中国东北8种藓类植物染色体数目

本文对中国东北 8种藓类植物染色体数目进行了报道。其中赤茎藓Pleuroziumschreberi (Brid .)Mitt.,n =5 ;塔藓Hylocomiumsplendens (Hedw .)B .S .G .,n =11;粗肋羽藓Thuidiumrecognitum (Hedw .)Lindb .,n =11;绿羽藓T .assimile (Mitt.)Jaeg .,n =11;四齿藓TetraphispellucidaHedw .,n =8;侧枝匐灯藓Plagiomniummaximoviczii (Lindb .)Kop .,n =6 ;尖叶匐灯藓P .cuspidatum (Hedw .)Kop .,n =12 ;具缘提灯藓Mniummarginatum (With .)Beauv .,n =6。绿羽藓的染色体数目为首次报道 ,赤茎藓 ,塔藓 ,粗肋羽藓和四齿藓为国内首次报道

围封对退化矮嵩草草甸群落结构和主要种群空间分布格局的影响

通过研究围栏封育1年后中度退化的矮嵩草草甸（夏季牧场）群落结构的变化,探讨主要植物种群在小尺度（50 cm×50 cm）上的空间分布格局,并从生活史特征和生态适应对策等角度探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理。结果表明,围封1年显著降低了群落中主要种群矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、高山唐松草（Thalictrum alpinum）和雪白委陵菜（Potentilla nivea）的重要值,而增加了线叶龙胆（Gentiana farreri）的重要值;显著增加了群落的地上生物量和总生物量,但对地下生物量和群落多样性的影响不显著。围封使退化矮嵩草草甸主要种群矮嵩草、高山唐松草、珠芽蓼（Polygonum viviparum）、线叶嵩草（Kobresia capillifolia）和金露梅（Potentilla fruticosa）等空间分布格局从放牧后的随机分布向聚集分布发展,而雪白委陵菜、重齿风毛菊（S.katochaeteMaxim）、矮火绒草（Leonto-podium nanum）和美丽风毛菊（Saussurea pulchra）等种群的空间分布格局没有发生改变;但黑褐苔草（Carex atro-fusca）的空间格局从放牧后的聚集分布转向随机分布。因此,退化的矮嵩草草甸在围封的初始阶段,由于避免了家畜的选择性采食及其践踏作用,首先可能是使主要种群的空间分布格局有从随机分布向聚集分布变化的趋势,从而使小尺度的种间隔离来降低种间的竞争强度,从而改变了不同物种对资源和空间的竞争能力,进而推动群落物种组成和结构的恢复演替。

不同海拔珠芽蓼抗氧化系统的研究

对生长在青藏高原不同海拔地区的多年生高山植物珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum L．)的抗氧化系统进行了测试，以探讨高山植物对于高寒环境的适应机理．结果表明：随着海拔的升高，叶绿素a(chla)、叶绿素b(chlb)含量明显下降，chla／chlb增大，珠芽蓼叶和根细胞的膜脂过氧化均加剧，丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加．3种抗氧化酶的活性受到明显影响，其中叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性，随海拔升高而活性降低，而均与根中的变化趋势相反．过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随海拔升高呈增强的趋势，且叶片中活性较根中变化明显．抗坏血酸(ASA)随海拔的升高，含量呈明显增加．膜脂过氧化与抗氧化物酶的变化具有不一致性，这可能表明两种抗氧化系统之间存在一定的协同作用，特别是高含量的抗坏血酸，可能在高山植物适应高寒环境的胁迫方面具有更加重要的作用．图5表1参22

Embryology of Swertia cincta (Gentianaceae) and Its Systematic Value

This paper reports the mega-, micro-sporogenesis and female-, male-gametogenesis of Swertia cincta for the first time, with the aim of discussing the systematic position of section Platynema and section Ophelia of Swertia. Anthers are tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the dicotyledonous type. The tapetum cells have dual origin and are similar to the glandular type. There are two middle layers. The endothecium and epidermis persist. Cytokinesis in the microsporrocyte meiosis is simultaneous type and the microscpore teads are tetrahedral. Pollen grains are 3-celled. The ovary is bicarpellum and unilocular. The placentation is of suparietal placentation with 12 series of ovules. The ovules. The ovule is unitegmic, tenuinucellar and ana-campylotropous, The embryo sac orignates from the single-archesporial cell. The one chalazal megaspore in lienar tetrad become the functional megasore. The development of embryo sac is of the polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse into one secondary nucleus. Three antipodal cells persisted and divided into 5-8 cells. A comparison between two sections indicates that section Plathnema is better treated as distinct section and is more advanced than section Ophelia according to the evolutionary trends of embryological characters.

