Monogeneans (Dactylogyridae) parasitizing gills of Salminus hilarii from a Neotropical reservoir, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The influence of captive breeding on the fatty acid profiles of Salminus hilarii (Characiformes: Characidae) eggs and larvae

In addition to the strong influence of the broodstock diet on the development and survival of offspring, domestication may also interfere with the larval life success. We obtained eggs from wild and domesticated Salminus hilarii females and domesticated males. Wild females were caught in the Tiete River and tributaries, and the domesticated females were born three years before the beginning of the experiment in the Ponte Nova Fish Farm. Animals from both groups were fed with the same feed to exclude feed variables. The eggs and larvae were sampled at 0, 8, 16, and 28 h after spawning (HAS), with the last sampling (28 HAS) coinciding with hatching time. After hatching, samplings proceeded at 32, 48, 66, and 96 HAS, with the last sampling (96 HAS) corresponding to the end of yolk sac consumption. Finally, the last experimental period was during the larvae exogenous feeding phase, at 102, 118, 166, and 214 HAS. Our data revealed that domestication of S. hilarii females influenced fatty acid (FA) metabolism during embryo and larva development. However, the structure of membrane phospholipid FA remained mostly stable, with changes principally in the neutral fraction. When the external conditions, mainly water and feed quality, remained constant, domestication of S. hilarii females did not significantly affect the structural FA composition but influenced the selectivity of consumption and/or storage of specific FA.

Immunohistochemical study of pituitary cells in wild and captive Salminus hilarii (Characiformes: Characidae) females during the annual reproductive cycle

Freshwater fish that live exclusively in rivers are at particular risk from fragmentation of the aquatic system, mainly the species that migrate upriver for reproduction. That is the case of Salminus hilarii, an important migratory species currently classified as “almost threatened” in the São Paulo State (Brazil), facing water pollution, dam construction, riparian habitat destruction and environmental changes that are even more serious in this State. Additionally, this species show ovulation dysfunction in captivity. Our studies focused on the identification and distribution of the pituitary cell types in the adenohypophysis of S. hilarii females, including a morphometric analysis that compares pituitary cells from wild and captive broodstocks during the reproductive annual cycle. The morphology of adenohypophysial cells showed differences following the reproductive cycle and the environment. In general, optical density suggested a higher cellular activity during the previtellogenic (growth hormone) and vitellogenic (somatolactin) stages in both environments. Additionally, the nucleus/cell ratio analysis suggested that growth hormone and somatolactin cells were larger in wild than in captive females in most reproductive stages of the annual cycle. In contrast, prolactin hormone showed no variation throughout the reproductive cycle (in both environments). Morphometrical analyses related to reproduction of S. hilarii in different environmental conditions, suggest that somatolactin and growth hormone play an important role in reproduction in teleost and can be responsible for the regulation of associated processes that indirectly affect reproductive status.

Immunohistochemical study of pituitary cells in wild and captive Salminus hilarii (Characiformes: Characidae) females during the annual reproductive cycle

Freshwater fish that live exclusively in rivers are at particular risk from fragmentation of the aquatic system, mainly the species that migrate upriver for reproduction. That is the case of Salminus hilarii, an important migratory species currently classified as “almost threatened” in the São Paulo State (Brazil), facing water pollution, dam construction, riparian habitat destruction and environmental changes that are even more serious in this State. Additionally, this species show ovulation dysfunction in captivity. Our studies focused on the identification and distribution of the pituitary cell types in the adenohypophysis of S. hilarii females, including a morphometric analysis that compares pituitary cells from wild and captive broodstocks during the reproductive annual cycle. The morphology of adenohypophysial cells showed differences following the reproductive cycle and the environment. In general, optical density suggested a higher cellular activity during the previtellogenic (growth hormone) and vitellogenic (somatolactin) stages in both environments. Additionally, the nucleus/cell ratio analysis suggested that growth hormone and somatolactin cells were larger in wild than in captive females in most reproductive stages of the annual cycle. In contrast, prolactin hormone showed no variation throughout the reproductive cycle (in both environments). Morphometrical analyses related to reproduction of S. hilarii in different environmental conditions, suggest that somatolactin and growth hormone play an important role in reproduction in teleost and can be responsible for the regulation of associated processes that indirectly affect reproductive status.

