Transcriptional regulation of the mannosyltransferase-encoding gene pigm in inherited glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficiency

RESUMO:O glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GPI) é um complexo glicolipídico utlizado por dezenas de proteínas, o qual medeia a sua ancoragem à superfície da célula. Proteínas de superfície celular ancoradas a GPI apresentam várias funções essenciais para a manutenção celular. A deficiência na síntese de GPI é o que caracteriza principalmente a deficiência hereditária em GPI, um grupo de doenças autossómicas raras que resultam de mutações nos genes PIGA, PIGL, PIGM, PIGV, PIGN, PIGO e PIGT, os quais sao indispensáveis para a biossíntese do GPI. Uma mutação pontual no motivo rico em GC -270 no promotor de PIGM impede a ligação do factor de transcrição (FT) Sp1 à sua sequência de reconhecimento, impondo a compactação da cromatina, associada à hipoacetilação de histonas, e consequentemente, impedindo a transcrição de PIGM. Desta forma, a adição da primeira manose ao GPI é comprometida, a síntese de GPI diminui assim como as proteínas ligadas a GPI à superficie das células. Pacientes com Deficiência Hereditária em GPI-associada a PIGM apresentam trombose e epilesia, e ausência de hemólise intravascular e anemia, sendo que estas duas últimas características definem a Hemoglobinúria Paroxística Nocturna (HPN), uma doença rara causada por mutações no gene PIGA. Embora a mutação que causa IGD seja constitutiva e esteja presente em todos os tecidos, o grau de deficiência em GPI varia entre células do mesmo tecido e entre células de tecidos diferentes. Por exemplo nos granulócitos e linfócitos B a deficiência em GPI é muito acentuada mas nos linfócitos T, fibroblastos, plaquetas e eritrócitos é aproximadamente normal, daí a ausência de hemólise intravascular. Os eventos transcricionais que estão na base da expressão diferencial da âncora GPI nas células hematopoiéticas são desconhecidos e constituem o objectivo geral desta tese. Em primeiro lugar, os resultados demonstraram que os níveis de PIGM mRNA variam entre células primárias hematopoiéticas normais. Adicionalmente, a configuração dos nucleossomas no promotor de PIGM é mais compacta em células B do que em células eritróides e tal está correlacionado com os níveis de expressão de PIGM, isto é, inferior nas células B. A presença de vários motivos de ligação para o FT específico da linhagem megacariocítica-eritróide GATA-1 no promotor de PIGM sugeriu que GATA-1 desempenha um papel regulador na sua transcrição. Os resultados mostraram que muito possivelmente GATA-1 desempenha um papel repressor em vez de activador da expressão de PIGM. Resultados preliminares sugerem que KLF1, um factor de transcrição restritamente eritróide, regula a transcrição de PIGM independentemente do motivo -270GC. Em segundo lugar, a investigação do papel dos FTs Sp demonstrou que Sp1 medeia directamente a transcrição de PIGM em ambas as células B e eritróide. Curiosamente, ao contrário do que acontece nas células B, em que a transcrição de PIGM requer a ligação do FT geral Sp1 ao motivo -270GC, nas células eritróides Sp1 regula a transcrição de PIGM ao ligar-se a montante e não ao motivo -270GC. Para além disso, demonstrou-se que Sp2 não é um regulador directo da transcrição de PIGM quer nas células B quer nas células eritróides. Estes resultados explicam a ausência de hemólise intravascular nos doentes com IGD associada a PIGM, uma das principais características que define a HPN. Por último, resultados preliminares mostraram que a repressão da transcrição de PIGM devida à mutação patogénica -270C>G está associada com a diminuição da frequência de interacções genómicas em cis entre PIGM e os seus genes “vizinhos”, sugerindo adicionalmente que a regulação de PIGM e desses genes é partilhada. No seu conjunto, os resultados apresentados nesta tese contribuem para o conhecimento do controlo transcricional de um gene housekeeping, específico-detecido, por meio de FTs genéricos e específicos de linhagem.-------------ABSTRACTC: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a complex glycolipid used by dozens of proteins for cell surface anchoring. GPI-anchored proteins have various functions that are essential for the cellular maintenance. Defective GPI biosynthesis is the hallmark of inherited GPI deficiency (IGD), a group of rare autosomal diseases caused by mutations in PIGA, PIGL, PIGM, PIGV, PIGN, PIGO and PIGT, all genes indispensable for GPI biosynthesis. A point mutation in the -270GC-rich box in the core promoter of PIGM disrupts binding of the transcription factor (TF) Sp1 to it, imposing nucleosome compaction associated with histone hypoacetylation, thus abrogating transcription of PIGM. As a consequence of PIGM transcriptional repression, addition of the first mannose residue onto the GPI core and thus GPI production are impaired; and expression of GPI-anchored proteins on the surface of cells is severely impaired. Patients with PIGM-associated IGD suffer from life-threatening thrombosis and epilepsy but not intravascular haemolysis and anaemia, two defining features of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), a rare disease caused by somatic mutations in PIGA. Although the disease-causing mutation in IGD is constitutional and present in all tissues, the degree of GPI deficiency is variable and differs between cells of the same and of different tissues. Accordingly, GPI deficiency is severe in granulocytes and B cells but mild in T cells, fibroblasts, platelets and erythrocytes, hence the lack of intravascular haemolysis.The transcriptional events underlying differential expression of GPI in the haematopoietic cells of PIG-M-associated IGD are not known and constitute the general aim of this thesis. Firstly, I found that PIGM mRNA levels are variable amongst normal primary haematopoietic cells. In addition, the nucleosome configuration in the promoter of PIGM is more compacted in B cells than in erythroid cells and this correlated with the levels of PIGM mRNA expression, i.e., lower in B cells. The presence of several binding sites for GATA-1, a mega-erythroid lineage-specific transcription factor (TF), at the PIGM promoter suggested that GATA-1 has a role on PIGM transcription. My results showed that GATA-1 in erythroid cells is most likely a repressor rather than an activator of PIGM expression. Preliminary data suggested that KLF1, an erythroid-specific TF, regulates PIGM transcription but independently of the -270GC motif. Secondly, investigation of the role of the Sp TFs showed that Sp1 directly mediates PIGM transcriptional regulation in both B and erythroid cells. However, unlike in B cells in which active PIGM transcription requires binding of the generic TF Sp1 to the -270GC-rich box, in erythroid cells, Sp1 regulates PIGM transcription by binding upstream of but not to the -270GC-rich motif. Additionally, I showed that Sp2 is not a direct regulator of PIGM transcription in B and erythroid cells. These findings explain lack of intravascular haemolysis in PIGM-associated IGD, a defining feature of PNH. Lastly, preliminary work shows that transcriptional repression of PIG-M by the pathogenic -270C>G mutation is associated with reduced frequency of in cis genomic interactions between PIGM and its neighbouring genes, suggesting a shared regulatory link between these genes and PIGM. Altogether, the results presented in this thesis provide novel insights into tissuespecific transcriptional control of a housekeeping gene by lineage-specific and generic TFs.

