Processos cognitivos em adultos com depressão major

Com vista à análise dos enviesamentos no processamento de informação e da relação entre estes processos com os esquemas maladaptativos e os pensamentos automáticos negativos em adultos com Depressão Major, foi estudada uma amostra de 60 adultos que constituíram dois grupos: um grupo clínico, de 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico de Depressão Major, 27 mulheres e 3 homens, com uma média de idades de 40,3 anos (DP = 12,13), e um grupo não clínico, de 30 indivíduos da população geral, sem qualquer diagnóstico clínico, 27 mulheres e 3 homens, com uma média de idades de 26,17 anos (DP = 4,60). Através da administração de um protocolo de auto-avaliação e do desempenho dos participantes num conjunto de tarefas, os resultados obtidos confirmaram as hipóteses colocadas, tendo demonstrado que os indivíduos com Depressão Major apresentaram enviesamentos da atenção, memória e interpretação relacionados com informação emocional relevante. As associações entre as variáveis em estudo foram, também, no sentido esperado e demonstraram, especificamente, o papel mediador dos pensamentos automáticos negativos na relação entre os esquemas maladaptativos e a sintomatologia depressiva. Estes resultados foram discutidos de acordo com a literatura e as suas implicações para a avaliação e modificação da depressão e factores relacionados.

Hemispheric asymmetries in recognition memory for negative and neutral words

Federmeier and Benjamin (2005) have suggested that semantic encoding for verbal information in the right hemisphere can be more effective when memory demands are higher. However, other studies (Kanske & Kotz, 2007) also suggest that visual word recognition differ in function of emotional valence. In this context, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of retention level upon recognition memory processes for negative and neutral words. Sample consisted of 15 right-handed undergraduate portuguese students with normal or corrected to normal vision. Portuguese concrete negative and neutral words were selected in accordance to known linguistic capabilities of the right hemisphere. The participants were submitted to a visual half-field word presentation using a continuous recognition memory paradigm. Eye movements were continuously monitored with a Tobii T60 eye-tracker that showed no significant differences in fixations to negative and neutral words. Reaction times in word recognition suggest an overall advantage of negative words in comparison to the neutral words. Further analysis showed faster responses for negative words than for neutral words when were recognised at longer retention intervals for left-hemisphere encoding. Electrophysiological data through event related potentials revealed larger P2 amplitude over centro-posterior electrode sites for words studied in the left hemifield suggesting a priming effect for right-hemisphere encoding. Overall data suggest different hemispheric memory strategies for the semantic encoding of negative and neutral words.

Reading hybrid texts : remarks on text/image transitions

The reading of printed materials implies the visual processing of information originated in two distinct semiotic systems. The rapid identification of redundancy, complementation or contradiction rhetoric strategies between the two information types may be crucial for an adequate interpretation of bimodal materials. Hybrid texts (verbal and visual) are particular instances of bimodal materials, where the redundant information is often neglected while the complementary and the contradictory ones are essential.Studies using the 504 ASL eye-tracking system while reading either additive or exhibiting captions (Baptista, 2009) revealed fixations on the verbal material and transitions between the written and the pictorial in a much higher number and duration than the initially foreseen as necessary to read the verbal text. We therefore hypothesized that confirmation strategies of the written information are taking place, by using information available in the other semiotic system.Such eye-gaze patterns obtained from denotative texts and pictures seem to contradict some of the scarce existing data on visual processing of texts and images, namely cartoons (Carroll, Young and Guertain, 1992), descriptive captions (Hegarty, 1992 a and b), and advertising images with descriptive and explanatory texts (cf. Rayner and Rotello, 2001, who refer to a previous reading of the whole text before looking at the image, or even Rayner, Miller and Rotello, 2008 who refer to an earlier and longer look at the picture) and seem to consolidate findings of Radach et al. (2003) on systematic transitions between text and image.By framing interest areas in the printed pictorial material of non redundant hybrid texts, we have identified the specific areas where transitions take place after fixations in the verbal text. The way those transitions are processed brings a new interest to further research.