Abrahami Sculteti ... Medullae theologiae Patrum : pars IV : In qua Theologia Basilii magni, episcopi Caesariensis, & Hilarii, Episcopi Pictaviensis ...

Mode of access: Internet.

D. Hilarii Pictanorum episcopi Lucubrationes quotquot extant olim /

CCBE. s. XVI, H, 416

Sancti Hilarii Pictaviensis Episcopi De trinitate.

Includes index.

Sancti Hilarii Pictaviensis Episcopi Opera /

Mode of access: Internet.

Sancti Hilarii Pictaviensis Episcopi Opera /

Mode of access: Internet.

Q.S. Florentis Tertulliani, Cypriani, M. Victoris, Juvenci, Hilarii, Victorini, Typherni, Damasi, Zovenzonii, Ambrosii, Paulini et Probae Falconiae opera.

Title on half t.p.: Poetae ecclesiastici, [3].

Benzocaine and eugenol as anesthetics for Brycon hilarii

A utilização de produtos anestésicos durante práticas de manejo é frequentemente empregada, porém doses corretas de diferentes fármacos e para espécies distintas ainda estão em fases de pesquisa. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a melhor concentração de benzocaína e eugenol para juvenis de piraputanga (B. hilarii). Foram utilizados 104 juvenis de piraputanga com peso médio de 50,04 ± 20,80 g e comprimento total médio de 16,30 ± 12,32 cm adquiridos em uma piscicultura comercial localizada na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Aquicultura do Grupo de Estudos de Manejo na Aquicultura - GEMAq da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE). Os animais foram submetidos a cinco concentrações de benzocaína (50,0; 100,0; 150,0; 200,0 e 250,0 mg L-1) e sete concentrações de eugenol (50,0; 100,0; 150,0; 200,0; 250,0; 300,0 e 350 mg L-1), para a aferição dos tempos referentes à letargia. Para a recuperação, os animais foram mantidos em aquários livre do anestésico e observado o tempo em que retornaram às atividades normais. A melhor dose de benzocaína verificada foi de 100 mg L-1, enquanto a melhor dose de eugenol foi entre 100 e 150 mg L-1.

Fragmentation of a Neotropical migratory fish population by a century-old dam

Loss of connectivity in impounded rivers is among the impacts imposed by dams, and mitigation measures such as fish passages might not accomplish their purpose of reestablishing an efficient bi-directional gene flow in the fish populations affected. As a consequence, fish populations remain fragmented, and a new interpopulational structure may develop, with increased risk of reduced genetic diversity and stochastic extinction. In order to evaluate the effects of the Gavio Peixoto Dam, which was constructed almost a century ago on the Jacar,-Gua double dagger u River in the Upper Parana River basin, Brazil, a comparative morphometric study was undertaken on the populations of the Neotropical migratory characid fish Salminus hilarii living up- and downstream of this dam. Population dynamics, spatial segregation, and habitat use by different age classes were monitored for 2 years. We found that segregation caused by the dam and long periods with no efficient connection by fish passages have led to fragmentation and interpopulational structuring of S. hilarii, as revealed by canonical variable analysis of morphometric features. The fish populations occupying the up- and downstream sections have succeeded in performing short-distance reproductive migrations in the main river and tributaries, have found suitable habitats for completing their life cycle, and have been able to maintain distinct small-sized populations so far.

III - Contribuição para o estudo biológico e ecológico das Podostemaceae do salto do Piracicaba

