Untersuchungen zu kumulativen psychischen und physiologischen Effekten des fliegenden Personals auf der Kurzstrecke

Die fliegerische Tätigkeit auf der Kurzstrecke in der zivilen Luftfahrt unterliegt arbeitsspezifischen Belastungsfaktoren, die sich in wesentlichen Punkten von denen auf der Langstrecke unterscheiden. Eine hohe Arbeitsbelastung auf der Kurzstrecke ist mit vielen Starts und Landungen am Tag verbunden. Neben der Anzahl der Flugabschnitte können auch lange Flugdienstzeiten und/oder unregelmäßige Arbeitszeiten sowie der Zeitdruck während der Einsätze auf der Kurzstrecke zur Belastung für Cockpitbesatzungsmitglieder werden und zu Ermüdungserscheinungen führen. Bisher wurden flugmedizinische und -psychologische Daten hauptsächlich auf der Langstrecke in Bezug auf die Auswirkungen der Jet-Leg Symptomatik und kaum auf der Kurzstrecke erhoben. Deshalb wurde im Rahmen des DLR- Projekts „Untersuchungen zu kumulativen psychischen und physiologischen Effekten des fliegenden Personals auf der Kurzstrecke“ eine Langzeituntersuchung zur Belastung/Beanspruchung, Ermüdung sowie Erholung des Cockpitpersonals auf der Kurzstrecke über jeweils 56 Tage durchgeführt. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Lufthansa AG dauerte die Untersuchung zu den Auswirkungen arbeitsspezifischer Belastungsfaktoren auf die Cockpitbesatzungsmitglieder der Boeing 737-Flotte von 2003 bis 2006. ZIEL: Unter Berücksichtigung theoretisch fundierter arbeitspsychologischer Konzepte war das Ziel der Studie, kumulative und akute Effekte auf das Schlaf-Wach-Verhalten, auf die Belastung/Beanspruchung sowie auf die Müdigkeit zu identifizieren, die durch aufeinander folgende Einsätze auf der Kurzstrecke innerhalb eines Zeitraums von acht Wochen auftreten können. Hierfür wurden Daten von 29 Piloten (N=13 Kapitäne; N=16 Erste Offiziere) aufgezeichnet. Das Durchschnittsalter lag bei 33,8 ± 7,9 Jahren (Kapitäne: 42,0 ± 3,8 Jahre; Erste Offiziere: 27,4 ± 2,2 Jahre). METHODEN: Über ein Handheld PC konnten effizient Fragebögen bearbeitet und das Sleep Log sowie das Flight Log geführt werden. Die subjektive Ermüdung und Arbeitsbeanspruchung wurden durch standardisierte Fragebögen (z.B. Ermüdungsskala von Samn & Perelli (1982), NASA-TLX) operationalisiert. Im Sleep Log und im Flight Log wurden das Schlaf-Wach-Verhalten sowie flugspezifische Daten dokumentiert (z.B. Dienstbeginn, Dienstende, Flugabschnitte, Zielorte, etc.). Der Schlaf-Wach-Zyklus wurde mittels der Aktimetrie während des gesamten Messverlaufs aufgezeichnet. Die objektive Leistungsfähigkeit wurde täglich morgens und abends mit Hilfe einer computergestützten Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) nach Dinges & Powell (1985) erfasst. Die Leistung in der PVT diente als Indikator für die Ermüdung eines Piloten. Zusätzliche Befragungen mit Paper-Pencil-Fragebögen sollten Aufschluss über relevante, psychosoziale Randbedingungen geben, die bei den täglichen Erhebungen nicht berücksichtigt wurden (z.B. Arbeitszufriedenheit; Essgewohnheiten; Kollegenbeziehungen). ERGEBNISSE: Unter Beachtung kumulativer Effekte wurde über die Studiendauer keine Veränderung in der Schlafqualität und im Schlafbedürfnis festgestellt. Die Müdigkeit nahm dagegen während der achtwöchigen Untersuchung zu. Die Reaktionszeit in der PVT zeigte an Flugdiensttagen eine Verschlechterung über die Zeit. Insgesamt wurden keine kritischen längerfristigen Effekte analysiert. Akute signifikante Effekte wurden bei der Ermüdung, der Gesamtbelastung und der Leistungsfähigkeit an Flugdiensttagen gefunden. Die Ermüdung als auch die Gesamtbelastung stiegen bei zunehmender Flugdienstdauer und Leganzahl und die Leistung nahm in der PVT ab. Der „time on task“ Effekt zeigte sich besonders in der Ermüdung durch die fliegerische Tätigkeit ab einer Flugdienstzeit von > 10 Stunden und > 4 Legs pro Tag. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Mit diesen Ergebnissen konnte eine wissenschaftliche Datenbasis geschaffen werden aus der Empfehlungen resultieren, wie die Einsatzplanung für das Cockpitpersonal auf der Kurzstrecke unter flugmedizinischen und flugpsychologischen Gesichtspunkten optimiert werden kann. Zudem kann ein sachgerechter Beitrag im Rahmen der Diskussion zur Flugdienst- und Ruhezeitenregelung auf europäischer Ebene geleistet werden.

