Chemical Constituents of a Marine-Derived Endophytic Fungus Penicillium commune G2M

Cultivation of the endophytic fungus Penicillium commune, which was isolated from the semi-mangrove plant Hibiscus tiliaceus, afforded one new compound 1-O-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoyl)-glycerol (1) along with thirteen known products, including 1-O-acetylglycerol (2), N-acetyltryptophan (3), 3-indolylacetic acid methyl ester (4), 1-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethanone (5), 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid (6), (4R,5S)-5-hydroxyhexan-4-olide (7), thymidine (8), uracil (9), thymine (10), ergosterol (11), beta-sitosterol (12), beta-daucosterol (13), and ergosta-7,22-dien-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol (14). The structures of these compounds were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis, as well as by comparison with literature data or with authentic samples.

Comparison of two marine sponge-associated Penicillium strains DQ25 and SC10: differences in secondary metabolites and their bioactivities

Two strains of Penicillium, DQ25 and SC10, isolated from marine sponge Haliclona angulata (Bowerbank) and Hymeniacidon sp. respectively, were subjected to stationary cultivation under GYP medium for 30 days. The fermentation extracts were undergone bioactivities assays against human pathogens, phytopathogenic fungi and brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Bioassays-guided compounds isolation was performed by Silica gel columns and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Spectroscopic methods were used to structures elucidation of the compounds. Results showed the activities of secondary metabolites of strain DQ25 were generally stronger than that of strain SC10. Major bioactive molecules isolated from strain DQ25 were a 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative and an unidentified alkaloid. The two components were not isolated from the extract of strain SC10. ITS sequences revealed that these two species have the greatest similarity with Penicillium vinaceum and Penicillium granulatum respectively.

Engineering design of a bioprocess for the production of natural red colourants by submerged fermentation of the thermophilic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum GH2

The development of a new bioprocess requires several steps from initial concept to a practical and feasible application. Industrial applications of fungal pigments will depend on: (i) safety of consumption, (ii) stability of the pigments to the food processing conditions required by the products where they will be incorporated and (iii) high production yields so that production costs are reasonable. Of these requirements the first involves the highest research costs and the practical application of this type of processes may face several hurdles until final regulatory approval as a new food ingredient. Therefore, before going through expensive research to have them accepted as new products, the process potential should be assessed early on, and this brings forward pigment stability studies and process optimisation goals. Only ingredients that are usable in economically feasible conditions should progress to regulatory approval. This thesis covers these two aspects, stability and process optimisation, for a potential new ingredient; natural red colour, produced by microbial fermentation. The main goal was to design, optimise and scale-up the production process of red pigments by Penicillium purpurogenum GH2. The approach followed to reach this objective was first to establish that pigments produced by Penicillium purpurogenum GH2 are sufficiently stable under different processing conditions (thermal and non-thermal) that can be found in food and textile industries. Once defined that pigments were stable enough, the work progressed towards process optimisation, aiming for the highest productivity using submerged fermentation as production culture. Optimum production conditions defined at flask scale were used to scale up the pigment production process to a pilot reactor scale. Finally, the potential applications of the pigments were assessed. Based on this sequence of specific targets, the thesis was structured in six parts, containing a total of nine chapters. Engineering design of a bioprocess for the production of natural red colourants by submerged fermentation of the thermophilic fungus Penicillium purpurogenum GH2.

Sistemas alternativos a los fungicidas químicos para el control de Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. en limón

Argentina es el principal productor mundial de limones en el mundo y el 90 por ciento de esta producción se sitúa en la provincia de Tucumán. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por las enfermedades de poscosecha representan uno de los principales problemas de la citricultura mundial, siendo el 80 por ciento atribuíbles a infecciones fúngicas. El moho verde causado por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. (PD), es la enfermedad de mayor incidencia y severidad durante la exportación de frutos de limón. Actualmente el control de estas enfermedades se realiza con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis química. Debido a las severas restricciones impuestas a estos productos, por regulaciones ambientales y de la salud, hay una fuerte necesidad de métodos alternativos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue evaluar alternativas de bajo impacto ambiental : bacterias lácticas, extractos vegetales, Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) y bicarbonato de sodio; con actividad antifúngica directa o a través de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, para el control de PD en condiciones in vitro e in vivo (frutos de limón). De un total de 33 cepas de bacterias lácticas evaluadas, se seleccionaron ocho con propiedades antifúngicas frente a PD. Se identificaron los metabolitos antifúngicos como ácidos orgánicos (ácido láctico, ácido acético y ácido fenil láctico) y se determinó la combinación óptima con mayor actividad inhibitoria. Los productos alternativos: extractos vegetales, Serenade® y bicarbonato de sodio, presentaron actividad antifúngica in vitro a PD con porcentajes de inhibición entre 2,1 - 16 por ciento. En los frutos de limón, los tratamientos alternativos no fueron efectivos por sí solos para controlar en forma directa la enfermedad. Estos tratamientos redujeron significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad, excepto el Serenade® cuando fue aplicado simultáneamente con el inóculo. Esta reducción fue más marcada cuando se dejaron transcurrir 18 h entre inoculación y aplicación de los tratamientos. El bicarbonato de sodio al 3 por ciento y en menor medida el Serenade® al 1 por ciento indujeron una respuesta de defensa de los frutos y controlaron la enfermedad en un 96,7 por ciento y 56,7 por ciento, respectivamente. En cromatografía de capa fina y fluorometría se detectó un aumento de la fitoalexina escoparona, sugiriendo que este efecto se produciría como resultado de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, mientras que la umbeliferona no fue detectada. Estos resultados indican que los productos biológicos actuaron como una barrera al avance de la enfermedad, retrasando la severidad de la misma e induciendo de una respuesta de defensa en los frutos.

