GER was found (p=0.034). Conclusions: Our data show that a variable rate of apneas can be triggered by GER in very preterm infant. Further studies are needed to recognise clinical features which identify those patients who are more susceptible to GER-triggered apneas.

Validazione e applicazioni cliniche della metodica NIRA (Near Infrared Reflectance Analysis) per la valutazione del contenuto nutrizionale del latte materno in terapia intensiva neonatale

Phase 1: To validate Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis (NIRA) as a fast, reliable and suitable method for routine evaluation of human milk’s nitrogen and fat content. Phase 2: To determine whether fat content, protein content and osmolality of HM before and after fortification may affect gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in symptomatic preterm infants. Patients and Methods: Phase 1: 124 samples of expressed human milk (55 from preterm mothers and 69 from term mothers) were used to validate NIRA against traditional methods (Gerber method for fat and Kjeldhal method for nitrogen). Phase 2: GER was evaluated in 17 symptomatic preterm newborns fed naïve and fortified HM by combined pH/intraluminal-impedance monitoring (pH-MII). HM fat and protein content was analysed by a Near-Infrared-Reflectance-Analysis (NIRA). HM osmolality was tested before and after fortification. GER indexes measured before and after fortification were compared, and were also related with HM fat and protein content and osmolality before and after fortification. Results: Phase 1: · A strong agreement was found between traditional methods’ and NIRA’s results (expressed as g/100 g of milk), both for fat and nitrogen content in term (mean fat content: NIRA=2.76; Gerber=2.76; mean nitrogen content: NIRA=1.88; Kjeldhal =1.92) and preterm (mean fat content: NIRA=3.56; Kjeldhal=3.52; mean nitrogen content: NIRA=1.91; Kjeldhal =1.89) mother’s milk. · Nitrogen content of the milk samples, measured by NIRA, ranged from 1.18 to 2.71 g/100 g of milk in preterm milk and from 1.48 to 2.47 in term milk; fat content ranged from 1.27 to 6.23 g/100 g of milk in preterm milk and from 1.01 to 6.01 g/100 g of milk in term milk. Phase 2: · An inverse correlation was found between naïve HM protein content and acid reflux index (RIpH: p=0.041, rho=-0.501). · After fortification, osmolality often exceeded the values recommended for infant feeds; furthermore, a statistically significant (p<.05) increase in non acid reflux indexes was observed. Conclusions: NIRA can be used as a fast, reliable and suitable tool for routine monitoring of macronutrient content of human milk. Protein content of naïve HM may influence acid GER in preterm infants. A standard fortification of HM may worsen non acid GER indexes and, due to the extreme variability in HM composition, may overcome both recommended protein intake and HM osmolality. Thus, an individualized fortification, based on the analysis of the composition of naïve HM, could optimize both nutrient intake and feeding tolerance.

Valutazione della funzione renale nei nati pretermine alla nascita e a medio termine

La nascita pretermine determina un’alterazione dei normali processi di maturazione dei vari organi ed apparati che durante la gravidanza fisiologica si completano durante le 38-40 settimane di vita intrauterina. Queste alterazioni sono alla base della mortalità e morbilità perinatale che condiziona la prognosi a breve termine di questa popolazione, ma possono determinare anche sequele a medio e lungo termine. E’ stato ampiamente documentato che la nefrogenesi si completa a 36 settimane di vita intrauterina e pertanto la nascita pretermine altera il decorso fisiologico di tale processo; a questa condizione di immaturità si sovrappongono i fattori patogeni che possono determinare danno renale acuto in epoca neonatale, a cui i pretermine sono in larga misura esposti. Queste condizioni conducono ad un rischio di alterazioni della funzione renale di entità variabile in età infantile ed adulta. Nel presente studio è stata studiata la funzione renale in 29 bambini di 2-4 anni di età, precedentemente sottoposti a valutazione della funzione renale alla nascita durante il ricovero in Terapia Intensiva Neonatale. I dati raccolti hanno mostrato la presenza di alterazioni maggiori (sindrome nefrosica, riduzione di eGFR) in un ridotto numero di soggetti e alterazioni minori ed isolate (proteinuria di lieve entità, riduzione del riassorbimento tubulare del fosforo, pressione arteriosa tra il 90° e il 99° percentile per sesso ed altezza). L’età di 2-4 anni, alla luce dei risultati ottenuti, può rappresentare un momento utile per effettuare una valutazione di screening di funzione renale in una popolazione a rischio come i pretermine, con lo scopo di individuare i soggetti che richiedano una presa in carico specialistica ed un follow-up a lungo termine.

Development of the premature infant nose throat-model (PrINT-Model): an upper airway replica of a premature neonate for the study of aerosol delivery

Clinical efficacy of aerosol therapy in premature newborns depends on the efficiency of delivery of aerosolized drug to the bronchial tree. To study the influence of various anatomical, physical, and physiological factors on aerosol delivery in preterm newborns, it is crucial to have appropriate in vitro models, which are currently not available. We therefore constructed the premature infant nose throat-model (PrINT-Model), an upper airway model corresponding to a premature infant of 32-wk gestational age by three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a three-planar magnetic resonance imaging scan and subsequent 3D-printing. Validation was realized by visual comparison and comparison of total airway volume. To study the feasibility of measuring aerosol deposition, budesonide was aerosolized through the cast and lung dose was expressed as percentage of nominal dose. The airway volumes of the initial magnetic resonance imaging and validation computed tomography scan showed a relative deviation of 0.94%. Lung dose at low flow (1 L/min) was 61.84% and 9.00% at high flow (10 L/min), p < 0.0001. 3D-reconstruction provided an anatomically accurate surrogate of the upper airways of a 32-wk-old premature infant, making the model suitable for future in vitro testing.

Normal values for pancreatic stone protein in different age groups.

BACKGROUND Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) has been identified as a promising sepsis marker in adults, children and neonates. However, data on population-based reference values are lacking. This study aimed to establish age-specific reference values for PSP. METHODS PSP was determined using a specific ELISA. PSP serum concentrations were determined in 372 healthy subjects including 217 neonates, 94 infants and children up to 16 years, and 61 adults. The adjacent categories method was used to determine which age categories had significantly different PSP concentrations. RESULTS PSP circulating levels were not gender-dependent and ranged from 1.0 to 99.4 ng/ml with a median of 9.2 ng/ml. PSP increased significantly between the age categories, from a median of 2.6 ng/ml in very preterm newborns, to 6.3 ng/ml in term newborns, to 16.1 ng/ml in older children (p < 0.001). PSP levels were higher on postnatal day three compared to levels measured immediately post delivery (p < 0.001). Paired umbilical artery and umbilical vein samples were strongly correlated (p < 0.001). Simultaneously obtained capillary heel-prick versus venous samples showed a good level of agreement for PSP (Rho 0.89, bias 19 %). CONCLUSIONS This study provides age-specific normal values that may be used to define cut-offs for future trials on PSP. We demonstrate an age-dependent increase of PSP from birth to childhood.