Red blood cell-derived microparticles isolated from blood units initiate and propagate thrombin generation.

BACKGROUND: Red blood cell-derived microparticles (RMPs) are small phospholipid vesicles shed from RBCs in blood units, where they accumulate during storage. Because microparticles are bioactive, it could be suggested that RMPs are mediators of posttransfusion complications or, on the contrary, constitute a potential hemostatic agent. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was performed to establish the impact on coagulation of RMPs isolated from blood units. Using calibrated automated thrombography, we investigated whether RMPs affect thrombin generation (TG) in plasma. RESULTS: We found that RMPs were not only able to increase TG in plasma in the presence of a low exogenous tissue factor (TF) concentration, but also to initiate TG in plasma in absence of exogenous TF. TG induced by RMPs in the absence of exogenous TF was neither affected by the presence of blocking anti-TF nor by the absence of Factor (F)VII. It was significantly reduced in plasma deficient in FVIII or F IX and abolished in FII-, FV-, FX-, or FXI-deficient plasma. TG was also totally abolished when anti-XI 01A6 was added in the sample. Finally, neither Western blotting, flow cytometry, nor immunogold labeling allowed the detection of traces of TF antigen. In addition, RMPs did not comprise polyphosphate, an important modulator of coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data show that RMPs have FXI-dependent procoagulant properties and are able to initiate and propagate TG. The anionic surface of RMPs might be the site of FXI-mediated TG amplification and intrinsic tenase and prothrombinase complex assembly.