Sistemas alternativos a los fungicidas químicos para el control de Penicillium digitatum (Pers.)Sacc. en limón

Argentina es el principal productor mundial de limones en el mundo y el 90 por ciento de esta producción se sitúa en la provincia de Tucumán. Las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por las enfermedades de poscosecha representan uno de los principales problemas de la citricultura mundial, siendo el 80 por ciento atribuíbles a infecciones fúngicas. El moho verde causado por Penicillium digitatum (Pers.)Sacc. (PD), es la enfermedad de mayor incidencia y severidad durante la exportación de frutos de limón. Actualmente el control de estas enfermedades se realiza con el uso de fungicidas de síntesis química. Debido a las severas restricciones impuestas a estos productos, por regulaciones ambientales y de la salud, hay una fuerte necesidad de métodos alternativos de control. El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue evaluar alternativas de bajo impacto ambiental : bacterias lácticas, extractos vegetales, Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST 713)y bicarbonato de sodio; con actividad antifúngica directa o a través de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, para el control de PD en condiciones in vitro e in vivo (frutos de limón). De un total de 33 cepas de bacterias lácticas evaluadas, se seleccionaron ocho con propiedades antifúngicas frente a PD. Se identificaron los metabolitos antifúngicos como ácidos orgánicos (ácido láctico, ácido acético y ácido fenil láctico)y se determinó la combinación óptima con mayor actividad inhibitoria. Los productos alternativos: extractos vegetales, Serenade® y bicarbonato de sodio, presentaron actividad antifúngica in vitro a PD con porcentajes de inhibición entre 2,1 - 16 por ciento. En los frutos de limón, los tratamientos alternativos no fueron efectivos por sí solos para controlar en forma directa la enfermedad. Estos tratamientos redujeron significativamente la severidad de la enfermedad, excepto el Serenade® cuando fue aplicado simultáneamente con el inóculo. Esta reducción fue más marcada cuando se dejaron transcurrir 18 h entre inoculación y aplicación de los tratamientos. El bicarbonato de sodio al 3 por ciento y en menor medida el Serenade® al 1 por ciento indujeron una respuesta de defensa de los frutos y controlaron la enfermedad en un 96,7 por ciento y 56,7 por ciento, respectivamente. En cromatografía de capa fina y fluorometría se detectó un aumento de la fitoalexina escoparona, sugiriendo que este efecto se produciría como resultado de la inducción de mecanismos de defensa, mientras que la umbeliferona no fue detectada. Estos resultados indican que los productos biológicos actuaron como una barrera al avance de la enfermedad, retrasando la severidad de la misma e induciendo de una respuesta de defensa en los frutos.

Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates – preliminary analysis of their genomic similari

Cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are yet to be completely understood and are considered to be involved in the so called “cork taint” of bottled wine. It is essential to identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and to trace their origin to the forest and/or as residents in the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic biologic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal. Chrysonilia sitophila dominance was identified, followed by a high diversity of Penicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, found in all samples, was the most frequent isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork resident fungi can also contrib

The investigation of the reduction mechanism of the 5a-reductase enzyme of Penicillium decumbens /

