Comparaison de la perception de la douleur entre le traitement orthodontique avec Invisalign® et le traitement avec fils et boîtiers fixes

Introduction : L’inconfort causé par les appareils orthodontiques peut significativement affecter la coopération des patients dans leur traitement. La douleur, ainsi que la détérioration de la fonction (mastication, élocution) sont reconnus comme les déterminants majeurs de la coopération des patients traités par appareils amovibles. Invisalign® se positionne comme une alternative esthétique aux multiples inconforts observés lors des traitements fixes avec boîtiers. À ce jour, peu d’études ont cherché à comparer la douleur (quantitativement et qualitativement) perçue entre cette technique et celle avec boîtiers fixes sur une longue période. Objectif : L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer la douleur ressentie par les patients qui suivent un traitement orthodontique avec coquilles correctrices Invisalign® et de la comparer avec celle des patients qui suivent un traitement orthodontique conventionnel avec des boîtiers fixes. Matériels et Méthodes: L’étude compte 70 patients (29 garçons, 41 filles), moyenne d’âge de 16 ans [11 à 30]. Les trois sous-groupes sont Invisalign® (n=31), boîtiers Damon (n=19) et boîtiers Speed (n=20). Les groupes avec boîtiers (Damon et Speed) sont les 2 groupes de l’étude menée au sein de la clinique d’Orthodontie de l’Université de Montréal en 2011 qui comparait la perception de la douleur durant le traitement orthodontique entre boîtiers auto-ligaturants passifs et actifs. L’étude a été organisée en 4 phases correspondant à l’insertion des 4 premiers fils pour les groupes avec boîtiers (Phase 1: 0,016" Supercable, Phase 2: 0,016" CuNiTi, Phase 3: 0,016"x0,022" CuNiTi, Phase 4: 0,019"x0,025" CuNiTi) et à l’insertion des coquilles 1, 4, 7 et 10 pour le groupe Invisalign®. À l’aide d’un questionnaire, l’étude évalue pour chaque phase l’ampleur (grâce à une échelle visuelle analogue EVA), la durée et la localisation de la douleur à 6 différents points (T1: immédiatement après l’insertion, T2: 5h après, T3: 24h après, T4: 3 jours après, T5: une semaine après, T6: 2 semaines après). Résultats: À T1Ph3 le pourcentage de patients rapportant de la douleur était plus élevé avec Damon qu’avec Invisalign® (p=0,032) (Damon=55,6% ; Invisalign®=23,3%) mais il n’y avait pas de différence avec le groupe Speed (p=0,114). Les patients avec Invisalign® rapportaient significativement moins d’irritation des tissus mous (muqueuses, gencives) que les patients avec des boîtiers. Pour les résultats des EVA, les différences étaient statistiquement significatives à 2 temps : T3Ph1 (Médiane Invisalign®=33,31, Médiane Speed=49,47; p=0,025) et T3Ph4 (Médiane Invisalign®=13,15, Médiane Damon=27,28; p=0,014). Pour la majorité des patients la douleur ne nécessitait pas la prise de médicament et il n’y avait pas de différence significative entre les groupes sur ce point. La qualité de vie était légèrement affectée lors de la première phase et moindrement pour le groupe Invisalign® que pour les groupes avec boîtiers. Pour les patients Invisalign®, la douleur atteignait son niveau le plus élevé entre 5 et 24 heures après l’insertion de la première coquille, et diminuait en intensité et en durée à chaque phase. Conclusion: La perception de la douleur lors d’un traitement orthodontique avec Invisalign® est inférieure à celle ressentie lors d’un traitement avec des boîtiers fixes. Cette méthode de traitement est donc une thérapie attirante pour les patients désirant un traitement esthétique et relativement confortable.