Lien entre l'hémostase et le développement néoplasique : rôle spécifique du facteur tissulaire et de l'inhibiteur du facteur tissulaire

Il est reconnu, depuis une centaine d’années, que des désordres de la coagulation, regroupés sous le terme de coagulopathies, sont souvent associés au développement néoplasique. Pendant de nombreuses années, ces coagulopathies furent souvent reconnues comme une simple conséquence du développement du cancer. D’ailleurs, pour les cliniciens, l’apparition de ces anomalies sanguines constitue souvent le premier signe clinique d’un cancer occulte. Toutefois, l’étude approfondie du lien existant entre le système hémostatique et le cancer indique que différents facteurs hémostatiques vont interagir avec soit l’environnement tumoral ou soit la tumeur elle-même et influencer le développement du cancer. Au cours de nos travaux, nous avons porté une attention particulière à deux protéines jouant un rôle primordial dans l’hémostase. Le facteur tissulaire (TF) et l’inhibiteur du facteur tissulaire (TFPI) peuvent jouer des rôles pro- ou anti-néoplasique, et ce indépendamment de leurs fonctions hémostatiques normales. Dans le premier volet de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les propriétés antiangiogéniques de TFPI. L’angiogenèse, soit la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins à partir du réseau pré-existant, est reconnue comme étant une étape clée du développement tumoral. D’après nos travaux, le TFPI peut inhiber la formation de structures de type capillaire des cellules endothéliales (CEs) de la veine ombilicale humaine (HUVEC), et ce à une IC 50 de 5 nM, soit la concentration physiologique de l’inhibiteur. De plus, le TFPI bloque la migration des cellules endothéliales lorsque ces dernières sont stimulées par la sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), une molécule relâchée lors de l’activation des plaquettes sanguines. Cette inhibition de la migration cellulaire s’explique par l’effet du TFPI sur l’adhésion des CEs. En effet, TFPI inhibe la phosphorylation de deux protéines clées participant à la formation des complexes d’adhésion focales soit FAK (focal adhesion kinase) et PAX (paxilin). L’inhibition de ces deux protéines suggère qu’il y ait une réorganisation des complexes focaux, pouvant expliquer la perte d’adhérence. Finalement, des études de microscopie confocale démontrent que les cellules traitées au TFPI changent de morphologie au niveau du cytosquelette d’actine provoquant une désorganisation des structures migratoires (pseudopodes). Les effets du TFPI au niveau de la migration, de l’adhésion et de la morphologie cellulaire sont strictement spécifiques aux cellules endothéliales humaines, puisque aucun n’effet n’est observé en traitant des cellules cancéreuses de glioblastomes (GB) humains, qui sont normalement des tumeurs hautement vascularisées. En résumé, cette première étude démontre que le TFPI est un inhibiteur de l’angiogenèse. Dans le second volet de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux différents rôles de TF, le principal activateur de la coagulation. Cette protéine est également impliquée dans le développement néoplasique et notamment celui des médulloblastomes (MB) chez l’enfant via des fonctions hémostatiques et non-hémostatiques. Nos travaux démontrent que l’expression de TF est induite par la voie de signalisation de HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) et de son récepteur Met. Cet effet de HGF/Met semble spécifique aux MB puisque HGF ne peut stimuler l’expression de TF au niveau des cellules cancéreuses de glioblastomes. TF, exprimé à la surface des cellules médulloblastiques (DAOY), est responsable de l’activité pro-thrombogénique de ces cellules, ainsi qu’un acteur important de la migration de ces cellules en réponse au facteur VIIa (FVIIa). De plus, en étudiant 18 spécimens cliniques de MB, nous avons établi un lien entre l’intensité d’expression de TF et de Met. L’importance de cette corrélation est également suggérée par l’observation que les cellules exprimant les plus forts taux de TF et de Met sont également les plus agressives en termes d’index de prolifération et de dissémination métastatiques. En résumé, ces travaux représentent le point de départ pour la mise au point de TF comme un marqueur diagnostique clinique dans les cas de tumeurs du cerveau pédiatriques. De plus, l’élucidation de la voie de signalisation moléculaire responsable de l’expression de TF permet de mieux comprendre la biologie et le fonctionnement de ces tumeurs et de relier le profil d’expression de TF aux phénotypes agressifs de la maladie. Il est reconnu que HGF peut également jouer un rôle protecteur contre l’apoptose. Dans le troisième volet de cette thèse, nous avons remarqué que cette protection est corrélée à l’expression de TF. En réduisant à néant l’expression de TF à l’aide de la technologie des ARN silencieux (siRNA), nous démontrons que HGF ne protège plus les cellules contre l’apoptose. Donc, TF médie l’activité anti-apoptotique de HGF. TF assume cette protection en inactivant la phosphorylation de p53 sur la sérine 15, empêchant ainsi la translocation de p53 au noyau. Finalement, l’expression de TF et son interaction avec le FVIIa, au niveau des cellules médulloblastiques favorise la survie de ces dernières et ce même si elles sont soumises à de fortes concentrations de médicaments couramment utilisées en cliniques. Ce troisième et dernier volet démontre l’implication de TF en tant que facteur impliqué dans la survie des cellules cancéreuses, favorisant ainsi le développement de la tumeur. Dans son ensemble, cette thèse vise à démontrer que les facteurs impliqués normalement dans des fonctions hémostatiques (TFPI et TF) peuvent contribuer à réguler le développement tumoral. Tout système physiologique et pathologique est dépendant d’un équilibre entre activateur et inhibiteur et la participation de TF et de TFPI à la régulation du développement néoplasique illustre bien cette balance délicate. Par sa contribution anti- ou pro-néoplasique le système hémostatique constitue beaucoup plus qu’une simple conséquence du cancer; il fait partie par l’action de TF des stratégies élaborées par les cellules cancéreuses pour assurer leur croissance, leur déplacement et leur survie, alors que TFPI tente de limiter la croissance tumorale en diminuant la vascularisation.