Visual strategies used during the performance of an obstacle course

Vision is the sense that provides precise information about one’s position in the environment in relation to objects. The visual system is essential to guide people safely when moving around in the environment. The perception that an individual gets from a particular scene of her/his surroundings is accomplished by eye movements. The current study aims to identify differences in visual strategies between 15 women and 15 men within the age range of 18-24 years, who have been given a task to walk through an obstacle course drawn on the laboratory´s floor. They should start and finish at a predefined location. Twelve pylons were used as obstacles to be avoided during the walking.The participants' eye movements were recorded using the Mobile Eye model 1.35. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test was used for the statistical analysis. Significant differences occurred between men and women, in the duration of fixations: the men spend more time observing the finishing area than women (z=-1.929, p=.054); and in the number of fixations: before starting the task, the men fixate more often the middle phase of the obstacle course (z=-2.085, p=.037). Once they commence, the women fixate more the points outside the obstacle course than the men (z=-2.093, p=.036).

Bloqueio adenosinérgico e filtro sensorial

Esta dissertação é estruturada em três partes. Na primeira, revisa-se a noção de filtro sensorial, com enfoque particular no paradigma do P50, uma técnica eletroneurofisiológica de extremo valor para a investigação da neurobiologia básica subjacente aos defeitos de processamento sensorial que caracterizam algumas doenças mentais, e mais particularmente a esquizofrenia, sobre a qual dedica-se especial interesse. Na segunda, revisa-se a hipótese, proposta recentemente por Lara e Souza (2000), de hipofunção adenosinérgica como disfunção bioquímica básica na esquizofrenia, à luz das evidências mais recentes. Na terceira, desenvolve-se um trabalho experimental original com o intuito de investigar a hipótese hipoadenosinérgica da esquizofrenia. Trata-se de um desafio farmacológico, de um ensaio clínico cruzado onde 13 voluntários hígidos foram submetidos a tratamento com teofilina (um antagonista não-seletivo dos receptores de adenosina do tipo A1 e A2A) e a placebo, em dois momentos diferentes, tendo se avaliado os seus potenciais evocados de acordo com o paradigma do P50 antes (em seu valor basal) e após o tratamento, levantando-se uma curva de efeito com base no tempo. Paralelamente, avaliaram-se 17 pacientes com diagnóstico estabelecido de esquizofrenia, clinicamente estáveis, em acompanhamento ambulatorial e em uso de medicação neuroléptica típica, com a intenção de fornecer um grupo adicional de comparação e de replicar os achados prévios de falha de supressão do componente P50 na esquizofrenia, um aspecto fundamental para demonstrar o domínio da metodologia experimental, que foi aqui empregada pela primeira vez em nosso meio. Este estudo foi capaz de mostrar que a indução de um estado transitório de hipofunção adenosinérgica em indivíduos normais, mostra perda da supressão. Em outras palavras, que déficits no processamento da informação auditiva, que não existiam nos indivíduos normais, foram provocados pela utilização de teofilina, que, bloqueando os receptores de adenosina A1 e A2A, provocou um estado hipoadenosinérgico transitório. A disfunção provocada pela teofilina foi da mesma ordem de grandeza da verificada nos pacientes com esquizofrenia. Estes resultados fornecem evidência que corroboram o modelo de hipofunção adenosinérgica para a esquizofrenia.

Modelagem de cenários telemáticos como estratégia cognitiva para trabalhar conceitos físico-químicos : indicadores de aprendizagem