Handlungsinduktionen durch die visuelle Wahrnehmung von Linear- und Drehbewegungen im Sport

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Einflüssen visuell wahrgenommener Bewegungsmerkmale auf die Handlungssteuerung eines Beobachters. Im speziellen geht es darum, wie die Bewegungsrichtung und die Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit als aufgabenirrelevante Reize die Ausführung von motorischen Reaktionen auf Farbreize beeinflussen und dabei schnellere bzw. verzögerte Reaktionszeiten bewirken. Bisherige Studien dazu waren auf lineare Bewegungen (von rechts nach links und umgekehrt) und sehr einfache Reizumgebungen (Bewegungen einfacher geometrischer Symbole, Punktwolken, Lichtpunktläufer etc.) begrenzt (z.B. Ehrenstein, 1994; Bosbach, 2004, Wittfoth, Buck, Fahle & Herrmann, 2006). In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde die Gültigkeit dieser Befunde für Dreh- und Tiefenbewegungen sowie komplexe Bewegungsformen (menschliche Bewegungsabläufe im Sport) erweitert, theoretisch aufgearbeitet sowie in einer Serie von sechs Reaktionszeitexperimenten mittels Simon-Paradigma empirisch überprüft. Allen Experimenten war gemeinsam, dass Versuchspersonen an einem Computermonitor auf einen Farbwechsel innerhalb des dynamischen visuellen Reizes durch einen Tastendruck (links, rechts, proximal oder distal positionierte Taste) reagieren sollten, wobei die Geschwindigkeit und die Richtung der Bewegungen für die Reaktionen irrelevant waren. Zum Einfluss von Drehbewegungen bei geometrischen Symbolen (Exp. 1 und 1a) sowie bei menschlichen Drehbewegungen (Exp. 2) zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Probanden signifikant schneller reagieren, wenn die Richtungsinformationen einer Drehbewegung kompatibel zu den räumlichen Merkmalen der geforderten Tastenreaktion sind. Der Komplexitätsgrad des visuellen Ereignisses spielt dabei keine Rolle. Für die kognitive Verarbeitung des Bewegungsreizes stellt nicht der Drehsinn, sondern die relative Bewegungsrichtung oberhalb und unterhalb der Drehachse das entscheidende räumliche Kriterium dar. Zum Einfluss räumlicher Tiefenbewegungen einer Kugel (Exp. 3) und einer gehenden Person (Exp. 4) belegen unsere Befunde, dass Probanden signifikant schneller reagieren, wenn sich der Reiz auf den Beobachter zu bewegt und ein proximaler gegenüber einem distalen Tastendruck gefordert ist sowie umgekehrt. Auch hier spielt der Komplexitätsgrad des visuellen Ereignisses keine Rolle. In beiden Experimenten führt die Wahrnehmung der Bewegungsrichtung zu einer Handlungsinduktion, die im kompatiblen Fall eine schnelle und im inkompatiblen Fall eine verzögerte Handlungsausführung bewirkt. In den Experimenten 5 und 6 wurden die Einflüsse von wahrgenommenen menschlichen Laufbewegungen (freies Laufen vs. Laufbandlaufen) untersucht, die mit und ohne eine Positionsveränderung erfolgten. Dabei zeigte sich, dass unabhängig von der Positionsveränderung die Laufgeschwindigkeit zu keiner Modulation des richtungsbasierten Simon Effekts führt. Zusammenfassend lassen sich die Studienergebnisse gut in effektbasierte Konzepte zur Handlungssteuerung (z.B. die Theorie der Ereigniskodierung von Hommel et al., 2001) einordnen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um diese Ergebnisse auf großmotorische Reaktionen und Displays, die stärker an visuell wahrnehmbaren Ereignissen des Sports angelehnt sind, zu übertragen.

Haptische, visuelle und olfaktorische Sprachen: Westnilotische Wahrnehmungen

Cet article traite des expressions de la perception sensuelle de l’ouest nilotique. La première partie de l’article présente une terminologie ophrésiologique en louo et burun et démontre que cette catégorie lexicale détient aussi une catégorie grammaticale particulière. Phénomènes très rares dans les langues du monde, les termes ophrésiologiques sont seulement présentés sous forme introductive pour encourager davantage les recherches futures. La seconde partie de l’article porte sur les descriptions des couleurs utilisées pour les animaux domestiques. Quand les modalités de l’économie changent, les noms utilisés pour les couleurs des animaux peuvent aussi être employés pour d’autres concepts culturels. La troisième partie de l’article montre que les classificateurs nominaux en mabaan (burun) expriment des principes concernant le toucher en tant que structure cognitive. En conséquence, différents procédés de grammaticalisation sont assumés et corrélés avec des ponctuations dans l’histoire culturelle et mentale des ancêtres des locuteurs de l’ouest nilotique.