Une nouvelle approche computationnelle pour la découverte des sites de fixation de facteurs de transcription à l’ADN, adaptée aux données de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage

Les facteurs de transcription sont des protéines spécialisées qui jouent un rôle important dans différents processus biologiques tel que la différenciation, le cycle cellulaire et la tumorigenèse. Ils régulent la transcription des gènes en se fixant sur des séquences d’ADN spécifiques (éléments cis-régulateurs). L’identification de ces éléments est une étape cruciale dans la compréhension des réseaux de régulation des gènes. Avec l’avènement des technologies de séquençage à haut débit, l’identification de tout les éléments fonctionnels dans les génomes, incluant gènes et éléments cis-régulateurs a connu une avancée considérable. Alors qu’on est arrivé à estimer le nombre de gènes chez différentes espèces, l’information sur les éléments qui contrôlent et orchestrent la régulation de ces gènes est encore mal définie. Grace aux techniques de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage il est possible d’identifier toutes les régions du génome qui sont liées par un facteur de transcription d’intérêt. Plusieurs approches computationnelles ont été développées pour prédire les sites fixés par les facteurs de transcription. Ces approches sont classées en deux catégories principales: les algorithmes énumératifs et probabilistes. Toutefois, plusieurs études ont montré que ces approches génèrent des taux élevés de faux négatifs et de faux positifs ce qui rend difficile l’interprétation des résultats et par conséquent leur validation expérimentale. Dans cette thèse, nous avons ciblé deux objectifs. Le premier objectif a été de développer une nouvelle approche pour la découverte des sites de fixation des facteurs de transcription à l’ADN (SAMD-ChIP) adaptée aux données de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage. Notre approche implémente un algorithme hybride qui combine les deux stratégies énumérative et probabiliste, afin d’exploiter les performances de chacune d’entre elles. Notre approche a montré ses performances, comparée aux outils de découvertes de motifs existants sur des jeux de données simulées et des jeux de données de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage. SAMD-ChIP présente aussi l’avantage d’exploiter les propriétés de distributions des sites liés par les facteurs de transcription autour du centre des régions liées afin de limiter la prédiction aux motifs qui sont enrichis dans une fenêtre de longueur fixe autour du centre de ces régions. Les facteurs de transcription agissent rarement seuls. Ils forment souvent des complexes pour interagir avec l’ADN pour réguler leurs gènes cibles. Ces interactions impliquent des facteurs de transcription dont les sites de fixation à l’ADN sont localisés proches les uns des autres ou bien médier par des boucles de chromatine. Notre deuxième objectif a été d’exploiter la proximité spatiale des sites liés par les facteurs de transcription dans les régions de ChIP-chip et de ChIP-séquençage pour développer une approche pour la prédiction des motifs composites (motifs composés par deux sites et séparés par un espacement de taille fixe). Nous avons testé ce module pour prédire la co-localisation entre les deux demi-sites ERE qui forment le site ERE, lié par le récepteur des œstrogènes ERα. Ce module a été incorporé à notre outil de découverte de motifs SAMD-ChIP.

