129 resultados para Phytophthora


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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar métodos de inoculação de Phytophthoraparasitica em plântulas e plantas jovens de citros (Citrus spp.) visando sua utilização em estudos de resistência de porta-enxertos à gomose de Phytophthora. Os métodos de inoculação testados foram: contato planta sem ferimento-patógeno, casca destacada, inserção de disco de meio de cultura contendo micélio sob a casca, método do disco e inserção de agulha e palito infestados em plântulas e plantas jovens de citros. A resistência de genótipos à gomose pode ser avaliada em plântulas in vitro, através de inserção de agulha infestada. O método do disco e o da inserção sob casca foram os melhores quando utilizados em plantas jovens. A medida da área total da lesão é a variável ideal para avaliação da doença. No entanto, o comprimento da lesão pode ser utilizado na avaliação da doença em plântulas, plantas jovens e no campo.

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Realizou-se estudo para caracterização e verificação da diversidade genética de Phytophthora parasitica, agente causador da gomose dos citros. Quatorze isolados de Phytophthora parasitica, provenientes do Estado de São Paulo, foram seqüenciados a partir das regiões internas transcritas (ITS1 e ITS2) do gene 5.8S. Obtiveram-se seqüências de 812 pb a 860 pb que foram comparadas com seqüências de outras espécies de Phytophthora spp depositadas no NCBI. Foram feitos estudos filogenéticos, utilizando-se o método neighbor-joining com 1000 bootstrap e construído o dendrograma mais representativo. Obtiveram-se os resultados de 98,88% a 100% de similaridade genética entre os 14 isolados paulistas, e 99,5% a 98,8% entre estes e a seqüência de P. nicotianae (gi| 8927482) obtida do GenBank NCBI.

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Foram realizados três experimentos em Botucatu, estado de São Paulo (22º51'S e 48º26'W), em túnel plástico completamente fechado para verificar a eficiência da solarização do solo na sobrevivência de Phytophthora capsici, agente causal da murchadeira do pimentão (Capsicum annuum). Os experimentos, com duração de 35 dias cada, foram instalados nos períodos de fevereiro a março, abril a maio e junho a julho do ano de 1998. O patógeno, cultivado em grãos de trigo, contidos em bolsas de tecido sintético, foi colocado a 5, 15 e 25 cm de profundidade em duas parcelas idênticas de 33,25 m², sendo uma coberta com plástico de polietileno transparente de 75 mim (solarizada) e a outra sem cobertura (testemunha). Constatou-se que a solarização, aplicada em ambiente protegido, foi eficiente nesses experimentos no controle de P. capsici artificialmente colocada no solo nos três períodos testados, variando apenas o tempo de cobertura do solo de acordo com a época do ano.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Citrus gummosis, caused by Phylophthora spp., is an important citrus disease in Brazil. Almost all citrus rootstock varieties are susceptible to it to some degree, whereas resistance is present in Poncirus trifoliata, a closely related species. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs linked to citrus Phylophthora gummosis resistance. Eighty individuals of the F, progeny, obtained by controlled crosses between Sunki mandarin Citrus sunki (susceptible) and Poncirus trifoliata cv. Rubidoux (resistant), were evaluated. Resistance to Phytophthora parasitica was evaluated by inoculating stems of young plants with a disc of fungal mycelia and measuring lesion lengths a month later. Two QTLs linked to gummosis resistance were detected in linkage groups I and 5 of the P. trifoliala map, and one QTL in linkage group 2 of the C sunki map. The phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs was 14% for C sunki and ranged from 16 to 24% for P. trifoliala. The low character heritability (h(2) = 18.7%) and the detection of more than one QTL associated with citrus Phytophthora gummosis resistance showed that inheritance of the resistance is quantitative.

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The analysis of the effect of soil water matric potential and temperature regimes on the inactivation of chlamydospores of Phytophthora nicotianae in cabbage amended soils was evaluated using three matric potentials (0, -10, and -30 kPa), temperature regimes of 1.5 h at 44 degreesC, 5 h at 41 degreesC and 8 h at 35 degreesC, or 3 h at 47 degreesC, 5 h at 44 degreesC and 8 h at 35 degreesC, with a baseline temperature of 25 degreesC during the rest of the day. The results indicated that survival of P. nicotianae was lowest in saturated soil; and as temperature increased, survival of the pathogen decreased at all soil water matric potentials evaluated. Cabbage amendments can enhance the effect of the heat treatment, further decreasing the pathogen population. The soil water matric potentials evaluated represent optimum levels for the study of thermal inactivation. However, under field conditions lower potentials may be found. Extending the range of soil water matric potentials and the treatment time would allow better comparisons with the field data. There is a clear indication that one irrigation period prior to solarization would provide enough moisture to inactivate the primary inoculum of P. nicotianae in the top soil under field conditions; however, other factors may affect the effectiveness of solarization, reducing or enhancing its potential.

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Gummosis is among the main fungal diseases of the citrus. It is caused by Phytophthora sp. and usually shows up in the lap of the plant, provoking rottenness and gum exudation, and expands causing the plant death for constrictions in the cambium or phloem which interrupts the descending flow of sap. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antagonistic in vitro activity of Trichoderma spp. to the fungi Phytophthora citrophthora. Phytophthora citrophthora was exposed to five environments of antagonism (without antagonist and with four strains of Trichoderma viride, T. virens, T. harzianu and T stromaticum), The in vitro essay was accomplished through the method of paired cultures. A completely randomized desing was used with five treatments and three replications, and each plot was represented by three petri dishes. The isolates of Trichoderma demonstrated significant effect in the inhibition of the mycelial growth of the fungi Phytophthora citrophthora, and the fungi Trichoderma stromaticum presented larger antagonism to the fungi P. citrophthora while the T harzianum presented antagonism smaller.

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Phytophthora nicotianae was added to pasteurized soil at the rate of 500 laboratory-produced chlamydospores per gram of soil and exposed to temperatures ranging from 35 to 53°C for 20 days. The time required to reduce soil populations to residual levels (0.2 propagule per gram of soil or less) decreased with increasing temperatures. Addition of cabbage residue to the soil reduced the time required to inactivate chlamydo spores. Temperature regimes were established to simulate daily temperature changes observed in the field, with a high temperature of 47°C for 3 h/day, and were good estimators of the efficacy of soil solarization for the control of P. nicotianae in soil. Cabbage amendment reduced the time required to inactivate chlamydospores of P. nicotianae and its effect was more pronounced at lower temperature regimes.

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Phylogenetic analysis through morphological and cultural traits is considered inconsistent and hard to be scientifically accepted once there is no way to establish the direction of evolution on morphological traits. Molecular markers are suitable for phylogenetic analysis. The sequencing of ITS1 and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacers) regions and of 5.8S gene from ribosomal DNA were used to estimate the genetic variation and distance of 10 Phytophthora capsici isolates. The amount of genetic variation amongst isolated P. capsici from distinct regions of São Paulo State was 0.1 to 1.6 and 0.1 to 1.1% at ITS1 and ITS2, respectively, and a phylogenetic distance of about 78.5% between P. capsici and Phytophthora spp. was observed.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)