647 resultados para Plato.


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Coventry University exhibition curated by Rosemary Cisernos

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A questão da possibilidade ou não de se ensinar a virtude é um dos problemas mais antigos em ética. Mesmo que não surja de forma sempre explícita, já as epopéias homéricas tratam da questão. Platão, ao ocupar-se do tema, é devedor de uma longa tradição. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa de cunho teórico, busca, inicialmente, investigar como o conceito grego de aretê e sua possibilidade de ensino, ocorrem na anterioridade platônica em Homero e Hesíodo, passando pelos poetas líricos, trágicos, cômicos, filósofos pré-socráticos, sofistas e Sócrates, indo até Platão no diálogo Mênon que contém a abordagem mais direta do tema da ensinabilidade da virtude. O mestre da Academia, apesar de considerar a aretê o cerne da polis ideal, reluta em afirmar categoricamente que a mesma pode ser ensinada, pois essa posição estava na raiz da controvérsia dos sofistas com seu mestre Sócrates. A partir do século XIX, quando a antiga unidade de um bem a todos não mais se sustenta, o termo “virtude” é substituído por “valor”. É com ensino de valores, portanto, que a escola passa a ocupar-se, e ainda hoje é proposição importante na prática e no debate pedagógico. A pesquisa procura mostrar as conexões possíveis entre o ensino da aretê e o ensino de valores. Sugere que, apesar da enorme distância entre a nossa cultura e a cultura grega, a dimensão própria da aretê permanece na escola, presentificada pela impossibilidade de educar sem apelo aquilo que hoje denominamos valores. A Dissertação não pretende constituir, enfim, uma crítica ao ensino de valores na atualidade, mas mostrar a tensão entre o que é intrínseco à prática escolar e seus limites de consecução.

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Na análise do processo formativo, ou seja, no entendimento de como alguns conceitos se tornaram fundamentais para a Filosofia da Educação devemos destacar as arguições feitas por Sócrates escritas por seu discípulo Platão. Em A República, conhecemos alguns conceitos fundamentais da chamada idéia socrática, ou seja, do processo formativo desenvolvido por Sócrates. Podemos destacar a refutação, que era a necessidade de fazer com que o discípulo refletisse sobre um conceito inicial que ele tinha. Dessa forma, por meio de uma relação dialógica que Sócrates estabelecia com os seus discípulos, era possível uma reflexão dos mesmos em relação ao pouco desenvolvimento das primeiras definições conceituais. É dessa maneira que o conceito se tornava mais elaborado. Um outro ponto importante da técnica de Sócrates foi a maiêutica , ou seja, a possibilidade de fazer com que o discípulo se sentisse estimulado a rememorar conteúdos que estariam escritos na sua própria alma ou psique. Portanto, notamos que em Sócrates é o ser humano que tem a condição de refletir sobre o seu próprio destino.

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Dois arquivos, um no formato PNG e outro em formato SVG. Dimensão de 319x886px.

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The allegory of the divided line presents one structure that divides itself into four levels of reality. Two of them move in the world of appearances or opinion, and the others into the world of being or intelligibility: eikasia and pistis, and dianoia and noesis. The difficulty is the following: if there are four levels of reality each with their respective objects that are apprehended according to a type of knowledge involved, is there an interpretation of the justice according to each level? Accordingly, our intention, after presenting the types of knowledge in the allegory of the divided line, is to demonstrate how the justice is comprehended at each level of reality. We understand that Plato uses the characters to represent levels involving different types of knowledge. The characters are Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, Glaucon, Adimantus and Socrates, and the comprehension about what is the justice at each level follows what these characters understand justice to be

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The ontological investigation of sense, from German philosopher Gottlob Frege s point of view, has, as its foundation, the understanding of reference, representation, thought and sense s categories. According to Frege s writings, On Sense and Reference, and Thoughts Logical Investigations, sense carries itself the solution for the problem of identity s relation. Sense gives us the knowledge s increment that identity doesn t give. But still there is a problem: the definition of sense's nature. Sense couldn t have its nature strictly defined because, in this case, it would be reduced to reference s category and thus, sense would be identified with the own extra-linguistic object, and this is a misconception. But Frege said that thought must be considered as the sense of the sentence. So, with this close relationship between sense and thought, a new goal in this investigation is putt in focus: thought. To Frege, thought is not a simple subjective performance of thinking, it is not a subjective representation, but it is an objective content that is real, eternal, and that exists by itself in a third realm . Thought exists in a realm beyond the world of subjective representations and beyond the world of sensible perception. From this point, the present investigation went back to Plato s World of Ideas. So, the platonic thinking was included in this debate about the metaphysic of the third realm in Frege, trying to clarify the original concepts of knowledge, reality and truth. To achieve this objective, the following dialogues had been included in our research: Theaetetus, Republic and Phaedo. And the following fregean questions had been brought to Plato's scope: how happens the new knowledge? What is the third realm s reality? What is the relation between truth and thought? Doing that we could see as much some of the platonic origins of Frege's approach, as some differences between this two philosophers

