1000 resultados para Planejamento experimental
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In recent decades, the generation of solid and liquid waste has increased substantially due to increased industrial activity that is directly linked to economic growth. For that is the most efficient process, it is inevitable generation of such wastes. In the oil industry, a major waste generated in oil exploration is produced water, which due to its complex composition and the large amount generated, has become a challenge, given the restrictions imposed by environmental laws regarding their disposal, making if necessary create alternatives for reuse or treatment in order to reduce the content of contaminants and reduce the harmful effects to the environment. This water can be present in free form or emulsified with the oil, when in the form of an emulsion of oil-water type, it is necessary to use chemicals to promote the separation and flotation is the treatment method which has proved to be more efficient, for it can remove much of the emulsified oil when compared to other methods. In this context, the object of this work was to study the individual effects and interactions of some physicochemical parameters of operations, based on previous work to a flotation cell used in the separation of synthetic emulsion oil / water in order to optimize the efficiency of the separation process through of the 24 full factorial design with center point. The response variables to evaluate the separation efficiency was the percentage of color and turbidity removal. The independent variables were: concentration of de-emulsifying, oil content in water, salinity and pH, these being fixed, minimum and maximum limits. The analysis of variance for the equation of the empirical model, was statistically significant and useful for predictive purposes the separation efficiency of the floater with R2 > 90%. The results showed that the oil content in water and the interaction between the oil content in water and salinity, showed the highest values of the estimated effects among all the factors investigated, having great and positive influence on the separation efficiency. By analyzing the response surface was determined maximum removal efficiency above 90% for both measured for turbidity as a measure of color when in a saline medium (30 g/L), the high oil concentrations (306 ppm) using low concentrations of de-emulsifying (1,1 ppm) and at pH close to neutral
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Green bean is considered as one of most traditional Brazilian Northeast dishes. Green beans drying preliminary experiments show that combine processes, fixed-bed/spouted bed, resulted in dehydrated beans with uniform humidity and the recovery of the beans properties after their rehydration. From this assays was defined an initial humidity suited for the spouted bed process. A fixed-bed pre-drying process until a level of 40% humidity gave the best results. The spouted bed characteristic hydrodynamic curves were presented for different beans loads, where changes in the respective beans physical properties were evidenced during the fluidynamic assay, due simultaneous drying process. One 22 factorial experimental design was carried out with three repetition in the central point, considering as entry variables: drying air velocity and temperature. The response variables were the beans brakeage, water fraction evaporated during 20 and 50 minutes of drying and the humidity ratio. They are presented still the modeling of the drying of the green beans in fine layer in the drier of tray and the modeling of the shrinking of the beans of the drying processes fixed-bed and spouted bed
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEB
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The hardness has an important role in quality control, in research studies and metallurgical and mechanical specification, selection and comparison of various materials. This property is of extreme importance in the oil industry because it is a determining factor to ascertain the safety of the material used in pressure vessels and pipelines. Due to the inability to stop the equipment while checking the hardness, the hardness testers are widely used portable method UCI, its great advantage is the fact that an essay fast, simple realization and not be considered a non-destructive testing with a good relationship money. The objective is to determine if there is significant difference in hardness measurements between 80 and 1200 sandpaper using a portable hardness tester UCI method, the material applied in gas storage spheres composition ASTM 516 Gr 70. After determining the number of homogeneity, we performed the hardness profile to isolate the major factors influencing the hardness part: cold rolling and segregation of impurities. Factors Cooling and sanding were analyzed using the method of design of experiments (DOE), in which it was demonstrated that neither variables nor their interactions, has significant influence on the hardness measurements by portable MIC 10. This fact will lead to reduction in time and cost for surface preparation
