Avaliação clínica, morbi-mortalidade e desenvolvimento de bezerros da raça Brahman produzidos por fertilização in vitro e inseminação artificial

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Transferência de imunidade passiva de vacas da raça Holandesa imunizadas e não imunizadas contra rotavírus para seus bezerros

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Avaliação da absorção colostral em neonatos ovinos da raça Bergamácia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Rumen microbial diversity under influence of a polyclonal antibody preparation against lactate-producing and proteolytic bacteria in cows fed different energy sources

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Perfil bioquímico sérico de bezerros bubalinos no período neonatal

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Intestinal IgG uptake by small intestine of goat kid fed goat or lyophilized bovine colostrum

The immunoglobulin G (IgG) uptake and enterocyte nucleus position in the villous were studied in newborn goat kids fed goat or lyophilized bovine colostrum. Two groups of 15 newborn goat kids, each received 5% of body weight of goat colostrum (GC) or lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) containing 55 mg/mL of immunoglobulin G (IgG) at 0, 7 and 14 h of life. Three animals were sampled just after birth, receiving no colostrum intake, to be used as control. Samples of duodenum, medium jejunum and ileum were collected at 0, 18, 36 and 96 h of life. IgG vacuoles were not observed in the duodenum throughout the experiment regardless of all the experimental time points. In this segment, at 0, 18 and 36 h of life, nuclei were found in the apical, medial and basal positions in the enterocytes, and localized in the upper, medial and lower parts in the villous, respectively. At 96 h, a basal nuclei position was observed in the enterocytes, throughout the villous. In jejunum, IgG vacuoles were distributed along the villous at 18 and 36 h. In this segment at Oh the nuclei were positioned predominantly apically in the enterocytes, throughout the villous. At 18 and 36 h, no consistent nuclei pattern was verified: however at 96 h, the nuclei were positioned basally in the enterocytes, throughout the jejunal villous. In the ileum at 0, 18 and 36 h, a great number of vacuoles without IgG were verified in the medial-apical part of the villous. In this segment, at Oh of life and 96 h of life, the predominance of basal nuclei was observed. Nuclei were positioned in medial-apically part of the ileal enterocytes in the upper part of the villous at 18 and 36 h. It was found that the jejunal epithelium was the most important segment related to absorption process. The IgG absorption and nucleus position in the newborn goats were dependent on the small intestine segments and experimental time points, regardless of the colostrum source. GC or LCB. Considering the IgG uptake mechanism observed in the present study, the lyophilized bovine colostrum might be used instead of goat colostrum. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lyophilized bovine colostrum as a source of immunoglobulins and insulin-like growth factor for newborn goat kids

The objective of this study was to evaluate lyophilized bovine colostrum as an alternative source of passive immunity and insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) for goat kids, considering newborns consuming non-maternal colostrum. Twenty-nine male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine (LBC) or goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/mL of IgG, at 0, 7 and 14 h of life. Blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h of life to determine serum IgG, total protein (TP), IGF-I and apparent efficiency of IgG absorption at 7, 14, 18 and 24 h (AEA(7hr), AEA(14hr), AEA(18hr), AEA(total), respectively). In LBC, the values of serum IgG at 14, 18,24 and 48 h (13.1, 13.4, 14.1 and 14.6 mg/mL, respectively) were higher than the values at 0 and 7 h (0.04 and 6.9 mg/mL, respectively). In GC, the serum IgG at 18 h (9.3 mg/mL) was higher than the value at 7 h (5.5 mg/mL). AEA(7hr) and AEA(14hr) in LBC were the same (19.2 and 18.5%, respectively, P>0.05) and the values of AEA(18hr) and AEA(total), 9.3 and 9.5%, respectively, were equal and smaller than AEA(7hr), and AEA(14hr). In GC, AEA(7hr), 20.8%, was higher than AEA(14hr), 16.1% (P<0.05) and AEA(18hr), and AEA(total), 9.2 and 8.0%, respectively, were equal and smaller than AEA(7hr) and AEA(14hr). The serum TP and IGF-I were not affected by colostrum feeding. Considering the variables study in the present work, lyophilized bovine colostrum constitutes a promising alternative substitute to goat colostrum in newborn goat kids, since the supply of immunoglobulins and IGF-I was suitable for the kids. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Maturation of mononuclear phagocytes in the lungs of young calves-In vitro study

