Vermont, designed by the Creator for the playground of the continent.

Mode of access: Internet.

Games for the playground, home, school and gymmnasium,

Mode of access: Internet.

The folk dance book, for elementary schools, classroom, playground, and gymnasium,

Mode of access: Internet.

Injury and frequency of use of playground equipment in public schools and parks in Brisbane, Australia

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of use of play equipment in public schools and parks in Brisbane, Australia, and to estimate an annual rate of injury per use of equipment, overall and for particular types of equipment. Methods: Injury data on all children injured from playground equipment and seeking medical attention at the emergency department of either of the two children's hospitals in the City of Brisbane were obtained for the years 1996 and 1997. Children were observed at play on five different pieces of play equipment in a random sample of 16 parks and 16 schools in the City of Brisbane. Children injured in the 16 parks and schools were counted, and rates of injury and use were calculated. Results: The ranked order for equipment use in the 16 schools was climbing equipment (3762 uses), horizontal ladders (2309 uses), and slides (856 uses). Each horizontal ladder was used 2.6 times more often than each piece of climbing equipment. Each horizontal ladder was used 7.8 times more than each piece of climbing equipment in the sample of public parks. Slides were used 4.6 times more than climbing equipment in parks and 1.2 times more in public schools. The annual injury rate for the 16 schools and 16 parks under observation was 0.59/100000 and 0.26/100000 uses of equipment, respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that annual number of injuries per standardized number of uses could be used to determine the relative risk of particular pieces of playground equipment. The low overall rate of injuries/100000 uses of equipment in this study suggests that the benefit of further reduction of injury in this community may be marginal and outweigh the economic costs in addition to reducing challenging play opportunities.

Woman breast feeding at playground

Inscription: Verso: New York.

Playground

General note: Title provided by Freda Leinwand.

Playground

Inscriptions: Verso: [stamped] Photograph by Freda Leinwand. [463 West Street, Studio 229G, New York, NY 10014].

Playground

Inscriptions: Verso: [stamped] Photograph by Freda Leinwand. [463 West Street, Studio 229G, New York, NY 10014].

Abingdon Square playground

Inscriptions: Verso: [stamped] Photograph by Freda Leinwand. [463 West Street, Studio 229G, New York, NY 10014].

Social competence at the playground: Preschoolers during recess

Social interactions at the playground have been represented as a rich learning opportunity to hone and master social skills at pre- school years. Specifically, all forms of social play (fantasy, role, ex- ercise or rough-and-tumble) have been related to children’s social competence. The main goal of this study was to examine whether it is a certain kind of social play which facilitates the development of social competence, or if it is just the opportunity for interacting during recess that provides children with an optimal environment for social learning. A total of 73 preschoolers (4–6 years old) were videotaped at the school’s playground. Teachers provided assess- ments of children’s social competence. Children’s interactions at the playground were assessed through an innovative measuring method, based on radio-frequency identification devices. The results showed a positive association between exercise play and children’s social competence. In contrast with the literature, both forms of pretend play, fantasy and role play were unrelated to children’s social competence. Smaller peer groups and longer interactions also demonstrated a positive association with these preschoolers’ social competence. The study shows the importance of outdoor physical play for preschoolers’ social success. More- over, the study suggests that the environment in which children play has an important effect on the adaptive nature of their play.

Social competence at the playground: Preschoolers during recess

Social interactions at the playground have been represented as a rich learning opportunity to hone and master social skills at preschool years. Specifically, all forms of social play (fantasy, role, exercise or rough-and-tumble) have been related to children’s social competence. The main goal of this study was to examine whether it is a certain kind of social play which facilitates the development of social competence, or if it is just the opportunity for interacting during recess that provides children with an optimal environment for social learning. A total of 73 preschoolers (4–6 years old) were videotaped at the school’s playground. Teachers provided assessments of children’s social competence. Children’s interactions at the playground were assessed through an innovative measuring method, based on radio-frequency identification devices. The results showed a positive association between exercise play and children’s social competence. In contrast with the literature, both forms of pretend play, fantasy and role play were unrelated to children’s social competence. Smaller peer groups and longer interactions also demonstrated a positive association with these preschoolers’ social competence. The study shows the importance of outdoor physical play for preschoolers’ social success. Moreover, the study suggests that the environment in which children play has an important effect on the adaptive nature of their play.