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The search for better performance and competitive advantage in the current market scenario has made organizations keep their focus on quality planning and the use of effective techniques aimed at continuous improvement and optimization of processes and resources. The situation is not different for the painting process in the automotive industry, which has a significant amount of variables and influential external factors. This work, developed at General Motors in São José dos Campos, aims to analyze the feasibility of changing the painting process of the pickup S10 railings in the Antracite color located in the main line to the another line located in a Painting Repair Booth at the plant and, therefore, to study the possibility about reducing the window of cure for Antracite’s enamel by using Design of Experiments’ techniques. Applying this method is possible to find the best arrangement among studied factors of Painting Repair Booth that are, in this case, the Temperature, in Celsius degrees, and Skid’s Steps, in seconds, and it’s also possible to get their behavior according to quality requirements specified by GM rules for the Brightness and Paint Adhesion on the part. As a result, it can conclude that is possible to paint the S10 Antracite railings in the painting process’ line of Painting Repair Booth, and with the new configuration obtained by the Design of Experiments for the process variables, there are significant gains related to the parts’ quality, costs reduction and the optimization of production capacity, much in the main line as in the line of the Painting Repair Booth
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In this work the main concepts to apply to dynamic signal analysis technique for rotating machines known as order analysis, discussing their characteristics and applying it on an experimental test rig. It aims to characterize the dynamic behavior of experimental test rig in run up and run down tests, it's operational speed range and the identification of the critical speed of shaft rotation. The results of the critical speed and stationary natural frequency of the shaft are discussed
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In this work the main concepts to apply to dynamic signal analysis technique for rotating machines known as order analysis, discussing their characteristics and applying it on an experimental test rig. It aims to characterize the dynamic behavior of experimental test rig in run up and run down tests, it's operational speed range and the identification of the critical speed of shaft rotation. The results of the critical speed and stationary natural frequency of the shaft are discussed
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Ferroelectric ceramics with perovskite structure (ABO3) are widely used in solid state memories (FeRAM’s and DRAM's) as well as multilayered capacitors, especially as a thin films. When doped with zirconium ions, BaTiO3-based materials form a solid solution known as barium zirconate titanate (BaTi1-xZrxO3). Also called BZT, this material can undergo significant changes in their electrical properties for a small variation of zirconium content in the crystal lattice. The present work is the study of the effects of deposition parameters of BaTi0,75Zr0,25O3 thin films by spin-coating method on their morphology and physical properties, through an experimental design of the Box-Behnken type. The resin used in the process has been synthesized by the polymeric precursor method (Pechini) and subsequently split into three portions each of which has its viscosity adjusted to 10, 20 and 30 mPa∙s by means of a rotary viscometer. The resins were then deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by spin-coating method on 15 different combinations of viscosity, spin speed (3000, 5500 and 8000 rpm) and the number of deposited layers (5, 8 and 11 layers) and then calcined at 800 ° C for 1 h. The phase composition of the films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and indexed with the JCPDS 36-0019. Surface morphology and grain size were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicating uniform films and average grain size around 40 nm. Images of the cross section of the films were obtained by scanning electron microscopy field emission (SEM-FEG), indicating very uniform thicknesses ranging from 140-700 nm between samples. Capacitance measurements were performed at room temperature using an impedance analyzer. The films presented dielectric constant values of 55-305 at 100kHz and low dielectric loss. The design indicated no significant interaction effects between the deposition parameters on the thickness of the films. The response surface methodology enabled better observes the simultaneous effect of variables.