A comparative study of MPPT strategies and a novel singlephase integrated buck-boost inverter for small wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents the analysis of some usual MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) strategies intended for small wind energy conversion (up to 1kW) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), considering the stand-alone application for a novel buck-boost integrated inverter. Each MPPT method is analytically introduced and then it is simulated using MatLab/Simulink considering standard conditions of wind and also commercially available turbines and generators. The extracted power in each case is compared with the maximum available power, so the tracking factor is calculated for each method. Thus, the focus is on the application to improve the efficiency of stand-alone wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with battery chargers and AC load supplied by inverter. Therefore, for this purpose a novel single phase buck-boost integrated inverter is introduced. Finally, the main experimental results for the introduced inverter are presented. © 2011 IEEE.

Bioaccumulation pattern of lanthanides in pteridophytes and magnoliophytes species from Atlantic Forest

The availability of chemical elements for plants is mainly dependent on the nature of the soil and characteristics of each species. The transfer factors of lanthanides from the soil to the tree leaves of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, were calculated for one fern species (Alsophila sternbergii-Pteridophyta division) and four magnoliophytes species (Bathysa australis, Euterpe edulis, Garcinia gardneriana and Guapira opposita-Magnoliophyta division) obtained in two areas of Serra do Mar State Park and collected in two different seasons. Samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF = C(plant):C(soil)) in magnoliophytes species was correlated to the mass fraction of lanthanides in the soil, described by a exponential model (TF = a.C (soil) (-b) ). Despite the tree fern Alsophila sternbergii presented a hyperaccumulation of lanthanides, this species did not have a significant relationship between TF and mass fraction in soil. Results indicated that plants of Magnoliophyta division selected the input of lanthanides from the soil, while the same was not observed in Alsophila sternbergii.

Bifurcation and singularity analysis of a molecular network for the induction of long-term memory.

Withdrawal reflexes of the mollusk Aplysia exhibit sensitization, a simple form of long-term memory (LTM). Sensitization is due, in part, to long-term facilitation (LTF) of sensorimotor neuron synapses. LTF is induced by the modulatory actions of serotonin (5-HT). Pettigrew et al. developed a computational model of the nonlinear intracellular signaling and gene network that underlies the induction of 5-HT-induced LTF. The model simulated empirical observations that repeated applications of 5-HT induce persistent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and that this persistent activation requires a suprathreshold exposure of 5-HT. This study extends the analysis of the Pettigrew model by applying bifurcation analysis, singularity theory, and numerical simulation. Using singularity theory, classification diagrams of parameter space were constructed, identifying regions with qualitatively different steady-state behaviors. The graphical representation of these regions illustrates the robustness of these regions to changes in model parameters. Because persistent protein kinase A (PKA) activity correlates with Aplysia LTM, the analysis focuses on a positive feedback loop in the model that tends to maintain PKA activity. In this loop, PKA phosphorylates a transcription factor (TF-1), thereby increasing the expression of an ubiquitin hydrolase (Ap-Uch). Ap-Uch then acts to increase PKA activity, closing the loop. This positive feedback loop manifests multiple, coexisting steady states, or multiplicity, which provides a mechanism for a bistable switch in PKA activity. After the removal of 5-HT, the PKA activity either returns to its basal level (reversible switch) or remains at a high level (irreversible switch). Such an irreversible switch might be a mechanism that contributes to the persistence of LTM. The classification diagrams also identify parameters and processes that might be manipulated, perhaps pharmacologically, to enhance the induction of memory. Rational drug design, to affect complex processes such as memory formation, can benefit from this type of analysis.

Computational identification and functional validation of regulatory motifs in cartilage-expressed genes.