The influences of age in calves' immune system are described in their first phase of life. We hypothesized that variations that occur in the main mechanisms of lung innate response can help to identify periods of greater susceptibility to the respiratory diseases that affect calves in the first stage of their life. This study aimed to evaluate the innate immune system. Nine healthy calves were monitored for 3 mo and 8 immunologic evaluations were performed. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were recovered by bronchoscopy. The alveolar macrophages in samples were identified by protein expression of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and underwent functional evaluation of phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus stained with propidium iodide and Escherichia coli). Data was assessed by one-way ANOVA (unstacked and parametric) and the Mann-Whitney test (nonparametric). Functional alterations in CD14-positive phagocytes were observed, with punctual higher intensity of phagocytosis in the third week and its decrease starting at 45 d of life. A gradual increase in phagocytosis rate was observed starting at this date. It is concluded that from 45 d of life on, alveolar macrophages have less phagocytic capacity but more cells perform this function. We suggest that this occurs because lung macrophages of calves start to maintain their immune response without passive immunity influence. Until 90 d of life, calves did not achieve the stability to conclude the maturation of local innate immune response.

Nutritional physiology of neonatal calves

The gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves is relatively mature but still requires morphological and functional changes. The intake of colostrum with its nutrient and non-nutrient components exerts marked effects on gastrointestinal development and function. Colostrum intake provides immunoprotection (passive immunity by immunoglobulins) and is essential for survival of neonates of most species. Furthermore, there are important transient as well as long-lasting systemic effects on the nutritional status, on metabolism, and on various endocrine systems due to intake of nutrient and non-nutrient colostral components that contribute to survival in the stressful postnatal period. Colostrum is much more than just a supplier of immunoglobulins.

Kinetics of maternally acquired anti-hepatitis A antibodies: prediction of waning based on maternal or cord blood antibody levels

BACKGROUND Timing is critical for efficient hepatitis A vaccination in high endemic areas as high levels of maternal IgG antibodies against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) present in the first year of life may impede the vaccine response. OBJECTIVES To describe the kinetics of the decline of anti-HAV maternal antibodies, and to estimate the time of complete loss of maternal antibodies in infants in León, Nicaragua, a region in which almost all mothers are anti-HAV seropositive. METHODS We collected cord blood samples from 99 healthy newborns together with 49 corresponding maternal blood samples, as well as further blood samples at 2 and 7 months of age. Anti-HAV IgG antibody levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). We predicted the time when antibodies would fall below 10 mIU/ml, the presumed lowest level of seroprotection. RESULTS Seroprevalence was 100% at birth (GMC 8392 mIU/ml); maternal and cord blood antibody concentrations were similar. The maternal antibody levels of the infants decreased exponentially with age and the half-life of the maternal antibody was estimated to be 40 days. The relationship between the antibody concentration at birth and time until full waning was described as: critical age (months)=3.355+1.969 × log(10)(Ab-level at birth). The survival model estimated that loss of passive immunity will have occurred in 95% of infants by the age of 13.2 months. CONCLUSIONS Complete waning of maternal anti-HAV antibodies may take until early in the second year of life. The here-derived formula relating maternal or cord blood antibody concentrations to the age at which passive immunity is lost may be used to determine the optimal age of childhood HAV vaccination.

Clinical parameters, intestinal function, and IGF1 concentrations in colostrum-deprived and colostrum-fed newborn pony foals.

Colostrum (COL) contains cytokines and growth factors that may enhance intestinal development in neonates. The hypothesis of this study was that besides providing immunoglobulins, COL is important for intestinal function and meconium release in foals. Newborn foals were either fed COL (n = 5) or an equal amount of milk replacer (MR, n = 7) during the first 24 hours of life. To ensure passive immunity, all foals received 1 L plasma. Postnatal development, meconium release, intestinal motility, white blood cell count, insulin-like growth factor 1, and intestinal absorptive function (xylose absorption test) were evaluated. Clinical findings and meconium release were not affected by feeding of COL or MR. Ultrasonography revealed a slightly larger jejunum and stomach in group COL versus MR (P < 0.05). The percentage of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was higher in foals of group MR versus group COL (P < 0.05) and the percentage of lymphocytes was lower in MR compared with COL foals (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration increased during the first 14 days after birth in both groups. A xylose absorption test on Day 5 revealed similar increases in plasma xylose concentrations after oral intake. In conclusion, feeding of COL versus MR was without effect on meconium release and intestinal absorptive function. Differences between foals fed COL and MR with regard to intestinal function are apparently without clinical relevance. In foals that have not received maternal COL, there is no major risk of intestinal problems if they are fed MR and provided with immunoglobulins by transfusion of plasma.