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O presente trabalho avaliou, na etapa experimental, um processo simultâneo de catálise e fermentação láctica visando obter um iogurte com potenciais características nutracêuticas e, na sua etapa teórica, estabeleceu uma interlocução entre a vivência experimentalista e a teoria da cinética enzimática, no que se refere à conversão da lactose e à síntese de galactooligossacarídeos (GOS). Na abordagem experimental, para um substrato específico, avaliouse biocatálise conduzida simultaneamente à fermentação, defasando a adição da enzima em relação ao início do processo fermentativo. A fermentação foi realizada a partir de cultura láctica liofilizada comercial contendo dois micro-organismos probióticos, Bifidobacterium animalis e Lactobacillus acidophilus, associados aos micro-organismos característicos do iogurte, Lactobacillus bulgaricus e Streptococcus thermophilus. Foi utilizado um preparado enzimático contendo -galactosidases obtidas de duas origens distintas: Kluyveromyces lactis e Aspergillus niger. Foram avaliados os efeitos da concentração da enzima e do tempo de adição da enzima em um planejamento experimental 2 2 . As respostas foram às concentrações, ao final do processo, de lactose, de GOS, de glicose e de galactose e a hidrólise dos galactooligossacarídeos ao longo do tempo. No que se refere à abordagem teórica, o presente trabalho considerou modelos matemáticos de hidrólise de dissacarídeos e conversão da lactose, em que a inibição foi representada a partir do incremento da concentração dos produtos da reação. No que se refere à conversão da lactose e síntese de GOS, o presente trabalho buscou estabelecer um modelo matemático em que a inibição ocorreu por efeito do incremento das concentrações de glicose e de galactose, comparando-o com os modelos conhecidos na literatura. Verificou-se que o desempenho do modelo obtido no presente trabalho foi robusto em relação às premissas estabelecidas. Na comparação com resultados experimentais de conversão enzimática, o modelo mostrou-se capaz de minimizar o erro e de ajustar-se aos dados experimentais.
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Rio Grande do Norte State stands out as one great producer of structural clay of the brazilian northeastern. The Valley Assu ceramic tiles production stands out obtained from ilitics ball clays that abound in the region under study. Ceramics formulation and the design of experiments with mixture approach, has been applied for researchers, come as an important aid to decrease the number of experiments necessary to the optimization. In this context, the objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of the formulation, temperature and heating rate in the physical-mechanical properties of the red ceramic body used for roofing tile fabrication of the Valley Assu, using design of mixture experiments. Four clays samples used in two ceramics industry of the region were use as raw material and characterized by X-ray diffraction, chemical composition, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), particle size distribution analysis and plasticity techniques. Afterwards, they were defined initial molded bodies and made specimens were then prepared by uniaxial pressing at 25 MPa before firing at 850, 950 and 1050 ºC in a laboratory furnace, with heating rate in the proportions of 5, 10 e 15 ºC/min. The following tecnologicals properties were evaluated: linear firing shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength. Results show that the temperature 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min was the best condition, therefore presented significance in all physical-mechanical properties. The model was accepted as valid based of the production of three new formulations with fractions mass diferents of the initial molded bodies and heated with temperature at 1050 ºC and heating rate of 5 ºC/min. Considering the formulation, temperature and heating rate as variables of the equations, another model was suggested, where from the aplication of design of experiments with mixtures was possible to get a best formulation, whose experimental error is the minor in relation to the too much formulations
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Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer procedimento tecnológico para produção de fruta estruturada a partir de "mix" de polpa de cajá e mamão, procurando unir as propriedades sensoriais de cada uma das frutas e potencializar as características funcionais do produto final. Avaliou-se o efeito da combinação de pectina, gelatina e alginato de sódio, via metodologia de superfície de resposta, nas características do gel de fruta. As polpas de mamão e cajá e os estruturados obtidos foram caracterizados com relação aos compostos funcionais, avaliando-se o teor de taninos e carotenóides totais, além das análises de composição centesimal, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares, atividade de água, carboidratos e valor energético total. Os resultados obtidos através do planejamento experimental indicam que para o estruturado misto de cajá e mamão, somente o aumento da concentração de gelatina afeta a firmeza do produto final. Os estruturados de frutas desenvolvidos apresentaram boa aceitação sensorial para todos os atributos avaliados. Com relação à intenção de compra, 70% dos provadores responderam que provavelmente ou certamente, comprariam o estruturado misto de cajá e mamão se o encontrassem à venda.