Chondrocyte gene regulation is important for the generation and maintenance of cartilage tissues. Several regulatory factors have been identified that play a role in chondrogenesis, including the positive transacting factors of the SOX family such as SOX9, SOX5, and SOX6, as well as negative transacting factors such as C/EBP and delta EF1. However, a complete understanding of the intricate regulatory network that governs the tissue-specific expression of cartilage genes is not yet available. We have taken a computational approach to identify cis-regulatory, transcription factor (TF) binding motifs in a set of cartilage characteristic genes to better define the transcriptional regulatory networks that regulate chondrogenesis. Our computational methods have identified several TFs, whose binding profiles are available in the TRANSFAC database, as important to chondrogenesis. In addition, a cartilage-specific SOX-binding profile was constructed and used to identify both known, and novel, functional paired SOX-binding motifs in chondrocyte genes. Using DNA pattern-recognition algorithms, we have also identified cis-regulatory elements for unknown TFs. We have validated our computational predictions through mutational analyses in cell transfection experiments. One novel regulatory motif, N1, found at high frequency in the COL2A1 promoter, was found to bind to chondrocyte nuclear proteins. Mutational analyses suggest that this motif binds a repressive factor that regulates basal levels of the COL2A1 promoter.

Targeted Deletion Of Functionally Validated Enhancers Defines Their Role in Mouse Limb Development

Transcriptional enhancers are genomic DNA sequences that contain clustered transcription factor (TF) binding sites. When combinations of TFs bind to enhancer sequences they act together with basal transcriptional machinery to regulate the timing, location and quantity of gene transcription. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms responsible for differential gene expression, including the role of enhancers, during embryological and postnatal development is essential to an understanding of evolutionary processes and disease etiology. Numerous methods are in use to identify and characterize enhancers. Several high-throughput methods generate large datasets of enhancer sequences with putative roles in embryonic development. However, few enhancers have been deleted from the genome to determine their roles in the development of specific structures, such as the limb. Manipulation of enhancers at their endogenous loci, such as the deletion of such elements, leads to a better understanding of the regulatory interactions, rules and complexities that contribute to faithful and variant gene transcription – the molecular genetic substrate of evolution and disease. To understand the endogenous roles of two distinct enhancers known to be active in the mouse embryo limb bud we deleted them from the mouse genome. I hypothesized that deletion of these enhancers would lead to aberrant limb development. The enhancers were selected because of their association with p300, a protein associated with active transcription, and because the human enhancer sequences drive distinct lacZ expression patterns in limb buds of embryonic day (E) 11.5 transgenic mice. To confirm that the orthologous mouse enhancers, mouse 280 and 1442 (M280 and M1442, respectively), regulate expression in the developing limb we generated stable transgenic lines, and examined lacZ expression. In M280-lacZ mice, expression was detected in E11.5 fore- and hindlimbs in a region that corresponds to digits II-IV. M1442-lacZ mice exhibited lacZ expression in posterior and anterior margins of the fore- and hindlimbs that overlapped with digits I and V and several wrist bones. We generated mice lacking the M280 and M1442 enhancers by gene targeting. Intercrosses between M280 -/+ and M1442 -/+, respectively, generated M280 and M1442 null mice, which are born at expected Mendelian ratios and manifest no gross limb malformations. Quantitative real-time PCR of mutant E11.5 limb buds indicated that significant changes in transcriptional output of enhancer-proximal genes accompanied the deletion of both M280 and M1442. In neonatal null mice we observed that all limb bones are present in their expected positions, an observation also confirmed by histology of E18.5 distal limbs. Fine-scale measurement of E18.5 digit bone lengths found no differences between mutant and control embryos. Furthermore, when the developmental progression of cartilaginous elements was analyzed in M280 and M1442 embryos from E13.5-E15.5, transient development defects were not detected. These results demonstrate that M280 and M1442 are not required for mouse limb development. Though M280 is not required for embryonic limb development it is required for the development and/or maintenance of body size – adult M280 mice are significantly smaller than control littermates. These studies highlight the importance of experiments that manipulate enhancers in situ to understand their contribution to development.

Tissue metal concentrations and metal transfer functions of Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Bjørnøya and Jan Mayen

Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations were determined in different tissues (muscle, kidney, liver, brain, gonads, heart and feathers) of Glaucous Gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Bjornoya and Jan Mayen. The age and spatial dependent variations in heavy metals were quantified and interpreted in view of the three chemometric techniques, i.e. non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, redundancy gradient analysis and detrended correspondence analysis. The Glaucous Gulls from Bjornoya contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Cd, Cu and Zn than those inhabited Jan Mayen. Adult birds were characterized by greater (p < 0.01) concentration of muscle, hepatic and renal heavy metals in comparison to chicks. Insignificantly higher slope constant Zn/Cd for the liver than for the kidney may reflect insignificant Cd exposure. Estimate of transfer factor (TF) allows us to assess variations in heavy metal concentrations during the individual development of Glaucous Gulls. It may be stated that there is a distinct increase of bioaccumulation of all the studied metals during subsequent stages of the bird life.