Schizophrénie et perception du temps : une méta-analyse

Méthodologie: Méta-analyse

Compétences en littératie visuelle chez les étudiantEs en biologie au niveau collégial: bilan des apprentissages selon des activités digitales ou des activités de dessins à la main

This study examines the role of visual literacy in learning biology. Biology teachers promote the use of digital images as a learning tool for two reasons: because biology is the most visual of the sciences, and the use of imagery is becoming increasingly important with the advent of bioinformatics; and because studies indicate that this current generation of teenagers have a cognitive structure that is formed through exposure to digital media. On the other hand, there is concern that students are not being exposed enough to the traditional methods of processing biological information - thought to encourage left-brain sequential thinking patterns. Theories of Embodied Cognition point to the importance of hand-drawing for proper assimilation of knowledge, and theories of Multiple Intelligences suggest that some students may learn more easily using traditional pedagogical tools. To test the claim that digital learning tools enhance the acquisition of visual literacy in this generation of biology students, a learning intervention was carried out with 33 students enrolled in an introductory college biology course. The study compared learning outcomes following two types of learning tools. One learning tool was a traditional drawing activity, and the other was an interactive digital activity carried out on a computer. The sample was divided into two random groups, and a crossover design was implemented with two separate interventions. In the first intervention students learned how to draw and label a cell. Group 1 learned the material by computer and Group 2 learned the material by hand-drawing. In the second intervention, students learned how to draw the phases of mitosis, and the two groups were inverted. After each learning activity, students were given a quiz on the material they had learned. Students were also asked to self-evaluate their performance on each quiz, in an attempt to measure their level of metacognition. At the end of the study, they were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was used to measure the level of task engagement the students felt towards the two types of learning activities. In this study, following the first testing phase, the students who learned the material by drawing had a significantly higher average grade on the associated quiz compared to that of those who learned the material by computer. The difference was lost with the second “cross-over” trial. There was no correlation for either group between the grade the students thought they had earned through self-evaluation, and the grade that they received. In terms of different measures of task engagement, there were no significant differences between the two groups. One finding from the study showed a positive correlation between grade and self-reported time spent playing video games, and a negative correlation between grade and self-reported interest in drawing. This study provides little evidence to support claims that the use of digital tools enhances learning, but does provide evidence to support claims that drawing by hand is beneficial for learning biological images. However, the small sample size, limited number and type of learning tasks, and the indirect means of measuring levels of metacognition and task engagement restrict generalisation of these conclusions. Nevertheless, this study indicates that teachers should not use digital learning tools to the exclusion of traditional drawing activities: further studies on the effectiveness of these tools are warranted. Students in this study commented that the computer tool seemed more accurate and detailed - even though the two learning tools carried identical information. Thus there was a mismatch between the perception of the usefulness of computers as a learning tool and the reality, which again points to the need for an objective assessment of their usefulness. Students should be given the opportunity to try out a variety of traditional and digital learning tools in order to address their different learning preferences.

Capturing Australian indigenous perception of virtual landscape

This short paper presents a means of capturing non spatial information (specifically understanding of places) for use in a Virtual Heritage application. This research is part of the Digital Songlines Project which is developing protocols, methodologies and a toolkit to facilitate the collection and sharing of Indigenous cultural heritage knowledge, using virtual reality. Within the context of this project most of the cultural activities relate to celebrating life and to the Australian Aboriginal people, land is the heart of life. Australian Indigenous art, stories, dances, songs and rituals celebrate country as its focus or basis. To the Aboriginal people the term “Country” means a lot more than a place or a nation, rather “Country” is a living entity with a past a present and a future; they talk about it in the same way as they talk about their mother. The landscape is seen to have a spiritual connection in a view seldom understood by non-indigenous persons; this paper introduces an attempt to understand such empathy and relationship and to reproduce it in a virtual environment.

