Modelo deposicional de carbonatos albianos da Formação Quissamã: análise faciológica, diagenética e estratigráfica de um campo de óleo na porção meridional da Bacia de Campos

Pós-graduação em Geologia Regional - IGCE

Male-biased reproductive effort in a long-lived seabird.

Background: In dimorphic seabirds, the larger sex tends to provision more than the smaller sex. In contrast, monogamy and biparental care are often associated with equal effort between the sexes. However, the few studies that have tested sex-specific effort in monomorphic seabirds have primarily examined the details of foraging at sea. Hypotheses: Parental effort is also sex-biased in a monomorphic seabird mating system for one of two reasons: (1) If females enter the period of parental care less able to invest in care due to the cost of egg production, male-biased effort may be necessary to avoid reproductive failure. (2) Alternatively, female-biased effort may occur due to the initial disparity in gamete size, particularly in species with internal fertilization. Organism: Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), a monomorphic seabird with true monogamy and obligate biparental care. Site: A breeding colony of Oceanodroma leucorhoa at the Bowdoin Scientific Station on Kent Island, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Methods: Across multiple breeding seasons, we assessed incubation behaviour and chickrearing behaviour through one manipulative and multiple observational studies. We assessed energetic investment by inducing feather replacement and measuring the resulting rate of feather growth during both the incubation and chick-rearing phases of parental care. Conclusions: We observed male-biased effort. Males incubated the egg for a greater proportion of time than did females and, when faced with an egg that would not hatch, males continued to incubate past the point when females abandoned it. Males made a higher percentage of total food deliveries to chicks than did females, resulting in greater mean daily food provisioning by males than by females. During chick rearing, males grew replacement feathers more slowly than did females, indicating that males were more likely to reduce their own nutritional condition while raising chicks than were females. These results support the hypothesis that females enter the period of parental care at a nutritional deficit and males must compensate to avoid reproductive failure.

Physiological Ecology and Reproductive Effort in a Migratory Seabird

Fluctuations of food availability, habitat quality, and environmental conditions throughout the year have been implicated in the breeding success and survival of migratory birds. Levels of circulating corticosterone, the hormone involved in energy balance and the stress response in birds, are also affected by fluctuations in these variables, and also play a role in self-maintenance and survival. In addition to changes in behaviors and resource allocation, the metabolic effects of corticosterone increase the amount of free radicals in the body, which can cause oxidative stress and damage lipids and DNA. In this thesis, I assessed if diet and physiology during the breeding and non-breeding seasons contributed to the reproductive success, survival, and oxidative stress of a long-lived migratory seabird, Leach’s storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). I tested the hypotheses that 1.) diet and physiology throughout the breeding and non-breeding seasons predict reproductive effort; and 2.) corticosterone affects telomere length, a measure of oxidative damage. Through analyses of stable isotopes, corticosterone, and antioxidant capacity, I found that although there was variation in these measures of diet and physiology within the population, none of these factors during the breeding or non-breeding seasons correlated with reproductive effort or success. I also found that feather and plasma corticosterone did not predict telomere length. The life history strategies of Leach’s storm-petrels appear to be complex, and many factors likely contribute to self-maintenance and the decision to breed. Long-term monitoring of these variables may help identify relationships between trends in oceanographic variables during both the breeding and non-breeding seasons with reproductive effort and success, and survival.

Modelo dinámico y mejora de la recuperación de los hidrocarburos en el Reservorio "QUA IBOE ESTE" del Campo Zafiro

El petróleo en Guinea Ecuatorial como en todo el mundo, es una fuente de energía agotable, pero de mucha importancia por la infinidad de usos de sus derivados. Por eso se necesita optimizar al máximo su producción de los yacimientos. En este proyecto se pretende descubrir qué parámetros variar en el yacimiento “QUA IBOE ESTE” del Campo Zafiro (Guinea Ecuatorial), con el fin de producir más crudo del inicialmente previsto. Para ello emplearemos el método de simulación, usando las herramientas que nos ofrecen los programas de simulación de yacimientos PETREL 2011.2 y ECLIPSE 100. Después de conocer cuántos barriles de petróleo, y metros cúbico de gas recuperaríamos de más, en el apartado económico, se busca conocer el total de beneficio se obtendría. ABSTRACT Oil in Equatorial Guinea and around the world, is an exhaustible energy source, but of great importance for the myriad uses of derivatives. We therefore need to optimize reservoir production. In this project we intend to discover which parameters vary in the field "QUA IBOE ESTE" Zafiro Field (Equatorial Guinea), in order to produce more oil than estimated. To do this we use the simulation method, using the tools that we provide the reservoir simulation programs Petrel 2011.2 and ECLIPSE 100. After knowing how many barrels of oil and cubic meters of gas would recover more in the economic section, we seek to know the total benefit would be obtained.