1 - The Author, in this 3 thd. contribution, concludes the study of the biology and ecology of the species Tristicha trifaria (Willd.) Spreng. and Mourera aspera (Bong.) Tul., both of the Piracicaba Fall. 2 - According to the results of Dr. Peter van Royen (State Herbarium of Leiden, Holland), who made a complete revision of Podostemaceae of the Piracicaba Fall, the species Tristicha hypnoides (St. Hil.) Spreng. var. Hilarii Tul. and Mnioppsis Glazioviana Warm, correspond, respectively, to theTristicha trifaria (Willd.) Spreng. and Mniopsis weddelliana Tul. Apinagia Accorsii Toledo was transferred by Royen to the genus Wettsteiniola. So, its new name is Wettsteiniola accorsii (Toledo) v. Royen. 3 - Propagation by seeds may occur in the following places: a) placenta of partially open fruits; b) external and internal walls of the open capsules; c) pedicels of the fruits; d) remains of rhizomes, branches, etc. e) organic residues accumulated in water holes in the fall; f) clean rocks, in which the little groups of seedlings seems to be a colony of algae. Seeds adhere to the substrata above by means, of a mucilage produced by the transformation of the external integuments in contact with water. 4 - In the growth of the four species below it was found in Piracicaba Fall conspicuous zoning so scattered: a) Wettsteiniola accorsii (Toledo) v. Royen, in rocks situated just within the water fall, where velocity of the current and aeration of the water are very high. b) Tristicha trifaria (Willd.) Spreng. and Mniopsis weddelliana Tul., in rocks at some distance (100 m more or less) upstream until near the bridge across the river. c) Mourera aspera (Bong.) Tul., 300 m upwards the bridge. 5- During 1949, the ecological conditions of the Piracicaba Fall were changed due to the following factors: a) dry season very long, begining from last period of June until 30 november; b) stopping, during four months, of water from the Atibaia river (one of the components of Piracicaba river) near to the city of Americana, in the place where a new station of the Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz was build. In consequence, most of the Podostemaceae died. On the dry rocks there were only fruits and dried plants. 6 - Tristicha trifaria has the same biological and ecological behavior as the Mniopsis weddelliana,. 7 - The vegetative propagation of Tristicha trifaria is made by increasing of its branches, production of stolons with vegetatives buds and regeneration of old parts in especial conditions of water and aeration. 8 - Mourera aspera has the same vegetative propagation as the Wettsteiniola accorsii; it produces stolons (in very little percentage) with vegetative buds, branches of the rhizomes and regeneration of active old parts. 9 - Frequently, there is, on the plants an accumulation of sand, silt, loam, organic substances, and so on. The quantity of material stored depends of the purity of the water, of the morphology of the plants and of the situation on the fall. 10 - In extrem conditions of dry heat, the surviving of the species in its habitat depends exclusively from germination of seeds in the mentioned substrata. Exceptionally, some plants survive in a few water pockets full with the weak remaining current.

Procamallanus brasileiros (Nematoda, Camallanoidea): considerações finais, com chave para determinação das espécies

Encerrando uma série de observações em nematódeos do gênero Procamallanus Baylis, 1923, que ocorrem no Brasil, reunimos no presente trabalho a descrição de uma nova espécie: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) paraensis, a redescrição de Procamallanus (S.) hilarii vaz & Pereira, 1934 e as descrições originais de Procamallanus (S.) barroslimai Pereira, 1935 e Procamallanus (S.) macaensis vicente & Santos, 1972, modificadas e adaptadas. Quanto a barroslimai, colocamos em dúvida sua validade e somente não a tomamos sinônima a Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928, devido à falta absoluta de material, impossibilidade de acesso ao tipo e dados concretos que justificassem tal procedimento, no que somos apoiados por Kloss (1966). Relacionamos amostras de material parcialmente danificado que não nos permitiu uma diagnose específica. Referências são feitas a Procamallanus (S.) iheringi Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928. Para Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus é assinalado um novo hospedador. Como a maioria do material observado provinha de necrópsias realizadas em peixes dulcícolas caracídeos, fizemos um estudo comparativo entre os Procamallanus anteriormente referidos nesses hospedadores a fim de estabelecermos possíveis afinidades entre os caracteres morfológicos considerados distintivos quando da proposição das diversas espécies. Desta forma, pudemos ratificar as afirmações de Kloss (1966), com relação aos Procamallanus, quando do estudo dos parasitos de espécies simpátricas de Astyanax. Finalmente, incluímos uma chave para a determinação dos Procamallanus brasileiros.

Key to the species of Brazilian Procamallanus with general considerations (Nematoda, Camallanoidea)

In the present paper, the Peruvian Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) incarocai (Freitas & Ibañez 1970) is proposed as a junior synonym of P. (S.) hilarii Vaz & Pereira, 1934. The validity of the subgenera Procamallanus Baylis, 1923 and Spirocammallanus Olsen, 1952 is discussed. a check list and a key to the species of Procamallanus Baylis, 1923 occuring in Brazil are presented.