The family of DOF transcription factors in Brachypodium distachyon: BdDof24 in germinating seeds

The DOF (DNA binding with One Finger) transcription factor (TF) family is characterized by a binding domain of 52 amino acid residues that is structured as a Cys2/Cys2 Zn2+ finger that recognizes the common core 5?-T/AAAAG-3? in the promoter regions of their target genes. DOF TFs have been associated with biological processes exclusive to higher plants and their close ancestors (algae, mosses and ferns).

Coagulation initiated on herpesviruses

Herpesviruses have been previously correlated to vascular disease and shown to cause thrombogenic and atherogenic changes to host cells. Herein we show that even in the absence of cells, purified cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can initiate thrombin production. Functional assays demonstrated that purified HSV-1 and HSV-2 provide the necessary phospholipid (proPL) for assembling the coagulation factors Xa and Va into prothrombinase, which is responsible for generating thrombin. These observations are consistent with our earlier studies involving CMV. The presence of proPL on all three herpesviruses was confirmed directly by flow cytometry and electron microscopy by using annexin V and factor Va, respectively, as proPL-specific probes. Of equal importance, we found that CMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2 were also able to facilitate factor Xa generation from the inactive precursor factor X, but only when factor VII/VIIa and Ca2+ were present. Monoclonal antibodies specific for tissue factor (TF), the coagulation initiator, inhibited this factor X activation and, furthermore, enabled identification of TF antigen on each virus type by flow cytometry and electron microscopy. Collectively, these data show that CMV, HSV-1, and HSV-2 can initiate the generation of thrombin by having essential proPL and TF activities on their surface. Unlike the normal cellular source, the viral activity is constitutive and, therefore, not restricted to sites of vascular injury. Thus cell-independent thrombin production may be the earliest event in vascular pathology mediated by herpesviruses.

RNA polymerase II transcription initiation: A structural view

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II transcribes messenger RNAs and several small nuclear RNAs. Like RNA polymerases I and III, polymerase II cannot act alone. Instead, general initiation factors [transcription factor (TF) IIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH] assemble on promoter DNA with polymerase II, creating a large multiprotein–DNA complex that supports accurate initiation. Another group of accessory factors, transcriptional activators and coactivators, regulate the rate of RNA synthesis from each gene in response to various developmental and environmental signals. Our current knowledge of this complex macromolecular machinery is reviewed in detail, with particular emphasis on insights gained from structural studies of transcription factors.

Fatores de bioconcentração e disponibilidade de bário, cádmio, cobre, níquel e zinco em solos e em culturas de interesse agronômico

Os elementos potencialmente tóxicos (EPTs) estão presentes nos solos em concentrações dependentes do material de origem e das ações antrópicas. A adição de EPTs ao solo pelas atividades antrópicas pode ocasionar risco à saúde humana, já que estes elementos podem ser acumulados no organismo por meio do contato dérmico com o solo, da inalação de partículas em suspensão, de ingestão de solo e de alimentos contaminados. A contaminação dos alimentos ocorre pelo cultivo em áreas com alta biodisponibilidade de EPTs, e nessa condição ocorre absorção e translocação para a parte aérea, com possível acúmulo dos metais nas porções comestíveis, como raízes, frutos e grãos. A biodisponibilidade dos EPTs é regulada pelas características químicas dos elementos e por atributos do solo, como a CTC, o pH e a matéria orgânica (MO). Sintomas de toxicidade e alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas podem aparecer dependendo da absorção e da movimentação dos EPTs nas plantas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da adição de bário (Ba), de cádmio (Cd), de cobre (Cu), de níquel (Ni) e de zinco (Zn) em amostras de um Neossolo Quartzarênico e um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, sob duas condições de saturação por bases (30% e 50 ou 70%, dependendo da cultura), no cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa), alface (Lactuca sativa), girassol (Helianthus annuus) e tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). Os EPTs nos solos foram extraídos com EPA 3051a, Água Régia, DTPA, Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, HNO3 (0,43 mol L-1) e CaCl2 (0,01 mol L-1), e seus teores correlacionados com os presentes nas raízes, na parte aérea, nos frutos e com a quantidade acumulada pelas plantas. Os fatores de bioconcentração (FBC) e de transferência (FT) foram calculados para as culturas. O índice SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development - Chlorophyll Meter) foi determinado na fase vegetativa da alface, do arroz e do girassol, enquanto a atividade fotossintética foi determinada pelo IRGA (Infrared gas analyzer). Os maiores teores de EPTs foram observados nas plantas cultivadas no Neossolo. As quantidades de Cu, Ni e Zn acumuladas nas plantas apresentaram correlação positiva com os teores extraídos pelo EPA 3051a e pela Água Régia. Os teores extraídos com HNO3 (0,43 mol L-1) apresentaram elevada correlação positiva com os teores reativos extraídos com DTPA e com Mehlich 3, e também com as quantidades de EPTs acumuladas pelas plantas. Os FBCs foram mais altos nos solos com baixa CTC, baixos teores de MO e baixos valores de pH. O arroz apresentou a menor translocação de Cd do sistema radicular para os grãos. O Cu, o Ni e o Zn causaram alterações no desenvolvimento da alface e do girassol, e diminuíram a transpiração e a condutância estomática da alface. O arroz apresentou a menor absorção de EPTs e a maior tolerância ao Ba, ao Cd, ao Ni e ao Zn, no entanto, as plantas apresentaram maiores condutividade estomática e transpiração.