海北站矮嵩草和珠芽蓼玉米黄质含量的变化及与太阳辐射的关系

对海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站矮嵩草 (K obresia humilis)和珠芽蓼 (Polygonum viviparum) 5 0 5 nm处的吸光度值 (A5 0 5 / A6 5 2 )的日变化和季节变化的测定发现 :矮嵩草和珠芽蓼叶片内玉米黄质的相对含量在一个生长季内呈现单峰曲线变化 ,与海北站太阳辐射强度的季节变化呈正相关 ;玉米黄质的日变化也呈现单峰曲线 ,于中午14:0 0左右达到最大值 ,与太阳辐射强度的日变化呈正相关 ;玉米黄质在非辐射能耗散以及防止过氧化方面起着重要作用.

青海高原不同海拔珠芽蓼叶绿体超微结构的比较

用电子显微镜技术观察研究了生长于青海高原 3个海拔地带 (2 5 0 0 m、 32 0 0 m、 3980 m )的珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum L .)叶绿体的超微结构 ,发现随着海拔的升高 ,叶绿体结构呈现显著的变化趋势。2 5 0 0 m和32 0 0 m处叶绿体形状规则 ,分布在细胞边缘。 3980 m处叶绿体膨大变形 ,且分布在整个细胞当中。海拔升高 ,类囊体膜减少 ,膜垛叠程度减小。不同海拔珠芽蓼叶绿体的类囊体膜结构差异较大 ,特点显著。随海拔升高 ,珠芽蓼叶绿体破坏程度增加。主要表现为类囊体膜肿胀、类囊体膜溶解和叶绿体破裂。许多破裂的叶绿体中残留有发达的基粒和大而多的淀粉粒。珠芽蓼叶绿体的这些结构特征, 既是环境胁迫的结果, 又是植物适应性的表现。

Embryology of Swertia (Gentianaceae) relative to taxonomy

The embryological features of three species of Swertia (s.l.) - S. erythrosticta, S. franchetiana, and S. tetraptera were characterized, and the observations were used, together with previously gathered data on other species, to evaluate a recently proposed polyphyly, based on molecular data, of Swertia s.l. Comparisons of species within the genus showed that they have diversified embryologically, and there are significant between-species differences. Notable features that vary between species include the number of cell layers that form the anther locule wall, the construction of the wall of the mature anther, tapetum origin, the cell number in mature pollen grains, the structure of the fused margins of the two carpels, the ovule numbers in placental cross-sections, the shape of the mature embryo sac, the degree of ovule curvature, antipodal variation and the presence of a hypostase, and seed appendages. They share characters that are widely distributed in the tribe Gentianeae, such as a dicotyledonous type of anther wall formation, a glandular tapetum with uninucleate cells, simultaneous cytokinesis following the meiosis of the microsporocytes, tetrahedral microspore tetrads, superior, bicarpellary and unilocular ovaries, unitegmic and tenuinucellar ovules, Polygonum-type megagametophytes, progamous fertilization, nuclear endosperm, and Solanad-type embryogeny. The presence of variation in embryological characters amongst the species of Swertia s.l. strongly supports the view that Swertia s.l. is not a monophyletic group. Frasera is better separated from Swertia s.l. as an independent genus, and is only distantly related to Swertia s. s. judging from the numerous differences in embryology. Swertia tetraptera is very closely related to Halenia, as they show identical embryology. (C) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 383-400.

