Magnetization transfer ratio as a predictor of malignancy in breast lesions: Preliminary results

MRI is an important tool for investigating breast cancer. Although recognized as the method of choice for screening highrisk patients, and for other indications the role of MRI for lesion characterization remains controversial. Recently some authors have advocated the use of morphologic and postcontrast features for this purpose. Quantitative breast MRI techniques have not been applied extensively in breast diseases. Magnetization transfer (MT) is a quantitative MR technique commonly used to investigate neurological diseases. In breast diseases the use of MT has been limited to improving visualization of areas of enhancement in postcontrast images. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and utility of MT in discriminating benign from malignant breast lesions. Fifty-two lesions, Bl-RADS 4 and 5, from 49 patients, were prospectively evaluated using the MT ratio (MTR). Patients were divided into two groups: benign and malignant lesions. The MTR of fat, pectoralis major muscle, fibroglandular tissue, and breast lesions were calculated. A statistically significant difference was found between MTR from benign and malignant lesions (P < 0.001). Preliminary results suggest that MT can be used to evaluate breast lesions. Further studies are necessary to better define the utility and applicability of this technique.

Protease activity and the ultrastructure of broiler chicken PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat

The biological cause of broiler PSE meat seems to be an excessive release of Ca(2+), promoted by a genetic mutation of ryanodine receptors located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells. Excessive Ca(2+), associated with protein denaturation in meat, enhances protease activity and influences the functional properties of PSE meat. Twenty-four-hour post-mortem Pectoralis major m. samples exhibited lower values for pH, water-holding capacity, and shear force than did control samples, in contrast to colour (L*) and cooking loss values. Protease activity, measured as myofibril fragmentation index, presented higher values in PSE meat than in control samples. Ultrastructural examination revealed shrinking and depolymerisation of myofilaments and Z-lines disorganisation within the sarcomere in PSE meat. Intense calpain activity was also observed, indicating that the process may initiate at the filaments, because of protein denaturation, and spread through Z-lines, resulting in the collapse of the sarcomere structure. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ligadura funcional num caso de entorse da acrómio-clavicolar, grau III: que resultados em termos de restabelecimento de força muscular?

Com o presente estudo pretendeu-se: (1) verificar se a ligadura funcional para a lesão da articulação Acrómio-Clavicular (AC), descrita por Chanussot e Danowski (2001), contribui para o restabelecimento da força muscular num paciente com lesão grau III; e, (2) observar se a ligadura funcional altera o padrão electromiográfico dos principais músculos superficiais do complexo articular do ombro: infra-espinhoso, deltóide anterior, grande peitoral, trapézio superior e trapézio inferior. Efectuou-se assim um estudo de caso do tipo observacional, descritivo transversal. Para avaliação da força muscular foi utilizado um dinamómetro isocinético e para a avaliação do nível de activação de fibras musculares foi utilizada a EMG de superfície. Os movimentos em análise foram os de rotação interna e externa, a 60º/s e 180º/s. Os resultados revelaram, na presença de ligadura, um aumento do Peak Torque dos rotadores internos, assim como da actividade do grande peitoral e trapézio inferior. Constatou-se ainda uma diminuição do Peak Torque e da percentagem do Root Mean Square do trapézio inferior, trapézio superior e grande peitoral, do ombro esquerdo, sem ligadura, quando comparado com o ombro contralateral. A ligadura funcional, numa entorse da acromio-clavicular grau III, poderá contribuir para a recuperação de força muscular e activação de fibras musculares.

Avaliação da função muscular do ombro, em jogadores de voleibol, com e sem dor

Introdução: A sequência de activação e a actividade muscular, são importantes na coordenação do movimento da omoplata com a elevação do úmero. Objectivos: Avaliar sequência de activação, actividade e força de músculos do ombro comparando jogadores com/sem dor. Metodologia: Amostra de 15 atletas (7 - grupo experimental; 8 - grupo controlo). Avaliou-se electromiograficamente o Deltóide Anterior, Grande Peitoral, Trapézio Superior, Trapézio Inferior e Infra- Espinhoso na diagonal do Isocinético (90°/s; 180°/s). Resultados: Encontraram-se diferenças na sequência e tempos de activação; não havendo diferenças na actividade, peak torque e rácio antagonistas/agonistas. Conclusão: A dor crónica afectou sequência e tempos de activação muscular.