Caractérisation structurale de Miz-1 dans le cadre de la répression génique causée par le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1

Résumé : c-Myc est un facteur de transcription (FT) dont les niveaux cellulaires sont dérégulés dans la majorité des cancers chez l’homme. En hétérodimère avec son partenaire obligatoire Max, c-Myc lie préférentiellement les séquences E-Box (CACGTG) et cause l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des protéines et des ARNs, dans le métabolisme et dans la prolifération cellulaire. Il est maintenant bien connu que c-Myc exerce aussi son potentiel mitogène en liant et inhibant différents FTs impliqués dans l’expression de gènes cytostatiques. Entre autres, c-Myc est en mesure d’inhiber Miz-1, un FT comportant 13 doigts de zinc de type Cys2-His2 (ZFs) impliqué dans l’expression de plusieurs gènes régulateurs du cycle cellulaire comprenant les inhibiteurs de CDK p15[indice supérieur INK4], p21[indice supérieur CIP1] et p57[indice supérieur KIP2]. Plus récemment, il fut démontré qu’en contrepartie, Miz-1 est aussi en mesure de renverser les fonctions activatrices de c-Myc et de prévenir la prolifération de cellules cancéreuses dépendantes de c-Myc. Ces différentes observations ont mené à la suggestion de l’hypothèse intéressante que la balance des niveaux de Miz-1 et c-Myc pourrait dicter le destin de la cellule et a permis d’établir Miz-1 comme nouvelle cible potentielle pour le développement d’agents anti-cancéreux. Malgré le fait que ces deux protéines semblent centrales à la régulation du cycle cellulaire, les mécanismes moléculaires leur permettant de s’inhiber mutuellement ainsi que les déterminants moléculaires permettant leur association spécifique demeurent assez peu documentés pour le moment. De plus, la biologie structurale de Miz-1 demeure à être explorée puisque qu’aucune structure de ses 13 ZFs, essentiels à sa liaison à l’ADN, n’a été déterminée pour l’instant. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre cette thèse visent la caractérisation structurale et biophysique de Miz-1 dans le contexte de la répression génique causée par le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1. Nous présentons des résultats d’éxpériences in vitro démontrant que Miz-1 interagit avec c-Myc via un domaine contenu entre ses ZFs 12 et 13. De plus, nous démontrons que Miz-1 et Max sont en compétition pour la liaison de c-Myc. Ces résultats suggèrent pour la permière fois que Miz-1 inhibe les activités de c-Myc en prévenant son interaction avec son partenaire obligatoire Max. De plus, ils laissent présager que que Miz-1 pourrait servir de référence pour le développement d’inhibiteurs peptidiques de c-Myc. Finalement, nous avons réalisé la caractérisation structurale et dynamique des ZFs 1 à 4 et 8 à 10 de Miz-1 et avons évalué leur potentiel de liaison à l’ADN. Les résultats obtenus, couplés à des analyses bio-informatiques, nous permettent de suggérer un modèle détaillé pour la liaison spécifique de Miz-1 à son ADN consensus récemment identifié.