Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2007)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2007, vegetation cover was estimated twice in June and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2007, dead plant material was found only in a few plots. Therefore, cover of dead plant material is zero for most of the 82 plots.

Aboveground plant community and species-specific vegetation cover from the Jena Experiment (Main Experiment, year 2004)

This data set contains information on vegetation cover, i.e. the proportion of soil surface area that is covered by different categories of plants per estimated plot area. Data was collected on the plant community level (sown plant community, weed plant community, dead plant material, and bare ground) and on the level of individual plant species in case of the sown species. Data presented here is from the Main Experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the main experiment, 82 grassland plots of 20 x 20 m were established from a pool of 60 species belonging to four functional groups (grasses, legumes, tall and small herbs). In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 species) and functional richness (1, 2, 3, 4 functional groups). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. In 2004, vegetation cover was estimated twice in May and August just prior to mowing (during peak standing biomass) on all experimental plots of the Main Experiment. Cover was visually estimated in a central area of each plot 3 by 3 m in size (approximately 9 m²) using a decimal scale (Londo). Cover estimates for the individual species (and for target species + weeds + bare ground) can add up to more than 100% because the estimated categories represented a structure with potentially overlapping multiple layers. In 2004, cover on the community level was only estimated for the sown plant community, weed plant community and bare soil. In contrast to later years, cover of dead plant material was not estimated.

New species of Digitaria, Pennisetum, and Poa (Gramineae) from Costa Rica / Richard W. Pohl.

v.38:no.2(1976)

Implementació d'un proveïdor de servei PAPI (PoA) lleuger en Python

L'objectiu principal d'aquest projecte ha estat realitzar el desenvolupament en Python d'un PoA lleuger, implementant la part del protocol PAPI que correspon al proveïdor de servei. El resultat d'aquesta implementació ha estat una llibreria Python que es farà servir des de les aplicacions web i que proporcionarà a aquestes una interfície senzilla per realitzar la identificació dels usuaris i un control d'accés a la pròpia aplicació.

Nestmate recognition and the genetic relatedness of nests in the ant Formica pratensis

Genetic relatedness of the mound-building ant Formica pratensis was determined by means of microsatellite DNA polymorphism, and its impact on nestmate recognition was tested in a population in Southern Sweden (Oeland). Recognition between nests was measured by testing aggression levels between single pairs of workers. The genetic distances of nests (Nei's genetic distance) and the spatial distance of nests were correlated and both showed a strong relation to the aggression behavior. Multiple regression analysis revealed a stronger impact of genetic relatedness rather than spatial distances on aggression behavior. Neighbouring nests were more closely related than distant nests, which may reflect budding as a possible spreading mechanism. The genetic distance data showed that nestmate recognition was strongly genetically influenced in F. pratensis.

Formica pratensis (Hyménoptères: Formicidae) dans le canton de Vaud: état des peuplements et importance des talus de routes comme milieu de substitution.

Formica pratensis (Hyménoptères Formicidae) figure sur la liste rouge des espèces menacées de Suisse. Cette espèce de fourmis des bois colonise les milieux herbacés ouverts comme les prés et prairies sèches peu exploitées, les talus bien exposés. Face à la raréfaction de ces habitats liée à l'intensification de l'agriculture, elle colonise de plus en plus souvent les talus herbeux en bordure de routes. Afin de mieux comprendre la situation actuelle de l'espèce et ses besoins en milieux naturels, nous avons mené une étude à large échelle dans le cnaton de Vaud (Suisse). F.pratensis se rencontre sur l'ensemble du territoire, principalement en dessous de 800 m, mais elle ne semble plus aussi fréquente qu'autrefois. F.pratensis recherche surtout des stations en pente bien exposées au soleil et avec une végétation assez ouverte. De tels milieux se faisant de plus en plus rares dans le paysage agricole moderne, les talus de route apparaissent souvent comme une alternative (ou milieu de subsitution) pour F.pratensis. les importantes perturbations (pollution, fauche répétitive, pauvreté du milieu) ne permettent toutefois pas aux sociétés de fourmis de se développer pleinement et la survie de l'espèce passe par la sauvegarde d'autres milieux ouverts exploités extensivement. Grâce aux données collectées, un suivi comparatif des populations pourra être effectuée dans les années à venir