The influence of pauses on the fatigue of upper limb muscles during the task of ironing

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of position and pauses on muscle activity and fatigue during the task of ironing. Ten female participants performed the task of ironing in two different positions (standing and sitting) for 10 min each with a 1-min pause at the end of each task. Muscle activity and fatigue from the upper trapezium, anterior deltoid, and pectoralis major were analyzed using surface electromyography. The results showed that the positions had no significant influence on muscle activity; nevertheless, they had significant influence on muscular fatigue. In addition, the pauses were possibly beneficial in decreasing the muscle fatigue, but the results were not conclusive.

The influence of pauses on the fatigue of upper limb muscles during the task of ironing

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of position and pauses on muscle activity and fatigue during the task of ironing. Ten female participants performed the task of ironing in two different positions (standing and sitting) for 10 min each with a 1-min pause at the end of each task. Muscle activity and fatigue from the upper trapezium, anterior deltoid, and pectoralis major were analyzed using surface electromyography. The results showed that the positions had no significant influence on muscle activity; nevertheless, they had significant influence on muscular fatigue. In addition, the pauses were possibly beneficial in decreasing the muscle fatigue, but the results were not conclusive.

Familial aplasia of the trapezius muscle: clinical and MRI findings.

A 5-year-old boy was referred to our neurology clinic for suspected myopathy. His parents reported normal upper extremity strength and no limitation in daily activities; however, he was unable to raise his arms above his head. On examination, both shoulders were down-slanting and anteriorly displaced, leading to a webbed neck appearance. Muscle MRI demonstrated isolated bilateral aplasia of the trapezius muscles. His father was found to have a unilateral partial trapezius hypoplasia with no functional consequences. Conclusion:  Congenital aplasia of the trapezius muscle is a rare condition; bilateral aplasia of the muscle, having been reported in only five cases, is most often associated with aplasia of the pectoralis major. This is the first report to our knowledge to demonstrate bilateral isolated trapezius aplasia by MRI.

Successful therapy for a patient with an infected ascending aortic graft and sternal osteomyelitis without graft removal.

Objective: Following open-heart surgery, sternal osteomyelitis or infection of the graft may be a serious complication with high mortality rates. The recommended treatment of an infected graft is its explantation. Because of the poor performance status of the patient, this may not always be an option. We report a successful treatment concept without removal of the infected graft. Methods: The infected ascending aortic graft and the remaining sternum of a critically ill 60-year-old man were covered with a bilateral pectoralis muscle flap. Results: Postoperatively, the laboratory test values normalized and the patient was discharged 1 month after the intervention. One year after surgery, the patient was in good condition and the examination showed no signs of infection. Conclusion: The thus demonstrated treatment concept with insertion of well-vascularized tissues in combination with a specific antibiotic regime in our hands proved to be an additional option for the successful management of life-threatening infections of a sternal osteomyelitis in combination of an infected aortic graft.

Contribuição ao conhecimento dos Hemilophini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), principalmente da Costa Rica

Novos registros: Sphallonycha irundisa Galileo & Martins, 2001 para o Ecuador; Hilaroleopsis icuapira Martins & Galileo, 1992, para a Costa Rica. Novos táxons descritos da Costa Rica: Apebusu gen. nov., espécie-tipo A. rubriventris sp. nov.; Esamirim gen. nov., espécie-tipo E. fasciatus sp. nov.; E. carinatus sp. nov.; Kuatinga gen. nov. espécie-tipo, K.. bicolor sp. nov.: Hilaroleopsis theurgus sp. nov.; Abanycha pectoralis sp. nov.; do Panamá: Esamirim divisus sp. nov. Nova combinação: Esamirim chionides (Bates,1885) comb. nov. (anteriormente em Adesmus). Chaves para gêneros de Hemilophini com garras tarsais internas reduzidas e para as espécies de Esamirim são fornecidas.

Repair of tracheomalacia with inflammatory defect and mediastinitis.

We describe a novel repair of an anterior inflammatory tracheal defect with mediastinitis, which occurred after external tracheal suspension of localized intrathoracic tracheomalacia. The malacic tracheal segment of 4-cm length containing the inflammatory tracheal defect was noncircumferentially resected. A temporary endotracheal silicone stent was introduced, and the trachea was closed by a pedicled pectoralis muscle flap reinforced with an embedded rib segment. Retrieval of the stent 5 months postoperatively resulted in a re-epithelialized, persistently stable, noncollapsible tracheal segment that showed the same diameter and configuration as the nonreconstructed part of the trachea.

Tracheo-carinal reconstructions using extrathoracic muscle flaps.