Distribution and species diversity of plant communities along transect on the Northeastern Tibetan plateau

The distribution and species diversity of plant communities along a 600 km transect through the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (32 degrees 42'-35 degrees 07' N, 101 degrees 02'-97 degrees 38' E) with altitudes from 3255 to 4460 m are described. The transect started from the Youyi Bridge of Banma through Dari, Maqin and Maduo to Zaling Lake. The data from 47 plots along the transect are summarized and analyzed. The mean annual temperature, the mean annual rainfall and the length of growing season decreases from 2.6 to -4.5 degrees C, from 767.2 to 240.1 mm, from 210 to 140 days, respectively, along the transect from the southeastern Banma to northwestern Zaling Lake. The number of vascular plant species recorded in 47 plots is 242 including 2 tree, 34 shrub, 206 herb species. Main vegetation types on the transect from southeast to northwest are: Sabina convallium forest, Picea likiangensis forest, Pyracantha fortuneana + Spiraea alpina shrub, Hippophae neurocarpu shrub, Sibiraea angustata + Polygonum viviparum shrub, Stellera chamaejasme herb meadow, Potentilla fruticosa + Salix obscura + Carex sp. Shrub, Kobresia capillifolia meadow, P. froticosa + Kobresia humilis shrub, Caragana jubata + S. obscura shrub, Kobresia tibetica meadow, Kobresia pygmaea meadow, K. pygmaea + Stipa purpurea steppe meadow, Stipa purpurea steppe. Plant richness and diversity index all showed a decreasing trend with increasing of elevation along transect from southeast to northwest. Detailed information on altitudinal ranges and distribution of the alpine vegetation, vascular flora and environments over the alpine zone at northeastern Tibetan Plateau provides baseline records relevant to future assessment of probable effects of global climate changes.

Embryology of Crawfurdia delavayi (Gentianaceae) and its systematic value

The embryological characters of Crawfurdia delavayi Frabnch. are described and the systematic relationships of Crawfurdia discussed. Anthers are tetrasporangiate. The development of anther walls conforms to the Dicotyledonous type. The tapetum is of single origin. The development of the tapetum with uninucleate cells is of the glandular type. The tapetal cells on the connective side show radial elongation or periclinal division and intrude into the anther locule. The epidermis of anther walls persists and its cells become pillar and fibrous, and the endothecium degenerates. The ovary is bicarpellary and unilocular. The placentation is typically parietal with 8 rows of anatropous ovules. The development of embryo sac is of the polygonum type. Before fertilization, two polar nuclei fuse into a secondary nucleus. Three antipodal cells persist. Flowers are protandrous. Fertilization is porogamous. The development of the endosperm is of the nuclear type. The embryogeny corresponds to the solanad type physalis II variation. The embryological data indicate that it is better to separate Crawfurdia from Gentiana as an independent genus.

Plagiomnium T. Kop. (Plagiomniaceae, Musci) en la Península Ibérica e llles Balears

Se ha realizado la revisión de ejemplares de Plagiomnium T. Kop., en la Península Ibérica, registrados en los Herbarios de España, Portugal y Francia, así como en algunas colecciones privadas. Siete taxones de Plagiomnium están representados en España: P. affine, P. cuspidatum, P. elatum, P. ellipticum, P. medium subsp. medium, P. rostratum y P. undulatum, y en Portugal cuatro taxones: P. affine, P. medium subsp. mediurn, P. rostratum y P. undulatum. En Mallorca (Illes Balears), queda excluido P. cuspidatum y P. elatum es nuevo para estas islas. P. undulatum, P. affine y P. rostratum son las especies más comunes en los bosques y zonas montañosas de la Península; P. cuspidatum y P. elatum son frecuentes en la mitad septentrional de España, siendo muy escasos en la parte meridional; los más raros son: P. ellipticum y P. medium subsp. medium, que están restringidos a los hábitats mesofíticos, suelos oligotrofos y húmedos de Pirineos, Cordillera Cantábrica y el piso supra-oromediterráneo de los Montes de Cataluña, Sistema Ibérico septentrional (Macizo de La Demanda) y Sistema Central. Se aportan fotografías de las esporas al SEM de P. affine, P. medium subsp. medium, P. rostratum y P. undulatum así como los mapas de distribución de cada taxon.

Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops

Field experiments were conducted to quantify the natural levels of post-dispersal seed predation of arable weed species in spring barley and to identify the main groups of seed predators. Four arable weed species were investigated that were of high biodiversity value, yet of low to moderate competitive ability with the crop. These were Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare. Exclusion treatments were used to allow selective access to dishes of seeds by different predator groups. Seed predation was highest early in the season, followed by a gradual decline in predation over the summer for all species. All species were taken by invertebrates. The activity of two phytophagous carabid genera showed significant correlations with seed predation levels. However, in general carabid activity was not related to seed predation and this is discussed in terms of the mainly polyphagous nature of many Carabid species that utilized the seed resource early in the season, but then switched to carnivory as prey populations increased. The potential relevance of post-dispersal seed predation to the development of weed management systems that maximize biological control through conservation and optimize herbicide use, is discussed.