El trabajo en equipo en el Proceso Administrativo y de Compras en OPL Carga de Bucaramanga

El proceso administrativo y de compras de OPL Carga tiene algunas falencias entre ellas: fallas en la Comunicación entre el personal operativo, no se realizan llamadas internas usando con frecuencia el email, produciendo la saturación de solicitudes las cuales terminan sin ser resueltas en cuanto a roles se refiere, no hay enfoque de procesos en vista que no se tiene claras las tareas de cada cargo, adicionalmente no hay claridad en los subprocesos, perjudicando el proceso con el aumento de costos, pérdida de tiempo, las responsabilidades de los funcionario no todas las veces se ejecutan en el tiempo asignado, el liderazgo compartido presenta ambigüedades. Objetivos: Definir el trabajo en equipo en el proceso administrativo y de compras en OPL carga de Bucaramanga. La investigación que a realizar es de tipo descriptivo, busca descubrir las falencias o características que permiten diseñar y desarrollar un modelo de solución para los problemas del equipo de OPL Carga S.A.S. Materiales y métodos: La investigación efectuada es de tipo descriptivo, el objetivo es definir el modelo del trabajo en equipo y describir las falencias en el proceso administrativo y de compras en OPL carga de Bucaramanga, que permitan obtener un diagnóstico integral que conlleve a la implementación de estrategias de solución. Resultados: Se identificaron las falencias en los siguientes aspectos: Variable comunicación, rendimiento, destrezas complementarias, propósito significativo y meta específicas de los funcionarios en OPL carga sección administrativa. Conclusiones: El modelo de trabajo en equipo que OPL aplica es jerárquico, en el que se ofrece estabilidad, seguridad, se toman decisiones en forma piramidal, mediante la planeación de tareas, la colaboración, igualdad y respeto por los miembros, trabajando en pro de la solución de problemas. Se construyó un plano conceptual que permitió exponer la interpretación que la estudiante tiene de las teorías, investigaciones y antecedentes válidos para la comprensión del problema investigado. Área comunicacional: Coordinar acciones tendientes para que los funcionarios respondan a tiempo los emails atenientes a su trabajo. Área condiciones de trabajo: Clarificar y diseñar las reglas de comportamiento al interior de los equipos de trabajo que redunden en el mejoramiento del mismo y la búsqueda de soluciones oportunas. Área metas específicas: Procurar mediante auditorías el cumplimiento de las metas y objetivos propuestos por cada equipo de trabajo.