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Para a realização deste trabalho, foi utilizada a técnica da eletrocoagulação (EC) para o tratamento de efluente de piscicultura. Um reator de EC em escala de laboratório, com capacidade de 1,5 L foi montado, utilizando um conjunto de quatro placas de eletrodos de alumínio, um agitador mecânico de alto torque microprocessado, fios condutores com garras de jacaré e uma fonte de tensão com potência regulável. Os eletrodos foram arranjados dentro da célula eletrolítica de forma monopolar, em paralelo e a uma distância de 11 mm. O efluente utilizado neste estudo foi coletado em tanques de piscicultura do centro de criação de peixes do Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Para a determinação da melhor condição de operação do reator, foi feito um planejamento experimental por intermédio do Software “Statgrafics”, definindo, as variáveis operacionais e os seus respetivos intervalos de variação (pH inicial de 4 a 8, condutividade de 1000 a 4000 μS cm-1, tempo de eletrolise de 15 a 35 min., agitação de 200 a 600 rpm e corrente de 1 a 2,5 A), que combinadas entre si totalizaram um total de 35 ensaios experimentais. Com base nos resultados obtidos por meio das análises físico-químicas em laboratório, pode-se afirmar que o pH inicial=8, condutividade=1000 μS cm-1, tempo=35 min., agitação=200 rpm e corrente=2,5 A, são as condições ótimas de operação do reator. Nestas condições, alcançaram remoção de 84,95% para DQO, 98,06% para nitrito, 82,43% para nitrato, 98,05% para fósforo total e 95,32% para a turbidez, sendo o custo operacional de 4,59 R$/m3 de efluente tratado. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que alguns dos parâmetros analisados (pH, turbidez, temperatura, STD, nitrito, nitrato e fósforo total) estão de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos para água doce, classe 2, pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/05, e de acordo com a Resolução CONAMA nº 430/2011 e a Portaria nº 154/2002 da SEMACE (CE), para lançamento do efluente final nos corpos receptores. A técnica de eletrocoagulação além de ser um método alternativo, eficiente e promissor para tratamento de efluentes de piscicultura, também mostrou ser ecologicamente correto por dispensar o consumo elevado de reagentes, ao contrário do que acontece no tratamento convencional.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência do arranjo de plantas na estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela da cultura de sorgo granífero, para a variável produtividade de grãos. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, num esquema fatorial com dois espaçamentos entre linhas (0,50 m e 0,80 m), três densidades de semeadura (100 mil, 160 mil e 220 mil plantas ha-1) e quatro repetições. Cada repetição foi composta, na área útil, por 12 unidades básicas de 0,50 m da linha de cultivo. Foram ajustados modelos, na estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela, que relacionam a variância ou o coeficiente de variação com quatro tamanhos simulados das parcelas. O tamanho estimado de parcelas, na cultura de sorgo granífero, é de 3,2 m² para a variável produtividade de grãos. O aumento do número de plantas, na linha, não proporciona incrementos na produtividade de grãos, porém resulta em melhorias da qualidade de experimentos com sorgo. A estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela depende do número de plantas utilizadas na unidade básica. O espaçamento entre linhas não influencia na estimativa do tamanho ótimo de parcela.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra para a estimação do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre caracteres de três híbridos de milho. Para as análises, foram tomadas aleatoriamente 361, 373 e 416 plantas, respectivamente, de híbridos simples, triplo e duplo. Para cada planta, os seguintes caracteres foram mensurados: diâmetro maior e menor do colmo, altura da planta e altura, peso, comprimento e diâmetro da espiga, número de fileiras por espiga, peso e diâmetro de sabugo, massa de cem grãos, número de grãos por espiga, comprimento e produtividade de grãos. Para cada um dos 91 pares de caracteres e híbridos, foi determinado o tamanho de amostra a partir de "bootstrap", com reposição de 1.000 amostras, de cada tamanho de amostra simulado. Na estimação do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson com a mesma precisão, o tamanho de amostra (número de plantas) aumenta na direção de pares de caracteres com menor intensidade de relação linear, independentemente do tipo de híbrido. Para os 91 pares de caracteres estudados, 252 plantas são suficientes para a estimação do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson, no intervalo de confiança de "bootstrap" de 95%, igual a 0,30