Year to year variation in the small scale distribution of shuttle mosses

A detailed spore investigation of spore release and dispersal from an isolated colony of Phascum cuspidatum Hedw. indicated that approximately 98% of the spores originally present remained within the colony. The spatial distribution of colonies of P.cuspidatum and Pottia truncata (Hedw.) Fürer. in relation to those of the previous year was investigated by mapping the occurrence of colonies in five permanent quadrats for each species during two successive years. Phascum cuspidatum reoccurred in three quadrats during the second year, and P. truncata in only one, in the latter case apparently due to invasion by other mosses, principally Barbula hornschuchiana Schultz. A substantial proportion of the second year colonies overlapped in position with the first year colonies, particularly in P.cuspidatum. The results are discussed in relation to data on spore dispersal and other aspects of the life-history of these annual or short-lived shuttle mosses.

Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops

Field experiments were conducted to quantify the natural levels of post-dispersal seed predation of arable weed species in spring barley and to identify the main groups of seed predators. Four arable weed species were investigated that were of high biodiversity value, yet of low to moderate competitive ability with the crop. These were Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare. Exclusion treatments were used to allow selective access to dishes of seeds by different predator groups. Seed predation was highest early in the season, followed by a gradual decline in predation over the summer for all species. All species were taken by invertebrates. The activity of two phytophagous carabid genera showed significant correlations with seed predation levels. However, in general carabid activity was not related to seed predation and this is discussed in terms of the mainly polyphagous nature of many Carabid species that utilized the seed resource early in the season, but then switched to carnivory as prey populations increased. The potential relevance of post-dispersal seed predation to the development of weed management systems that maximize biological control through conservation and optimize herbicide use, is discussed.

Reproductive biology and population studies in two annual shuttle mosses

Observations on clumps of Phascum cuspidatum during the summer and autumn indicated that this species is at least a short-lived perennial, as young shoots develop from old, brown shoots persisting from the previous winter. No young shoots arising by vegetative propagation were recorded in Pottia truncata. Rhizoid tubers were observed in this species, but only in one of the many clumps examined. Spores of both species germinated freely in culture, but when spores were planted in the field young gametophytes developed inconsistently in P. truncata and never in P. cuspidatum. An investigation of spore deposition around an isolated clump of P. truncata suggested that 67% of the spores released were deposited within the clump, and 70% within 2m. Electrophoretic studies indicated limited genetic variation within two populations of each species, with no genotypes in common between the populations. No genetic variation was recorded between gametophytes within individual clumps of either species, nor between sporophytes and their maternal gametophytes, suggesting a high incidence of inbreeding in these monoecious mosses. (author abst.)

Utilização de análise multivariada e redes neurais artificiais na determinação do comportamento de colonização de populações de macrófitas aquáticas no reservatório de Santana

As análises de agrupamento e de componentes principais e as redes neurais artificiais foram utilizadas na determinação de padrões de comportamento das populações de macrófitas aquáticas que colonizaram o reservatório de Santana, Piraí-RJ, durante o ano de 2004. As análises de agrupamento dividiram o comportamento das populações durante o ano em dois grupos distintos, apresentando um padrão no primeiro semestre que difere daquele observado no segundo semestre do ano. A análise de componentes principais demonstrou que esse comportamento da comunidade (grupo de populações) é influenciado principalmente pelas espécies S. montevidensis, Heteranthera reniformis, Ludwigia sp., Rhynchospora aurea, C. iria, C. ferax e Aeschynomene denticulata no primeiro grupo e por Echinochloa polystachya, Polygonum lapathifolium, Alternanthera phyloxeroides, Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia azurea, Brachiaria arrecta e Oxyscarium cubense no segundo grupo. As redes neurais artificiais agruparam as populações de macrófitas aquáticas em nove grupos, conforme sua densidade nos diferentes meses do ano. A aplicação da análise de componentes principais (ACP) nos valores de frequência das populações presentes nos primeiros três grupos de Kohonen permitiu discriminar três grupos de meses, cujas populações apresentaram características diferentes de colonização. A aplicação das redes neurais artificiais permitiu melhor discriminação dos meses e das espécies que compõem as comunidades correspondentes, quando utilizada a análise de componentes principais.