O brincar no contexto escolar : significados das brincadeiras realizadas em aulas de educação física e no recreio

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Environmental conditions and variation in levels of sun exposure among children in child care

Sun exposure in childhood is I of the risk factors for developing skin cancer, yet little is known about levels of exposure at this age. This is particularly important in countries with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. (UVR) such as Australia. Among 49 children 3 to 5 years of age attending child care centers, UVR exposure was studied under 4 conditions in a repeated measures design; sunny days, cloudy days, teacher's instruction to stay in the shade, and a health professionals instruction to apply sunscreen. Three different data collection methods were employed: (a) completion of questionnaire or diary by parents and researcher, (b) polysulphone dosimeter readings, and (c) observational audits (video recording). Results of this study indicated that more than half the children had been sunburnt (pink or red) and more than a third had experienced painful sunburn (sore or tender) in the last summer. Most wore short sleeve shirts, short skirts or shorts and cap, that do not provide optimal levels of skin protection. However, sunscreen was applied to all exposed parts before the children went out to the playground. Over the period of I hr (9-10 a.m.) the average amount of time children spent in full sun was 22 min. On sunny days there was more variation across children in the amount of sun exposure received. While the potential amount of UVR exposure for young children during the hour they were outside on a sunny day was 1.45 MED (Minimum Erythemal Dose), they received on average 0.35 MED, which is an insufficient amount to result in an erythemal response on fair skin even without the use of sunscreen.

Diferença entre características na formação do preço de venda e locação de imóveis na cidade de Vitória/ES

Essa dissertação estuda as características relevantes na formação do preço de venda e aluguel, analisando também as diferenças entre esses atributos para apartamentos na cidade de Vitória/ES, preenchendo uma lacuna ainda não desenvolvida, tendo em vista a possibilidade de comparação entre preços de aluguel e venda. O constructo teórico teve como fundamento abordagem de preços hedônicos, aplicada em estudos de Waugh (1928) e Court (1939), mas formalmente desenvolvida teoricamente por Lancaster (1966) e Rosen (1974), e aplicadas e discutidas por Palmquist (1984) e Sheppard (1999). A revisão de literatura mostra que existe impactos tanto em relação aos aspectos físicos dos imóveis, como características externas, como violência, facilidade de acesso, ou presença de estações de trens ou mercados no entorno, dentre outras. A amostra partiu de uma listagem de oferta de imóveis no site da Netimóveis durante os meses de maio e junho de 2014, contando com um número de 563 observações para venda e 185 para locação. Além dessas duas amostras, foram elaboradas análises com relação a subamostras que possuíam a variável valor do condomínio, buscando ampliar as variáveis explicativas coletadas. A análise dos resultados foi feita com utilização da estatística descritiva, correlação entre variáveis e regressão múltipla, sendo essa última aplicada nos 6 modelos propostos para cada amostra, posteriormente propondo um modelo final para venda e aluguel. No que tange as hipóteses utilizadas e aplicadas nos modelos, parte delas foram utilizadas tendo em base estudos prévios, e outras, como o sol da manhã, por exemplo, foram apresentadas como propostas. Dos resultados encontrados, muitos corroboraram com estudos anteriores, confirmando que variáveis como área, vagas na garagem, varanda, anda e posição de frente da unidade, piscina e localização em bairros nobres impactam positivamente no preço dos imóveis, independente se venda ou aluguel. Como diferenças, foi possível identificar que as variáveis presença de elevador, playground e valor do condomínio participam positivamente da explicação do preço de venda, enquanto, presença de quadra, mobília e sol da manhã explicam positivamente o valor do aluguel na amostra.