OBJECTIVES: Prospective evaluation of tracheo-carinal airway reconstructions using pedicled extrathoracic muscle flaps for closing airway defects after non-circumferential resections and after carinal resections as part of the reconstruction for alleviation of anastomotic tension. METHODS: From January 1996 to June 2006, 41 patients underwent tracheo-carinal airway reconstructions using 45 extrathoracic muscle flaps (latissimus dorsi, n=25; serratus anterior, n=18; pectoralis major, n=2) for closing airway defects resulting from (a) bronchopleural fistulas (BPF) with short desmoplastic bronchial stumps after right upper lobectomy (n=1) and right-sided (pleuro) pneumonectomy (n=13); (b) right (n=9) and left (n=3) associated with partial carinal resections for pre-treated centrally localised tumours; (c) partial non-circumferential tracheal resections for pre-treated tracheal tumours, tracheo-oesophageal fistulas (TEF) and chronic tracheal injury with tracheomalacia (n=11); (d) carinal resections with the integration of a muscle patch in specific parts of the anastomotic reconstruction for alleviation of anastomotic tension (n=4). The airway defects ranged from 2 x 1 cm to 8 x 4 cm and involved up to 50% of the airway circumference. The patients were followed by clinical examination, repeated bronchoscopy, pulmonary function testing and CT scans. The minimum follow-up time was 6 months. RESULTS: Ninety-day mortality was 7.3% (3/41 patients). Four patients (9.7%) sustained muscle flap necrosis requiring re-operation and flap replacement without subsequent mortality, airway dehiscence or stenosis. Airway dehiscence was observed in 1/41 patients (2.4%) and airway stenosis in 1/38 surviving patients (2.6%) responding well to topical mitomycin application. Follow-up on clinical grounds, by CT scans and repeated bronchoscopy, revealed airtight, stable and epithelialised airways and no recurrence of BPF or TEF in all surviving patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheo-carinal airway defects can be closed by use of pedicled extrathoracic muscle flaps after non-circumferential resections and after carinal resections with the muscle patch as part of the reconstruction for alleviation of anastomotic tension.

Intraosseous migration of tendinous calcifications: cortical erosions, subcortical migration and extensive intramedullary diffusion, a SIMS series.

Calcium hydroxyapatite crystal deposition is a common disorder, which sometimes causes acute pain as calcifications dissolve and migrate into adjacent soft tissue. Intraosseous calcium penetration has also been described. We illustrate the appearance of these lesions using a series of 35 cases compiled by members of the French Society of Musculoskeletal Imaging (Société d'Imagerie Musculo-Squelettique, SIMS). The first group in our series (7 cases) involved calcification-related cortical erosions of the humeral and femoral diaphyses, in particular at the pectoralis major and gluteus maximus insertions. A second group (28 cases) involved the presence of calcium material in subcortical areas. The most common site was the greater tubercle of the humerus, accompanying a calcifying tendinopathy of the supraspinatus. In addition, an extensive intramedullary diffusion of calcium deposits was observed in four of these cases, associated with cortical erosion in one case and subcortical lesions in three cases. Cortical erosions and intraosseous migration of calcifications associated with calcific tendinitis may be confused with neoplasm or infection. It is important to recognize atypical presentations of hydroxyapatite deposition to avoid unnecessary investigation or surgery.

Capillarity and fibre types in locomotory muscles of wild yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans)

This study analyzes the capillarity and fibre-type distribution of six locomotory muscles of gulls. The morphological basis and the oxygen supply characteristics of the skeletal muscle of a species with a marked pattern of gliding flight are established, thus contributing to a better understanding of the physiology of a kind of flight with low energetic requirements. The four wing muscles studied (scapulotriceps, pectoralis, scapulohumeralis, and extensor metacarpi) exhibited higher percentages of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres (>70%) and lower percentages of slow oxidative fibres (<16%) than the muscles involved in nonflight locomotion (gastrocnemius and iliotibialis). Capillary densities ranged from 816 to 1,233 capillaries mm(-2), having the highest value in the pectoralis. In this muscle, the fast oxidative glycolytic fibres had moderate staining for succinate dehydrogenase and relatively large fibre sizes, as deduced from the low fibre densities (589-665 fibres mm(-2)). All these findings are seen as an adaptive response for gliding, when the wing is held outstretched by isometric contractions. The leg muscles studied included a considerable population of slow oxidative fibres (>14% in many regions), which suggests that they are adapted to postural activities. Regional variations in the relative distributions of fibre types in muscle gastrocnemius may reflect different functional demands placed on this muscle during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion. The predominance of oxidative fibres and capillary densities under 1,000 capillaries mm(-2) in leg muscles is probably a consequence of an adaptation for slow swimming and maintenance of the posture on land rather than for other locomotory capabilities, such as endurance or sprint activities.