Malaria infection and fetal growth during the war : evidence from Liberia

This study investigates whether the Liberian civil war increased infant mortality by exposing pregnant women to a high risk of malaria infection, thus retarding fetal development. I find that the war-induced, one-percent increase in maternal infection risk resulted in a 0.44 percent increase in one-year mortality. This mortality effect gradually increased following childbirth as maternal passive immunity waned. The consequences were pronounced for infants conceived in rainy seasons by young mothers residing in rural, battle-intensive areas, with no gender difference detected. I also provide evidence suggesting the wartime culling of the weakest infants associated with maternal malaria infection.

Vigor, variação na concentração de metabólitos sanguíneos e avaliação da transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros leiteiros neonatos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o padrão de vigor e status metabólico através da determinação da frequência dos sinais objetivos e metabólitos sanguíneos após o nascimento, possivelmente associados à transferência de imunidade passiva, além de determinar o melhor horário para o uso do refratômetro de Brix na avaliação da transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros neonatos após a ingestão de colostro. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 46 bezerros neonatos de ambos os sexos, nascidos entre setembro de 2013 e julho de 2014. A avaliação do vigor dos animais foi realizada entre 15 e 30 minutos após o nascimento com o auxílio da escala APGAR modificada pela Universidade de Guelph. A colheita de sangue para análise de metabólitos seguiu os horários de 0h (antes da ingestão), 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h contadas a partir da ingestão do colostro. Os parâmetros sanguíneos foram determinados por kit enzimático específico para cada parâmetro em Sistema Automático para Bioquímica. Todos os animais utilizados neste estudo foram oriundos de partos eutócicos e apresentaram, de acordo com a escala APGAR, vigor satisfatório. As concentrações de metabólicos sanguíneos dos neonatos mostraram que o consumo de colostro aumentou a disponibilidade de energia e a concentração de frações proteicas, comumente utilizadas como indicativos da transferência de imunidade passiva. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 47 bezerros neonatos de ambos os sexos, nascidos entre março e julho de 2014. O colostro foi ordenhado após o parto e a qualidade determinada com auxílio do colostrômetro e do refratômetro digital. A colheita do sangue para a análise dos parâmetros sanguíneos seguiu os horários de 0h (antes da ingestão), 1h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96 e 120h, contadas a partir da ingestão do colostro. A concentração de proteína total foi determinada por refratômetro de Brix e por kit enzimático em Sistema Automático para Bioquímica. Os demais parâmetros sanguíneos foram determinados por kit enzimático específico para cada parâmetro em Sistema Automático para Bioquímica. A contagem global e diferenciada das células sanguíneas foi realizada nos tempos 0, 12 e 24h após o fornecimento do colostro. O colostro se manteve na faixa de boa qualidade, segundo os critérios de classificação de medidas pelo colostrômetro e refratômetro digital de Brix. O consumo de colostro foi o principal fator de variação dos parâmetros estudados neste trabalho. A avaliação da transferência de imunidade passiva em bezerros recém-nascidos deve ser realizada por volta das 24 horas após a ingestão do colostro, pois neste momento a absorção de macromoléculas colostrais já está encerrada e a PT alcança estabilidade. A partir deste período, não é possível determinar se as frações proteicas avaliadas são de origem colostral ou endógena, o que não garante avaliação segura sobre a transferência de imunidade passiva.

Avaliação da saúde e desempenho de bezerros leiteiros recebendo suplemento de colostro associado ao colostro materno

