Phospho-mTOR in non-tumour and tumour bladder urothelium: Pattern of expression and impact on urothelial bladder cancer patients

Urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) is heterogeneous in its pathology and clinical behaviour. Evaluation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is necessary, in order to produce personalised treatment options. The present study used immunohistochemistry to evaluate UBC sections containing tumour and non-tumour areas from 76 patients, for the detection of p-mTOR, CD31 and D2-40 (blood and lymphatic vessels identification, respectively). Of the non-tumour and tumour sections, 36 and 20% were scored positive for p-mTOR expression, respectively. Immunoexpression was observed in umbrella cells from non-tumour urothelium, in all cell layers from non-muscle-invasive (NMI) tumours (including expression in superficial cells), and in spots of cells from muscle-invasive (MI) tumours. Positive expression decreased from non-tumour to tumour urothelium, and from pTl/pTis to pT3/pT4 tumours; however, the few pT3/pT4 positive cases had worse survival rates, with 5-year disease-free survival being significantly lower. Angiogenesis occurrence was impaired in pT3/pT4 tumours that did not express p-mTOR. In conclusion, p-mTOR expression in non-tumour umbrella cells is likely a reflection of their metabolic plasticity, and extension to the inner layers of the urothelium in NMI tumours is consistent with an enhanced malignant potential. The expression in cell spots in a few MI tumours and absence of expression in the remaining tumours is intriguing and requires further research. Additional studies regarding the up- and downstream effectors of the mTOR pathway should be conducted.

State of Emergency Medicine in Switzerland: a national profile of emergency departments in 2006

BACKGROUND Emergency departments (EDs) are an essential component of any developed health care system. There is, however, no national description of EDs in Switzerland. Our objective was to establish the number and location of EDs, patient visits and flow, medical staff and organization, and capabilities in 2006, as a benchmark before emergency medicine became a subspecialty in Switzerland. METHODS In 2007, we started to create an inventory of all hospital-based EDs with a preliminary list from the Swiss Society of Emergency and Rescue Medicine that was improved with input from ED physicians nationwide. EDs were eligible if they offered acute care 24 h per day, 7 days per week. Our goal was to have 2006 data from at least 80% of all EDs. The survey was initiated in 2007 and the 80% threshold reached in 2012. RESULTS In 2006, Switzerland had a total of 138 hospital-based EDs. The number of ED visits was 1.475 million visits or 20 visits per 100 inhabitants. The median number of visits was 8,806 per year; 25% of EDs admitted 5,000 patients or less, 31% 5,001-10,000 patients, 26% 10,001-20,000 patients, and 17% >20,000 patients per year. Crowding was reported by 84% of EDs with >20,000 visits/year. Residents with limited experience provided care for 77% of visits. Imaging was not immediately available for all patients: standard X-ray within 15 min (70%), non-contrast head CT scan within 15 min (38%), and focused sonography for trauma (70%); 67% of EDs had an intensive care unit within the hospital, and 87% had an operating room always available. CONCLUSIONS Swiss EDs were significant providers of health care in 2006. Crowding, physicians with limited experience, and the heterogeneity of emergency care capabilities were likely threats to the ubiquitous and consistent delivery of quality emergency care, particularly for time-sensitive conditions. Our survey establishes a benchmark to better understand future improvements in Swiss emergency care.

Reports of cases determined in the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of New Jersey.

Publisher and place of publication vary.

Œuvres complètes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Oeuvres posthumes.

Mode of access: Internet.

Éléments d'anatomie générale /

Mode of access: Internet.

Ocherki po istorīi drevnikh literatur /

"T. 1. Grecheskai͡a literatura". No more published.

Biblīografīi͡a sochinenīĭ Nikolai͡a Semenovicha Li͡eskova, s nachala ego literaturnoĭ di͡ei͡atelʹnosti - 1860 g. po 1887 g. (vkli͡uchitelʹno)

"V prodazhu postupilo pi͡atʹdesi͡at ėkzempli͡arov."

Die volksbank,

Mode of access: Internet.

De la capacidad política de las clases jornaleras.

At head of title: Traducción y prólogo de F. Pi y Margall.

Liï¸ e︡topisʹ Peterburgskikh Imperatorskikh teatrov; sezony 1881/82-1890/91.

Issued in fascicules as supplements to Ezhegodnik imperatorskikh teatrov 1912:7, 1913:2, 1913:4, 1914:1, 1914:6.

SochinenÄ«iï¸ a︡.

Mode of access: Internet.

VvedenÄ«e v istorÄ«iï¸ u︡ russkoÄ­ slovesnosti; iz lektï¸ s︡īĭ i izsliï¸ e︡dovanÄ«Ä­.

Includes bibliographies.

Polnoe sobranīe sochineniĭ K.M. Stani͡ukovicha.

"Prilozhenīe k zhurnalu 'Niva' na 1906-[1907] g."