Neste estudo investigam-se as possibilidades de Cenários Educacionais Informatizados como alternativas estratégicas de uso de produtos da tecnologia informática para o desenvolvimento de processos cognitivos. São propostos indicadores de aprendizagem na forma de Pegadas Cognitivas. Tais Pegadas são o resultado gráfico de uma distribuição espacial de pontos correspondentes aos indicadores de aprendizagem e suas dimensões nos cenários pesquisados. Em cada caso, a “pegada” resulta da ligação entre tais pontos, formando um diagrama onde a disposição dos indicadores, comparando-se as situações ideal e real, permitiu avaliar o desvio em que se encontra a situação real, comparativamente à situação ideal. Sua construção permitiu simbolizar a provisoriedade de cada situação de aprendizagem e inspirar ações para as correções que se fizerem necessárias. Utilizaram-se: software de modelagem computacional – Modellus; espaços virtuais de comunicação – chat, e-mail, listas de discussão, whiteboard, forms, entre outros; Mapas Conceituais/Mentais; imagens e representações; ações ligadas às atividades endógenas permanentes dos aprendizes em função de seu imaginário e dos espaços virtuais e recursos da telemática em atividades de aprendizagem, na área de físico-química, visando ao estudo de como ocorrem as reações químicas. A partir dos resultados obtidos realizou-se o confronto entre as possibilidades reais do ambiente com o imaginado, sobre o tema, por alunos do ensino médio que integram o grupo denominado Grupo Imagem. O caminho que representa a linha mestra deste referencial teórico encontra-se nas Ciências Cognitivas no que se refere às questões relativas às formas de representação, às estratégias cognitivas utilizadas pelo sistema humano de processamento de informação e às aplicações de modelagem computacional em situações de aprendizagem. Considerou-se uma abordagem que leva em conta arquiteturas cognitivas e influências do meio ambiente sobre a capacidade humana de aprender. Aprender no sentido de assimilar novas informações, armazená-las e, ao acessá-las, desenvolver estratégias cognitivas que promovam a evolução das estruturas do conhecimento, numa dinâmica caracterizada pela inovação, pela capacidade humana de estar constantemente em mudança, através de ações situadas, contextualizadas, na Sociedade da Informação, geradora da Sociedade do Conhecimento. Tal sociedade impõe desafios a ser enfrentados com estratégias que permitam a todos, independente de sua situação na escala social, a acessibilidade e a mobilidade informacional e de tecnologias cada vez mais especializadas em todas as áreas, sejam acadêmicas, econômicas ou de bem-estar pessoal que produzam não apenas a mundialização de recursos materiais e físicos, mas que incluam as diferenças de pensamentos e ações que permitem aos seres humanos serem individuais e únicos em sua essência. A Aprendizagem à Distância – AAD – utilizada neste fazer investigatório evidenciou competência para solucionar as dificuldades relativas à flexibilidade dos programas disponíveis para compor cenários educacionais que privilegiem a aprendizagem significativa, em escolas de ensino médio, por exigirem novos posicionamentos e novas habilidades de educandos e de educadores. Entre as habilidades de aprendizagem individual e coletiva que os aprendizes devem possuir ou desenvolver para cooperar com o grupo em AAD, destacam-se: autonomia, responsabilidade, liderança, capacidade para negociação e decisão, capacidade de inferência, dedução, possibilidade de realização de análise e síntese, regras de conduta que permitam a convivência e as trocas de conhecimentos.

Como tomadores de decisão experts percebem cenários complexos?

In this thesis, the basic research of Chase and Simon (1973) is questioned, and we seek new results by analyzing the errors of experts and beginners chess players in experiments to reproduce chess positions. Chess players with different levels of expertise participated in the study. The results were analyzed by a Brazilian grandmaster, and quantitative analysis was performed with the use of statistical methods data mining. The results challenge significantly, the current theories of expertise, memory and decision making in this area, because the present theory predicts piece on square encoding, in which players can recognize the strategic situation reproducing it faithfully, but commit several errors that the theory can¿t explain. The current theory can¿t fully explain the encoding used by players to register a board. The errors of intermediary players preserved fragments of the strategic situation, although they have committed a series of errors in the reconstruction of the positions. The encoding of chunks therefore includes more information than that predicted by current theories. Currently, research on perception, trial and decision is heavily concentrated on the idea of pattern recognition". Based on the results of this research, we explore a change of perspective. The idea of "pattern recognition" presupposes that the processing of relevant information is on "patterns" (or data) that exist independently of any interpretation. We propose that the theory suggests the vision of decision-making via the recognition of experience.

Perfil do mercado infantil: instrumento para a elaboração de estratégias de marketing: crianças na faixa de três a sete anos

Aborda os fatores que influenciam comportamento de consumo da criança da faixa etária de três a sete anos, como suas características, processo de socialização para o consumo e agentes de socialização (família, colegas, escola e empresas). Aprofunda-se na influência dos pais e da televisão em sua educação para o consumo. Analisa a importância do estágio de desenvolvimento em que se encontra a criança e processamento da informação na construção do conhecimento de consumo. Aborda a questão das propagandas e programas infantis no consumo de produtos com marcas de personagens veiculados na televisão. Inclui entrevistas junto a especialistas do setor

Overconfidence and confirmation bias: are future managers vulnerable?