The 5a-reductase of Penicillium decumbens ATCC 10436 was used as a model for the mammalian enzyme to investigate the mechanism of reduction of testosterone to 5adihydrotestosterone . The purpose of this study was to search for specific 5a-reductase inhibitors which antagonize prostate cancer . In a whole-cell biotransformation mode, this organism reduced testosterone (1) to 5a-dihydrosteroids (8) and 5aandrostane- 3, 17-dione (9) in yields of 28% and 37% respectively. Control experiments have shown that 5aandrostane- 3, 17-dione (9) can be produced from the corresponding alcohol (8) in a subsequent reaction separate from that catalysed by the 5a-reductase enzyme . Androst-4- ene-3, 17-dione (2) is reduced to give only (9) with a recovery of 80% The stereochemistry of the reduction was determined by 500 MHz ^H NMR analysis of the products resulting from the deuterium labelled substrates. The results were obtained by an analysis of the NOE difference spectra, double-quantum filtered phase sensitive COSY 2-D spectra, and ^^c-Ir 2-D shift correlation spectra of deuterium labelled products. According to the unambiguous assignment of the signals due to H-4a and H-4Ii in 5a-dihydro steroids, the NMR data show clearly that addition of hydrogen to the 4{5)K bond has occurred in a trans manner at positions 413 and 5a. To Study the reduction mechanism of this enzyme, several substrates were prepared as following; 3-methyleneandrost-4-en- 17fi-ol(3), androst-4-en-17i5-ol(5) , androst-4-en-3ii, 17fi-diol (6) and 4, 5ii-epoxyandrostane-3, 17-dione (7) . Results suggest that this enzyme system requires an oxygen atom at the 3-position of the steroid in order to bind the substrate. Furthermore, the mechanism of this 5a-reductase may proceed via direct addition of hydrogen at the 4,5 position without involvement of a carbonyl group as an intermediate.

Modelling the uptake and growth kinetics of Penicillium glabrum in a tannic acid-containing solid-state fermentation for tannase production

A mathematical growth model for the batch solid-state fermentation process for fungal tannase production was developed and tested experimentally. The unstructured model describes the uptake and growth kinetics of Penicillium glabrum in an impregnated polyurethane foam substrate system. In general, good agreement between the experimental data and model simulations was obtained. Biomass, tannase and spore production are described by logistic kinetics with a time delay between biomass production and tannase and spore formation. Possible induction mechanisms for the latter are proposed. Hydrolysis of tannic acid, the main carbon source in the substrate system, is reasonably well described with Michaelis-Menten kinetics with time-varying enzyme concentration but a more complex reaction mechanism is suspected. The metabolism of gallic acid, a tannase-hydrolysis product of tannic acid, was shown to be growth limiting during the main growth phase. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Changes in selected biochemical and sensory parameters as affected by the superficial inoculation of Penicillium camemberti on dry fermented sausages

An atoxigenic strain of Penicillium camemberti was superficially inoculated on fermented sausages in an attempt to improve their sensory properties. The growth of this mould on the surface of the sausages resulted in an intense proteolysis and lipolysis, which caused an increase in the concentration of free amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile compounds. Many of these were derived from amino acid catabolism and were responsible for the "ripened flavour", i.e. branched aldehydes and the corresponding alcohols, acids and esters. The development of the fungal mycelia on the surface of the sausages also protected lipids from oxidation, resulting in both lower 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) values and lipid oxidation-derived compounds, such as aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. The sensory analysis of superficially inoculated sausages showed clear improvements in odour and flavour and, as a consequence, in the overall quality of the sausages. Therefore, this strain is proposed as a potential starter culture for dry fermented sausage production. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugar cane bagasse using Penicillium funiculosum and Trichoderma harzianum cellulases

In this study, we investigated the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse using eight different enzymatic blends obtained from concentrated crude enzyme extracts produced by Penicillium funiculosum and Trichoderma harzianum as well as from the extracts in combination with a commercial enzymatic cocktail. The influence of different levels of biomass delignification, degree of crystallinity of lignicellulose, composition of enzymatic activities and BSA on enzymatic hydrolysis yields (HYs) was evaluated. Our X-ray diffraction studies showed that crystallinity of lignocellulose is not a key determinant of its recalcitrance toward enzymatic hydrolysis. In fact, under the experimental conditions of our study, an increase in crystallinity of lignocellulosic samples resulted in increased glucose release by enzymatic hydrolysis. Furthermore, under the same conditions, the addition of BSA had no significant effect on enzymatic hydrolysis. The most efficient enzyme blends were obtained by mixing a commercial enzymatic cocktail with P. funiculosum or T. harzianum cellulase preparations (HYs above 97%) followed by the concentrated extract of P. funiculosum alone (HY= 88.5%). Increased hydrolytic efficiencies appeared to correlate with having an adequate level of both beta-glucosidase and xylanase activities in the blends. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neoaustin: a meroterpene produced by Penicillium sp.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Preaustinoid A: a meroterpene produced by Penicillium sp.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)