Estudio de viabilidad para almacenamiento de CO2 en la cuenca del Guadalquivir

El objetivo de este proyecto es investigar la viabilidad del almacenamiento de CO2 en un acuífero salino profundo ubicado en el margen suroccidental de la Cuenca del Guadalquivir. Este proyecto está destinado a una operación industrial con tasas de emisión de CO2 superiores a medio millón de toneladas anuales. Se ha construido un modelo geológico de la formación almacén en Petrel y se ha simulado la inyección utilizando la versión composicional de ECLIPSE. El objetivo es inyectar CO2 manteniendo una tasa de inyección constante durante 30 años, el máximo periodo permitido por la legislación española sobre almacenamiento geológico de CO2. La cantidad de CO2 inyectada en cada uno de los casos ha sido determinada. Los resultados parecen indicar que la inyección de CO2 a escala industrial podría ser viable, aunque la viabilidad del proyecto podría verse comprometida por la escasa profundidad a la que se encuentra el contacto entre la formación almacén y el sello lateral. Antes de seguir adelante con el desarrollo del proyecto sería conveniente determinar mejor la continuidad lateral de la formación almacén y sus condiciones de sello. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is to investigate the feasibility of CO2 geological storage in a deep saline aquifer located onshore in the southwestern margin of Guadalquivir Basin. The project is addressed for an industrial scale operation with CO2 emission rates higher than half a million tons per year. A geological model of the target reservoir was built in Petrel and injection simulations were performed with the compositional version of ECLIPSE. The purpose is to inject CO2 at constant rate during 30 years, the maximum period allowed by the Spanish law on carbon dioxide geological storage. The amount of CO2 injected in each studied scenario has been determined. Results suggest that CO2 injection at industrial scale could be viable, but the project feasibility could be endangered by the shallow depth of the contact between the target reservoir and the lateral seal. Prior to injection, further work should include ascertaining the reservoir’s lateral continuity and better determination of its sealing conditions

Análisis de viabilidad para almacenamiento de Co2 en la estructura geológica Villameriel (Palencia)

El presente proyecto lleva a cabo un análisis de la viabilidad de la estructura geológica Villameriel, situada en la provincia de Palencia, para el almacenamiento geológico profundo de CO2. Las dos medidas determinadas para su análisis serán la determinación de la cantidad de CO2 que se puede inyectar en la formación y el comportamiento del mismo en su interior durante los próximos 100 años. Para calcular estas medidas utilizamos la simulación numérica, a través de dos programas de SCHLUMBERGER. El primero, PETREL, diseñando un modelo estático que escenifique las propiedades del medio geológico lo más real posible, llamado modelo estático. El segundo, ECLIPSE300, que simula el comportamiento del fluido según entra en la formación y a lo largo de todo el período de estudio. Como conclusión final llevaremos a cabo un estudio económico que analice el potencial que tiene este proyecto para llevarse a cabo en la sociedad en la que nos encontramos ahora mismo ABSTRACT This project analyzes the viability of Villameriel geological structure, which is situated in Palencia, Spain. There will be two measures to probe it. The first will be to calculate how much amount of CO2 can be stored in this structure, and second will be to see how the CO2 behaves inside the first 100 years. In order to obtain the answers from these questions, Schlumberger programs are used specifically PETREL and ECLIPSE300. This programs work with numerical methods and they simulate a static model and a dynamic model. Static model is created in order to build a geological model with the same properties than in the real life. Dynamic model works to obtain the maximum amount of CO2 that it can be introduced inside storage formation and to know how CO2 will move inside the first 100 years. At the end, an economic study will be done with the objective to know if it would cost money, if there would be profits or no.

Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: Extinctions on a large Melanesian island

At least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites on New Ireland (Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea). The bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species. Of the 50 species, at least 12 (petrel, hawk, megapode, quail, four rails, cockatoo, two owls, and crow) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from New Ireland. Larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction. Humans have lived on New Ireland for ca. 35,000 years, whereas most of the identified bones are 15,000 to 6,000 years old. It is suspected that most or all of New Ireland’s avian extinction was anthropogenic, but this suspicion remains undetermined. Our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds, which are well documented on Pacific islands more remote than New Ireland, occurred also on large, high, mostly forested islands close to New Guinea.

Microspectrophotometry of visual pigments and oil droplets in a marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus: Topographic variations in photoreceptor spectral characteristics

Microspectrophotometric examination of the retina of a procellariiform marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus, revealed the presence of five different types of vitamin A(1)-based visual pigment in seven different types of photoreceptor. A single class of rod contained a medium-wavelength sensitive visual pigment with a wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambda(max)) at 502 nm. Four different types of single cone contained visual pigments maximally sensitive in either the violet (VS, lambda(max) 406 nm), short (SWS, lambda(max) 450 nm), medium (MWS, lambda(max) 503 nm) or long (LWS, lambda(max) 566 nm) spectral ranges. In the peripheral retina, the SWS, MWS and LWS single cones contained pigmented oil droplets in their inner segments with cut-off wavelengths (lambda(cut)) at 445 (C-type), 506 (Y-type) and 562 nm (R-type), respectively. The VS visual pigment was paired with a transparent (T-type) oil droplet that displayed no significant absorption above at least 370 run. Both the principal and accessory members of the double cone pair contained the same 566 nm lambda(max) visual pigment as the LWS single cones but only the principal member contained an oil droplet, which had a lambda(cut) at 413 nm. The retina had a horizontal band or 'visual streak' of increased photoreceptor density running across the retina approximately 1.5 mm dorsal to the top of the pecten. Cones in the centre of the horizontal streak were smaller and had oil droplets that were either transparent/colourless or much less pigmented than at the periphery. It is proposed that the reduction in cone oil droplet pigmentation in retinal areas associated with high visual acuity is an adaptation to compensate for the reduced photon capture ability of the narrower photoreceptors found there. Measurements of the spectral transmittance of the ocular media reveal that wavelengths down to at least 300 nm would be transmitted to the retina.

The tectonically-confined Firenzuola turbidite system (Miocene, Marnoso-arenacea Formation, northern Apennines, Italy): an example of facies variations related to the basin morphology

The Firenzuola turbidite system formed during a paroxysmal phase of thrust propagation, involving the upper Serravallian deposits of the Marnoso-arenacea Formation (MAF). During this phase the coeval growth of two major tectonic structures, the M. Castellaccio thrust and the Verghereto high, played a key role, causing a closure of the inner basin and a coeval shift of the depocentre to the outer basin. This work focuses on this phase of fragmentation of the MAF basin; it is based on a new detailed high-resolution stratigraphic framework, which was used to determine the timing of growth of the involved structures and their direct influence on sediment dispersal and on the lateral and vertical turbidite facies distribution. The Firenzuola turbidite system stratigraphy is characterized by the occurrence of mass-transport complexes (MTCs) and thick sandstone accumulation in the depocentral area, which passes to finer drape over the structural highs; the differentiation between these two zones increases over time and ends with the deposition of marly units over the structural highs and the emplacement of the Visignano MTC. According to the stratigraphic pattern and turbidite facies characteristics, the Firenzuola System has been split into two phases, namely Firenzuola I and Firenzuola II: the former is quite similar to the underlying deposits, while the latter shows the main fragmentation phase, testifying the progressive isolation of the inner basin and a coeval shift of the depocentre to the outer basin. The final stratigraphic and sedimentological dataset has been used to create a quantitative high-resolution 3D facies distribution using the Petrel software platform. This model allows a detailed analysis of lateral and vertical facies variations that can be exported to several reservoirs settings in hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation areas, since facies distributions and geometries of the reservoir bodies of many sub-surface turbidite basins show a significant relationship to the syndepositional structural activity, but are beyond seismic resolution.