Variación en la resistencia al flujo de los tubos endotraqueales pediátricos modificando su longitud

Introducción: Se conocen los beneficios del uso de los tubos endotraqueales con neumotaponador, aunque dicha práctica tiene un impacto sobre el trabajo respiratorio durante el acto anestésico sin embargo se propone estudiar las consecuencias físicas de la variación en la longitud de los tubos para compensar dicha perdida de flujo, con base en la ley de Hagen-Poiseuille. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro, en el cual se realizaron mediciones repetidas de flujo, variando la longitud y diámetro de diferentes tubos endotraqueales pediátricos (desde calibre 3.5mm hasta 6.5mm), con longitudes de 20cm, 15 cm, 10 cm y manteniendo su longitud original. Se analizaron los datos con el fin de medir el impacto sobre el flujo. Resultados: A pesar que los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p0,000), la variación en la longitud de los tubos endotraqueales pediátricos tiene mucho menor impacto sobre la variación en el flujo, que la modificación del diámetro. Discusión: Si bien la práctica de acortar la longitud de un tubo endotraqueal pediátrico puede ayudar a reducir el espacio muerto y la retención de CO2, el impacto que tiene sobre el flujo es poco. Cuando se trata de disminuir el trabajo respiratorio de un niño en ventilación espontánea durante el acto anestésico, se debe escoger de forma apropiada el calibre de tubo correspondiente para la edad.

Cuerpos Intervenidos : Experiencias corporales diferenciadas de la feminidad y el cáncer de seno

Este proyecto de investigación se enfoca en estudiar la configuración de las feminidades en mujeres que han pasado por la experiencia del cáncer de seno. Teniendo en cuenta que cada una de ellas tiene una trayectoria social diferente que determina el desarrollo de la feminidad y de la experiencia de la enfermedad. La metodología que se utilizó dentro de la investigación fue de carácter etnográfico, ya que se pretendió dar cuentan de la experiencia de la enfermedad, la corporalidad y la subjetividad.

INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM : Optimization of production system and reliability

The main idea of this research to solve the problem of inventory management for the paper industry SPM PVT limited. The aim of this research was to find a methodology by which the inventory of raw material could be kept at minimum level by means of buffer stock level.The main objective then lies in finding the minimum level of buffer stock according to daily consumption of raw material, finding the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) reorders point and how much order will be placed in a year to control the shortage of raw material.In this project, we discuss continuous review model (Deterministic EOQ models) that includes the probabilistic demand directly in the formulation. According to the formula, we see the reorder point and the order up to model. The problem was tackled mathematically as well as simulation modeling was used where mathematically tractable solution was not possible.The simulation modeling was done by Awesim software for developing the simulation network. This simulation network has the ability to predict the buffer stock level based on variable consumption of raw material and lead-time. The data collection for this simulation network is taken from the industrial engineering personnel and the departmental studies of the concerned factory. At the end, we find the optimum level of order quantity, reorder point and order days.

Estratégias para ajuste do ciclo vigília-sono de adolescentes aos horários escolares matutinos: a educação sobre o sono e a exposição a luz solar

In adolescents, who tend to sleep and wake-up later, the school schedule in the morning is associated with sleep advancement and shortening besides bedtime and wake-up time irregularity between week and weekend days. As a result, there is an increase in daytime sleepiness and a drop in cognitive performance that interfer in students performance in classroom. These consequences reinforce the need to evaluate alternatives that help the adolescent to adapt their sleep needs to the time of start of classes in the morning. Accordingly, the general aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a sleep program education and sunlight exposure in early morning on sleep-wake cycle (SWC) and daytime sleepiness of adolescents. The students chronotype were evaluated by the Horne-Ostberg questionnaire and the health and usual sleep habits by "the health and the sleep questionnaire. The SWC patterns were assessed by sleep log, the daytime sleepiness by Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the alertness by the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). These parameters were compared before and after a sleep education program and before and during the sunlight exposure. The sleep program was effective in increasing sleep knowledge of adolescents, in promoting a reduction of bedtime and wake-up time irregularity and increasing the sleep duration in school days. The sunlight exposure effect was evaluated in the return to classes after vacation due to the difference in sleep patterns between school and vacation days. During the intervention week it was observed an advance of sleep schedules, an increase on sleep duration and alertness at the end of the morning. Assessed separately, sleep education and sunlight exposure should contribute to minimize adolescents partial sleep deprivation, but daytime sleepiness effect must be better investigated. These strategies should be used jointly by school members to improve health and performance of their students