Tratamentos de pré-resfriamento e resfriamento sobre a qualidade de carne de peito de frango

O total de 402 frangos foi processado em abatedouro comercial e submetido a seis tratamentos de resfriamento. Inicialmente as carcaças foram pré-resfriadas (PR) por imersão em água e gelo, seguido de resfriamento (R) a -35°C e estocagem a 4°C por 20 horas. Os tratamentos foram: a (0°C/30min, -35°C/3h e 15min), b (10°C/30min, 0°C/30min, -35°C/2h e 45 min), c (10°C/30min, -35°C/3h e 15min), d (20°C/30min, 0°C/30min, -35°C/2h e 45min), e (20°C/30min, -35°C/3h e 15min) e F (20°C/30min, 0°C/3h e 15min). Temperaturas baixas utilizadas após a evisceração aceleraram a instalação do rigor em músculos pectoralis major (PM). Aos 45min post mortem carcaças sem PR (A) ou PR a 10°C (B) tiveram músculo PM com menor (P<0,001) pH (5,75 e 5,81) do que carcaças PR a 20°C (D) (5,95). Às 4h p.m, nos tratamentos A e B as médias de valor R* foram (P<0,05) mais elevadas (1,51 e 1,44) que o no tratamento D (1,32). O teor de luminosidade foi influenciado (P<0,001) pelas temperaturas de R (nos tratamentos A, B e C as médias foram de 48,2; 47,7 e 47,6 e nos tratamentos D e E de 45,5 e 45,7, respectivamente). Os teores de luminosidade mais elevados coincidiram com tratamentos com rápida glicólise post mortem. A perda de peso por cozimento e a força de cisalhamento não revelaram efeito dos tratamentos. * razão entre as absorbâncias de 250nm e 260nm, que avalia a quantidade de monofosfato de inosina (IMP) para trifosfato de adenosina (ATP)

Rôle d'un ajout de vitamine E alimentaire dans la prévention de la myopathie du poulet de chair

Des études précédentes ont montré qu’une carence en vitamine E prédispose à la myopathie du poulet de chair. L’effet d’un ajout de vitamine E dans la diète commerciale sur la dégénérescence des fibres musculaires de la poitrine et de la cuisse a été étudié chez les poulets de chair. Des poulets mâles ROSS 308 (n = 1100) ont été assignés de façon aléatoire à deux traitements alimentaires (aliment commercial + 25 à 50 mg de vitamine E surajouté par kg vs aliment commercial + 0 mg de vitamine E supplémentaire). Les poulets ont été répartis sur 10 parquets (cinq répétitions par traitement). Le poids corporel et la consommation d’aliment ont été mesurés hebdomadairement. Aux jours j28, j35, j42 et j49, du sang a été prélevé pour mesurer le niveau de vitamine E et l’activité de la créatine kinase (CK). Les muscles Pectoralis superficialis et Adductor magnus ont été prélevés pour des analyses histologiques aux jours j28, j42 et j49; les fibres dégénérées ont été dénombrées sur chaque muscle prélevé. La concentration plasmatique de vitamine E était plus élevée dans le groupe supplémenté (P = 0.001). L’activité de la CK n’était pas différente dans les deux groupes (P = 0.20) mais très élevée, et n’était pas toujours en relation avec les dommages musculaires, à cause de grandes fluctuations de la CK entre les individus du même groupe. Le nombre de fibres endommagées était plus élevé dans le muscle Pectoralis superficialis (poitrine) que dans le muscle Adductor magnus (cuisse) dans les deux groupes; il y avait aussi moins de fibres dégénérées à j28 dans la poitrine des poulets qui ont reçus la diète supplémentée. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’ajout de vitamine E à la diète conventionnelle augmente le niveau de vitamine E dans le plasma et dans les tissus, diminue le nombre de fibres dégénérées dans la poitrine des jeunes poulets sans pour autant modifier la conversion alimentaire. La mesure de l’activité plasmatique de la CK ne saurait suffire à elle seule pour détecter précocement la myopathie nutritionnelle dans les élevages de poulets de chair.