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This thesis endorses the interpretation that in Plato`s Republic the argument made by Thrasymachus in which justice is the convenience of the most powerful one is implicitly accepted by Socrates. Although Thrasymachus´ discussion does not show any similarity with the argument of Socrates, it proposes a sarcastic and ironic comment on political life. Socrates accepts this comment to develop a more refined notion of the category of the most powerful ones. While Thrasymachus assumes that the convenience of the most powerful ones includes the power to subordinate all and everything to their individual pleasures, Socrates admits that the most powerful ones are defined only by their characteristic of being able to hold power in perpetuity. In this context, the main theme of The Republic is that the harmony between the functional classes of the city is convenient for perpetual power. For preservation of harmony, the functional class of the most powerful considers the convenience of forsaking a possible monopoly on pleasure towards a redistribution that promotes harmony, which also makes it convenient for the other classes. Thus, we can explicitly say that the most powerful ones believe in a sense of justice as convenience for everyone, but implicitly believe only in the argument that justice is what is convenient for themselves. Since convenience is what promotes harmony between functional classes, it becomes convenient to Socrates to believe that the understanding justice that the most powerful ones have is not publicly disclosed. The notion that all the speculation of the dialogue between the characters cannot be true, but, at best, only plausible and convenient is also part of the central argument in The Republic. Socrates needs to modify the nature of the functional classes through a targeted program of sexual reproduction and a program of ideological indoctrination so that the proposal to promote harmony through the elements of the city, declaring that justice is in favor of the weakest becomes a more plausible and convenient speech. To make the new system more plausible, Socrates develops a metaphysics based on the mathematical notion of harmony, such metaphysics serving the official rhetoric of the political regime presented by Socrates

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This study presents a study on Plato's Phaedrus , with the purpose of discussing the possibility of interpreting this dialogue as a discussion on the greek notion of paideia.. We believe to find evidence to support this claim both in the cultural background of the dialogue and in its text. As background evidence, we point to the fact that Rhetoric had become the major disciplined studied in Athens in Plato's time, largely because democratic instituitions favored its practice. As text evidence, we point out that the story of the Phaedrus can be read as the story of how Socrates leads Phaedrus's soul toward philosophy. Therefore, we believe that Plato's main goal with this dialogue is to discuss Rhetoric and present the philosophical perspective on the possibility of an art of speechmaking. In order to achieve this, Plato presents an analyses of current Rhetoric, explains his conception of dialectic, and debate the relation between extemporaneous and written speech. We believe that all those elements serve the larger purpose of providing the background to discuss the cultural education of the Athenians

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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Cette thèse a pour objectif principal examiner comment les Mênon, Platon listes l'anámnesis avec les autres théories qui sont abordés dans ce dialogue et, par conséquent, essayer de comprendre ce que c'est. Cette recherche vise dans un premier temps situées dans d'autres dialogues de Platon la survenance du terme anamnésis à veifique les points qui relient ces oeuvres à clarifier la compréhension d'un plus approprié dans le Mênon. Jetez-y aussi, quels sont les éléments de la platonicienne théorie de la connaissance sera reliant le dialogue afin de prouver que le Mênon, qui est la question centrale areté, garde un conflit dans la sophistique et la philosophie. Ce choc entre ce qui se passe papapep indirectement par l'intermédiaire de son Mênon enseigné, et Socrates qui conteste la thèse de l'éthique et le relativisme épistémologique. Nous voyons aussi, de quelle manière le dialogue est donnée de prendre une voie d'accès au savoir qui est configuré comme sûrs, à savoir anámnésis. L'interrogatoire de Mênon depuis le début dans les appels d'enquêter éristique cet intérêt, que lorsqu'ils sont confrontés à des intérêts les amènerait à l'état aporétique initial et qui est progressivement remplacé par l'aporie fondamental de connaissance, ce n'est point pour aporie la compréhension de anámnesis. En prenant la dialectique comme méthode d'enquête dans le dialogue, il est nécessaire de la part de Socrates et Mênon, de quitter le didaskein et en profiter pour mathésis que la construction des connaissances. Il ouvre de manière un des principaux enjeux dans ce travail examine si le anámnesis permettre l'accès aux moyens et si elle a un statut similaire à mnéme. À un moment où Socrate explique dans le dialogue qui est le anámnesis par monstration monstration fait avec esclave de Mênon il est l'utilisation d'éléments mythiques que, selon notre analyse, permettre à comprendre le sens de dialogue les connaissances qui montre l'opportunité d'apprendre, qui est la anámnesis

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Plato, in his Phaedo, develops an investigation concerning the relationship between opposites. The account of Socrates s historical death (57 a 60 a / 116 a - 118), the palaios logos (60 b 70 c), the reciprocal generation between opposites (70 c 72 e), the recollection argument (77 d 80 e), the reciprocal exclusion between opposites (95 e 107 a) and the myth (107 b 116 a), are all instruments to define death for the philosopher. The core of this research, or the argument of the opposites in both its modes of articulation: double generation (70 c 72 e) and double exclusion of opposites (103 a), when added to the recollection argument (72 c d) becomes decisive in discerning both the real cause of generation and the understanding of what occurs in the process of exclusion between opposites (70 c 72 e)

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Cette recherche a pour but d étudier l immortalité de l âme dans le Phédon de Platon. Le problème central consiste dans l affirmation de l immortalité de l âme. Pour la justifier, Platon fait une démonstration dialectique basée sur la Théorie des Formes. La trame des arguments philosophiques articulés dans ce Dialogue sera mise en dissertation. Ces arguments sont: l argument des contraires, l argument de l Anamnese et l argument sur la cause de la génération et de la corruption

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O Pensamento de Platão tem o encanto das estátuas de Dédalo: esvai-se pelos meandros do discurso, tão logo se pretenda travar com ele uma relação de domínio. A sua correta interpretação exige que se assuma a Polis como o lugar natural no qual emerge, como a limitação que ele se propõe superar remontando à Fysis e ao Ser. Fazê-lo importa em captar o movimento que lhe é próprio, partindo da questão sobre o ente e visualizando a resposta como o enunciado de sua essência, isto é, do eidos, e de seu fundamento, isto é, do Bem como nome próprio do Ser. Determinando o ente em sua essência, o eidos é a medida de toda a adequação, da episteme à Polis.