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do suplemento de colostro (SC) associado ao colostro materno (CM) de alta ou média qualidade na saúde e desempenho de bezerros leiteiros. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 44 machos da raça Holandesa, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 1) CM de alta qualidade fornecido em volume correspondente a 15% do peso ao nascer (PN); 2) CM de média qualidade (15%PN) e 3) CM de média qualidade (15% PN) + SC. O protocolo de colostragem afetou a concentração de proteína total nas primeiras 48 horas de vida e durante a fase de aleitamento (P<0,05). Em relação a saúde, o protocolo de colostragem não afetou o escore fecal, bem como o número de dias com diarreia, dias com febre e dias de hidratação (P>0,05); no entanto, os animais que receberam CM de alta qualidade foram medicados por um menor número de dias (P<0,05). O consumo e o desempenho não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05), embora tenha ocorrido efeito de idade (P<0,0001). O fornecimento de suplemento de colostro associado ao CM de média qualidade não afetou a transferência de imunidade passiva, o desempenho ou o metabolismo dos animais durante o período de aleitamento. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas 80 fêmeas da raça Holandesa nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CM de alta qualidade fornecido em volume correspondente a 15% PN; e 2) CM de alta qualidade (15% PN) + SC. Não houve diferença na qualidade do colostro ingerido pelos animais (P>0,05). Os parâmetros sanguíneos nas primeiras 24 horas não foram afetados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). O consumo e o desempenho não foram afetados pela administração do suplemento de colostro (P>0,05), no entanto houve efeito de idade para ambos os parâmetros (P<0,0001). Em relação à saúde, o fornecimento adicional de Ig não afetou os dias com diarreia, dias com febre ou dias medicados (P>0,05). A taxa de mortalidade observada durante o experimento foi de 2,5%. O consumo adicional de Ig através do fornecimento de suplemento de colostro em associação ao colostro materno de alta qualidade não melhorou a imunidade, bem como não afetou o desempenho ou a saúde de bezerros leiteiros. No terceiro experimento, foram utilizadas 67 fêmeas da raça Holandesa ou mestiças Girolando nos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CM de alta qualidade fornecido em volume correspondente a 10% PN; e 2) CM de alta qualidade (10% PN) + SC. O consumo e o desempenho não foram afetados pelo SC (P>0,05). O escore fecal também não foi afetado (P>0,05), mas observou-se maior frequência de animais com escore de desidratação nas 2ª e 3ª semana de vida, quando os escores fecais foram mais altos para todos os tratamentos. Houve uma maior porcentagem de animais suplementados sendo medicados devido a diarreias na segunda semana de vida. Houve maior frequência dos animais do grupo não suplementado com escore 1 de descarga nasal nas semanas 3 a 7. O consumo adicional de imunoglobulinas através do fornecimento de suplemento de colostro em associação ao colostro materno de alta qualidade não afetou o desempenho ou a saúde dos animais.

Comparison of IgG concentrations by radial immunodiffusion, electrophoretic gamma globulin concentrations and total globulins in neonatal foals

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in foals is associated with a risk of infection and death. The current diagnostic gold standard is quantification of immunoglobulins using radial immunodiffusion (IgG-RID). Routine diagnosis is often performed using semi-quantitative tests. Concentrations of serum electrophoretic gamma globulins (EGG) and total globulins may be useful to assess FTPI, but few studies have investigated their use. OBJECTIVES: To assess agreement between IgG-RID and EGG, and evaluate the accuracy of total globulin concentration to diagnose FTPI based on both IgG-RID and EGG. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. METHODS: 360 serum samples were harvested at 6-24 hours post natum from 60 German Warmblood foals. Concentrations of EGG, IgG-RID and total globulin concentration (calculated from total proteins and albumin) were measured. Agreement between EGG and IgG-RID was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and Passing-Bablok regression. The accuracy of total globulin concentration was assessed using rank correlation and ROC curve analysis. RESULTS: Good agreement was found with slightly lower EGG than IgG-RID concentrations (Bland-Altman systemic bias, -1.9 g/L) which was more pronounced at higher concentrations (regression equation: IgG-RID = -0.78 +1.28xEGG). Correlations between total globulin concentration and EGG, and total globulin concentration and IgG-RID were 0.93 and 0.79, respectively. The area under the curve was 0.982 and 0.952 for EGG <4 g/L and <8 g/L, and 0.953 and 0.899 for IgG-RID <4 g/L and <8 g/L. Sensitivities and specificities of total globulin concentration in the diagnosis of FTPI were comparable to commonly used screening tests, but cut-offs could be selected to achieve sensitivities of >95% with 71.2% (IgG-RID) and 90.5% (EGG) specificity for <4 g/L, and >90% with 66.0% (IgG-RID) and 87.9% (EGG) specificity for <8 g/L. CONCLUSIONS: There is good agreement between EGG and IgG-RID, with slightly more conservative estimates of immunoglobulins obtained using EGG. Total globulins may be a useful and economic quantitative screening test with cut-offs achieving high sensitivities, but analyser-specific cut-offs may be necessary. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. KEYWORDS: IgG; electrophoresis; foal; globulins; horse; radial immunodiffusion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.