Efeito do exercício físico matinal realizado sob luz solar no ciclo vigília-sono de adolescentes

The sleep onset and offset delay at adolescence in relation to childhood. Besides biological causes, some external factors as academic obligations and socialization contributes, increasing the burden of school and socialization. However, morning school schedules reduce sleep duration. Besides light strong effect, studies in humans have indicated that exercise influence circadian synchronization. To evaluate the effect of the morning exercise under sunlight on sleep-wake cycle (SWC) of adolescents, 160 high school students (11th year) were exposed to the following conditions: lesson in usual classroom (Group C), lesson in swimming pool exposed to sunlight (Group E), half of them carrying through physical activity (EE) and the other resting (EL). Each experimental group met two stages: assessment of SWC 1 week before and 1 week during the intervention, which was held in Monday and Wednesday between 7:45 and 8:30 am. In the baseline, there were applied the questionnaires "Health and Sleep" and cronotype evaluation (H & O). In addition, students were evaluated before and during the intervention by "Sleep Diary", "Karolinska Sleepiness Scale" (KSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) and actimetry. During the intervention, there was a delay in wake-up time on the weekend and a trend to greater sleep duration on week for the three groups. At the weekend, only the groups EE and EL increased sleep duration. There was no difference in bedtime, irregularity of sleep schedules and nap variables. The sleepiness showed a circadian pattern characterized by higher alertness levels at 11:30 am and sleepiness levels at bedtime and wake-up time on week. On weekends there were higher levels of alertness in these times. In the days of intervention, there was an increase of sleepiness at 11:30 am for groups EL and EE, which may have been caused by a relaxing effect of contact with the water of the pool. In addition, the group EE showed higher alert levels at 14:30 pm on Monday and at 8:30 am in the Wednesday, possibly caused by exercise arousal effect. The reaction time assessed through the TPV did not vary between the stages. The sleep quality improved in the three groups in the second stage, making impossible the evaluation of intervention effect. However, the sleep quality increased on Monday and Tuesday only on the group EE. From the results, it is suggested that the intervention promoted effects on the sleepiness at some day hours. In other SWC variables there were no effects, possibly due to a large SWC irregularity on weekends. Thus, the evaluation of higher weekly frequency EF is necessary, since only two days were insufficient to promote greater effect on adolescents SWC

Sono e percepção visuoespacial em trabalhadores de uma empresa petroquímica submetidos a esquemas de trabalho em turnos alternantes

Shift work consists of an array of unusual work hours, such as evenings and weekends, and increasing workload, in order to meet the uninterrupted production, which leads to changes in the quality, duration and regularity of sleep. Research indicates that sleep alteration cause cognitive processes to become slower, unstable and prone to errors, leading to loss of cognitive functions such as visuospatial perception. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate sleep quality and its relation to visuospatial perception in workers in alternating shifts. Participants were 21 panel operators in a petrochemical company, male, aged 19-53 years. All participants were subjected to schedules of alternating shifts (day and night) of 12 nonstop hours and data were collected from 10 workers who were assigned to the day shift and 11 workers assigned to the night shift. For the sleep evaluation were used the Sleep Diary, the Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Chronotype Identification Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The visuospatial skills were assessed using the Rey Complex Figure Test and attention was assessed using a portable version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). The results showed that the general sample of workers obtained poor sleep quality on working days and good sleep quality during the work break. There was shortened sleep duration in the work week and appropriate duration in the work break. No losses were found in the workers visuospatiality, but the good quality of sleep during the work break was correlated to adequate visuospatial performance, for the day shift workers. The attention performance oscillated throughout the work hours, especially on the night shift. It is concluded that the alternating shifts work scheme can be detrimental to the sleep quality workers and a good sleep quality can contribute to a better visuospatial performance