Estequiometria i metabolòmica d'Alopecurus pratensis i Holcus lanatus en condicions de sequera

La variabilitat de l’estequiometria elemental dels organismes a causa de l’ontogènia i dels canvis en les condicions ambientals està relacionada amb la variabilitat metabolòmica. Això és degut a que els elements operen majoritàriament com a parts de compostos moleculars. Així doncs, la hipòtesi realitzada per Rivas-Ubach et al., (2012), la qual postula que els estudis estequiomètrics i metabolòmics d’un conjunt d’espècies vegetals exposades a condicions ambientals diferents han de mostrar la flexibilitat que posseeix un organisme a l’hora de modular la seva estequiometria i el seu metaboloma per tal de mantenir la forma òptima sota condicions variants, esdevé la base que sustenta l’experiment EVENT II. A partir de l’estudi de les relacions estequiomètriques, -principalment C:N:P- i del metabolisme d’Alopecurus pratensis i Holcus lanatus en situacions simulades de sequera, s’han obtingut resultats que evidencien una clara diferenciació a nivell d’espècie, de part de la planta i de tractament. El metabolisme i l’estequiometria diferencial que presenten ambdues gramínies dóna suport a la hipòtesi del nínxol biogeoquímic. A nivell de parts de la planta, s’observa un clar augment de la relació C:nutrients a la part aèria, mentre que a les arrels, aquesta relació disminueix. La part aèria doncs, necessita més C per invertir en funcions estructurals, mentre que l’elevada concentració de nutrients i metabòlits a les arrels donen indicis de la presència de mecanismes osmòtics per a facilitar l’entrada d’aigua, i de creixement, per a la recerca de noves fonts d’aigua, observant-se una disminució de la relació part aèria:arrels. Un altre factor que demostra aquest creixement radicular són les baixes relacions N:P trobades, fet que dóna suport a la hipòtesi de la velocitat de creixement.

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C-org, N-t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G(-) to a more G(+), and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G(-), G(+)/G(-)). The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microllora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C-org, N-t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G(-) to a more G(+), and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere beta-xylosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, beta-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G(-), G(+)/G(-)). The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microllora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Construction of a Festuca pratensis BAC library for map-based cloning in Festulolium substitution lines

Introgression in Festulolium is a potentially powerful tool to isolate genes for a large number of traits which differ between Festuca pratensis Huds. and Lolium perenne L. Not only are hybrids between the two species fertile, but the two genomes can be distinguished by genomic in situ hybridisation and a high frequency of recombination occurs between homoeologous chromosomes and chromosome segments. By a programme of introgression and a series of backcrosses, L. perenne lines have been produced which contain small F. pratensis substitutions. This material is a rich source of polymorphic markers targeted towards any trait carried on the F. pratensis substitution not observed in the L. perenne background. We describe here the construction of an F. pratensis BAC library, which establishes the basis of a map-based cloning strategy in L. perenne. The library contains 49,152 clones, with an average insert size of 112 kbp, providing coverage of 2.5 haploid genome equivalents. We have screened the library for eight amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) derived markers known to be linked to an F. pratensis gene introgressed into L. perenne and conferring a staygreen phenotype as a consequence of a mutation in primary chlorophyll catabolism. While for four of the markers it was possible to identify bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, the other four AFLPs were too repetitive to enable reliable identification of locus-specific BACs. Moreover, when the four BACs were partially sequenced, no obvious coding regions could be identified. This contrasted to BACs identified using cDNA sequences, when multiple genes were identified on the same BAC.

A prática democratica na escola pública estadual : estudo de caso da expressão das condições da prática democrática pelos professores do Colégio Estadual José de Godoy - POA - RS - durante a abertura política brasileira (1979-1985)