Review article : ecological approach in studying the relation of perception-action : review of the theoretical and empirical data

In daily activities people are using a number of available means for the achievement of balance, such as the use of hands and the co-ordination of balance. One of the approaches that explains this relationship between perception and action is the ecological theory that is based on the work of a) Bernstein (1967), who imposed the problem of ‘the degrees of freedom’, b) Gibson (1979), who referred to the theory of perception and the way which the information is received from the environment in order for a certain movement to be achieved, c) Newell (1986), who proposed that movement can derive from the interaction of the constraints that imposed from the environment and the organism and d) Kugler, Kelso and Turvey (1982), who showed the way which “the degrees of freedom” are connected and interact. According to the above mentioned theories, the development of movement co-ordination can result from the different constraints that imposed into the organism-environment system. The close relation between the environmental and organismic constraints, as well as their interaction is responsible for the movement system that will be activated. These constraints apart from shaping the co-ordination of specific movements can be a rate limiting factor, to a certain degree, in the acquisition and mastering of a new skill. This frame of work can be an essential tool for the study of catching an object (e.g., a ball). The importance of this study becomes obvious due to the fact that movements that involved in catching an object are representative of every day actions and characteristic of the interaction between perception and action.

Seeing music performance : visual influences on perception and experience

Drawing from ethnographic, empirical, and historical / cultural perspectives, we examine the extent to which visual aspects of music contribute to the communication that takes place between performers and their listeners. First, we introduce a framework for understanding how media and genres shape aural and visual experiences of music. Second, we present case studies of two performances, and describe the relation between visual and aural aspects of performance. Third, we report empirical evidence that visual aspects of performance reliably influence perceptions of musical structure (pitch related features) and affective interpretations of music. Finally, we trace new and old media trajectories of aural and visual dimensions of music, and highlight how our conceptions, perceptions and appreciation of music are intertwined with technological innovation and media deployment strategies.

Key performance indicators for innovation implementation : perception vs. actual usage

This paper aimed to explore the proportion associated with the perceived importance and the actual use of performance indicators from manufacturing and non manufacturing industries. The sample was 86 small and medium sized-organizations in Thailand. The perceived importance and the actual use of financial and non financial indicators were found to be significantly related among manufacturing and non manufacturing industries. KPI 3, 9, and 12 (i.e. sales and sales growth; quality of products and /or services; and process time) were perceived the most importance among manufacturing managers (85.3%, 79.4% and 76.5% respectively). While KPI 6, 9, and 12 (i.e. customer satisfaction, quality of products and /or services; and process time) were perceived the most importance among non manufacturing managers (84.8%, 93.5%, and 84.8% respectively). Interestingly, the most used KPIs for manufacturing were sales and sales growth (64.7%); profit margins (61.8%); and customer satisfaction (84.8) while non manufacturing used quality products/services (60.9%); sales and sales growth (54.3%) and employee development (54.3%) respectively. Limitation and implication were also discussed.

Stakeholder impact analysis of infrastructure project management in developing countries : a study of perception of project managers in state-owned engineering firms in Vietnam

Construction projects can involve a diverse range of stakeholders and the success of the project depends very much on fulfilling their needs and expectations. It is important, therefore, to identify and recognize project stakeholders and develop a rigorous stakeholder management process. However, limited research has investigated the impact of stakeholders on construction projects in developing countries. A stakeholder impact analysis (SIA), based on an approach developed by Olander (2007), was adopted to investigate the stakeholders' impact on state-owned civil engineering projects in Vietnam. This involved the analysis of a questionnaire survey of 57 project managers to determine the relative importance of different stakeholders. The results show the client to have the highest level of impact on the projects, followed by project managers and the senior management of state-owned engineering firms. The SIA also provides suggestions to project managers in developing and evaluating the stakeholder management process.