Reflux esophagitis in chagasic megaesophagus

The esophagitis associated with chagasic megaesophagus is commonly attributed to food and secretion stasis, thereby its name of stasis esophagitis. The present work suggests instead that in some chagasic patients the clinical, endoscopic and histological findings are more compatible with a true reflux esophagitis.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract and fractions from seeds of Piper cubeba L. (Piperaceae)

Some of the Piper species have been applied for the treatment of several diseases (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic), considering multiple applications used in traditional medicine of different countries. About these, the present study evaluated some biological activities of Piper cubeba, as writhing test induced by acetic acid, ear edema induced by croton oil and paw edema induced by carrageenan were used by evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of crude hydroalcoholic extract (PCE) and its fractions of different polarities of P. cubeba L. seeds. The lethal dose (LD50) and the effective dose (ED50) were evaluated too. Both the PCE and dichloromethane fraction showed decrease values of edema and abdominal constrictions. The results obtained in this study confirm the low toxicity and analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of PCE from P. cubeba seeds, justifying its use in folk medicine. Copyright © 2013, Phcog.Net, Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Perdas quali-quantitativas na colheita mecanizada de sementes de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Auditory stimulation with music influences the geometric indices of heart rate variability in response to the postural change maneuver

It is poor in the literature the behavior of the geometric indices of heart rate variability (HRV) during the musical auditory stimulation. The objective is to investigate the acute effects of classic musical auditory stimulation on the geometric indexes of HRV in women in response to the postural change maneuver (PCM). We evaluated 11 healthy women between 18 and 25 years old. We analyzed the following indices: Triangular index, Triangular interpolation of RR intervals and Poincar plot (standard deviation of the instantaneous variability of the beat-to beat heart rate [SD1], standard deviation of long-term continuous RR interval variability and Ratio between the short - and long-term variations of RR intervals [SD1/SD2] ratio). HRV was recorded at seated rest for 10 min. The women quickly stood up from a seated position in up to 3 s and remained standing still for 15 min. HRV was recorded at the following periods: Rest, 0-5 min, 5-10 min and 10-15 min during standing. In the second protocol, the subject was exposed to auditory musical stimulation (Pachelbel-Canon in D) for 10 min at seated position before standing position. Shapiro-Wilk to verify normality of data and ANOVA for repeated measures followed by the Bonferroni test for parametric variables and Friedmans followed by the Dunns posttest for non-parametric distributions. In the first protocol, all indices were reduced at 10-15 min after the volunteers stood up. In the protocol musical auditory stimulation, the SD1 index was reduced at 5-10 min after the volunteers stood up compared with the music period. The SD1/SD2 ratio was decreased at control and music period compared with 5-10 min after the volunteers stood up. Musical auditory stimulation attenuates the cardiac autonomic responses to the PCM.

Government procurement policy in developing countries: the case of Petrobras

The aim of this article is to discuss whether public procurement policy can promote innovation by firms located in developing countries. The literature on technological learning is used to create a typology for assessing the impact of public procurement in developing countries from the standpoint of innovation. Petrobras, a Brazilian state-owned enterprise, was chosen as a case study. Petrobras is a global leader in the field of deepwater oil production technology and so offers an interesting opportunity to investigate whether government procurement in developing countries is used to promote the capability of domestic firms to develop innovations. The article presents the findings of a field survey on P-51, a platform that was ordered by the Brazilian state-owned enterprise and began producing in 2009. The case study is based on information collected from interviews with managers of Petrobras, EPC contractors and some of the firms subcontracted to work on P-51.

Pyrostegia venusta heptane extract containing saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons induces apoptosis on B16F10-Nex2 melanoma cells and displays antitumor activity in vivo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)