Vários países da América Latina ensaiaram novamente, na década de 80 o bom e velho caminho da democracia. O problema, colocado aqui, é investigar e saber se a instituição educacional está acompanhando esta caminhada. Este estudo empírico limita-se a investigar um ponto deste longo caminho perguntando o que se passou durante a Abertura Política Brasileira (1979-1985).e observando a experiência dos professores de uma escola de Porto Alegre pertencente ao sistema estadual sul-rio-grandense. Nesta unidade escolar, denominado Colégio Estadual Cândido José de Godói, pesquisou-se como os seus professores expressaram as condições da prática democrática Como uma das condições da prática democrática observou-se a capacidade dos professores para expressar as suas diferenças. Para esta pesquisa usaram-se vários instrumentos como questionários e entrevistas. O documento basilar desta pesquisa foram os textos registrados num livro manuscrito denominado Atas do Grêmio dos Professores. Este Grêmio articulou-se com a classe do magistério estadual, representado pelo CPERS (Centro dos Professores do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) com o qual interagiu em vários episódios através de expressões de autonomia. Estes exercícios de expressões de autonomia determinaram o reconhecimento externo da classe. Internamente estes docentes conquistaram, neste momento, a sua identidade, as competências e os limites legíveis na conscientização democrática.

Projeto piloto de beneficiamento industrial de resíduos sólidos gerados na CEASA/POA

o presente trabalho tem como propósito validar o projeto piloto, cujo objetivo é modificar uma realidade existente no método de descarte dos resíduos sólidos gerados na CEASA-POA, objetivando diminuir o desperdício de alimentos e reduzir a poluição ambiental, - - em sua maioria são resíduos de alta qualidade. No modelo atual os resíduos sólidos de hortiftutigranjeiros da CEASA-POA, são quase que integralmente descartados no aterro sanitário, mas que podem e devem ser reprocessados, via novo ciclo produtivo. Em pesquisa realizada, encontramos outros dois tipos de atividades. desenvolvidas, nas demais CEASAS existentes no país, inclusive na CEASA-POA. O reaproveitamento dos resíduos em condições para consumo humano, com a existência de um banco de alimentos, onde os atacadistas doam produtos que não estão em boas condições para venda, por motivos diversos, mas em condições para alimentação humana em Curitiba-PR esta doação sofre um processo de industrialização, resultando na fabricação de uma sopa enlatada, distribuida a entidades assistenciais Existe também, o descarte seletivo dos resíduos para produção de adubo composto orgânico. A partir deste trabalho, apresenta-se uma terceira alternativa, que é o processamento dos resíduos sólidos gerados na CEASA - Porto Alegre-RS, em uma planta piloto, com a finalidade de obter-se um complemento para ser ofertado na alimentação de anlinais. Através de um estudo prévio com o mapeamento de toda a CEASA, consistindo na localização, quantificação e qualificação de todos os resíduos sólidos gerados na CEASA. Os valores obtidos foram ao longo de quatro meses, com a geração média de 30 toneladas de resíduos hortiftutigranjeiros por dia. De posse das informações levantadas, foi proposto este presente projeto piloto, em beneficiar uma pequena parte destes resíduos. O método utilizado para obtenção da ração, foi o processo de desidratação via evaporação térmica, obtendo-se um complemento alimentar, com teor de proteína brota média na ordem de 10,3%, excelente aceitação pelos bovinos e suínos. Assim, espera-se que este projeto piloto, proposto, elaborado e executado com sucesso, justifique a implementação de equipamentos de grande porte, com capacidade de processar o total do descarte, em escala industrial Podendo ser reproduzido nas demais CEASAS de nosso Estado e Pais, evitandose assim o desperdício de alimentos, e aumento do tempo de vida útil dos aterros sanitários com maior preservação do meio ambiente.

A ação educativa com jovens e adultos : um estudo das significações do currículo no "lugar" sala de aula na experiência do SEJA - POA

A presente dissertação identifica e analisa na ação educativa com jovens e adultos algumas das significações do currículo no "lugar" sala de aula, do SEJA - POA (Serviço de Educação de Jovens e Adultos de Porto Alegre). A investigação envolveu duas turmas de Totalidades Inicias do Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense, um dos lugares conveniados com o SEJA - POA na implantação da proposta curricular. Tendo como centro da análise a ação educativa, a investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de observações participantes do "lugar" sala de aula, de entrevistas semi - estruturadas com os sujeitos da pesquisa, alunos/as e professoras, de coleta de material produzido e trabalhado em sala de aula, utilizando como pano de fundo para a análise das significações do currículo, o ideário do SEJA - POA. A pesquisa caracterizou-se por um olhar prolongado da sala de aula na interação com a realidade dos sujeitos da pesquisa, caminho de pesquisa facilitado pela atividade desempenhada junto ao SEJA - POA como apoiadora pedagógica deste local.