Decision makers often use ‘rules of thumb’, or heuristics, to help them handling decision situations (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979b). Those cognitive shortcuts are taken by the brain to cope with complexity and time limitation of decisions, by reducing the burden of information processing (Hodgkinson et al, 1999; Newell and Simon, 1972). Although crucial for decision-making, heuristics come at the cost of occasionally sending us off course, that is, make us fall into judgment traps (Tversky and Kahneman, 1974). Over fifty years of psychological research has shown that heuristics can lead to systematic errors, or biases, in decision-making. This study focuses on two particularly impactful biases to decision-making – the overconfidence and confirmation biases. A specific group – top management school students and recent graduates - were subject to classic experiments to measure their level of susceptibility to those biases. This population is bound to take decision positions at companies, and eventually make decisions that will impact not only their companies but society at large. The results show that this population is strongly biased by overconfidence, but less so to the confirmation bias. No significant relationship between the level of susceptibility to the overconfidence and to the confirmation bias was found.

Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais

O vídeo apresenta a relação entre a área de Interação Humano-Computador e fatores humanos, como características físicas, cognitivas e emocionais. O vídeo apresenta o Modelo de Processamento de Informação Humano (MPIH) e alguns exemplos do funcionamento do corpo humano em relação às soluções computacionais.

Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais [Audiodescrição]

Versão acessível do vídeo com audiodescrição.

Análise de escalabilidade de uma implementação paralela do simulated annealing acoplado

This paper analyzes the performance of a parallel implementation of Coupled Simulated Annealing (CSA) for the unconstrained optimization of continuous variables problems. Parallel processing is an efficient form of information processing with emphasis on exploration of simultaneous events in the execution of software. It arises primarily due to high computational performance demands, and the difficulty in increasing the speed of a single processing core. Despite multicore processors being easily found nowadays, several algorithms are not yet suitable for running on parallel architectures. The algorithm is characterized by a group of Simulated Annealing (SA) optimizers working together on refining the solution. Each SA optimizer runs on a single thread executed by different processors. In the analysis of parallel performance and scalability, these metrics were investigated: the execution time; the speedup of the algorithm with respect to increasing the number of processors; and the efficient use of processing elements with respect to the increasing size of the treated problem. Furthermore, the quality of the final solution was verified. For the study, this paper proposes a parallel version of CSA and its equivalent serial version. Both algorithms were analysed on 14 benchmark functions. For each of these functions, the CSA is evaluated using 2-24 optimizers. The results obtained are shown and discussed observing the analysis of the metrics. The conclusions of the paper characterize the CSA as a good parallel algorithm, both in the quality of the solutions and the parallel scalability and parallel efficiency

Encoding mechanisms based on fast oscillations in the retina of the cat and their dependencies on anesthesia

Processing in the visual system starts in the retina. Its complex network of cells with different properties enables for parallel encoding and transmission of visual information to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and to the cortex. In the retina, it has been shown that responses are often accompanied by fast synchronous oscillations (30 - 90 Hz) in a stimulus-dependent manner. Studies in the frog, rabbit, cat and monkey, have shown strong oscillatory responses to large stimuli which probably encode global stimulus properties, such as size and continuity (Neuenschwander and Singer, 1996; Ishikane et al., 2005). Moreover, simultaneous recordings from different levels in the visual system have demonstrated that the oscillatory patterning of retinal ganglion cell responses are transmitted to the cortex via the LGN (Castelo-Branco et al., 1998). Overall these results suggest that feedforward synchronous oscillations contribute to visual encoding. In the present study on the LGN of the anesthetized cat, we further investigate the role of retinal oscillations in visual processing by applying complex stimuli, such as natural visual scenes, light spots of varying size and contrast, and flickering checkerboards. This is a necessary step for understanding encoding mechanisms in more naturalistic conditions, as currently most data on retinal oscillations have been limited to simple, flashed and stationary stimuli. Correlation analysis of spiking responses confirmed previous results showing that oscillatory responses in the retina (observed here from the LGN responses) largely depend on the size and stationarity of the stimulus. For natural scenes (gray-level and binary movies) oscillations appeared only for brief moments probably when receptive fields were dominated by large continuous, flat-contrast surfaces. Moreover, oscillatory responses to a circle stimulus could be broken with an annular mask indicating that synchronization arises from relatively local interactions among populations of activated cells in the retina. A surprising finding in this study was that retinal oscillations are highly dependent on halothane anesthesia levels. In the absence of halothane, oscillatory activity vanished independent of the characteristics of the stimuli. The same results were obtained for isoflurane, which has similar pharmacological properties. These new and unexpected findings question whether feedfoward oscillations in the early visual system are simply due to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the retinal networks generated by the halogenated anesthetics. Further studies in awake behaving animals are necessary to extend these conclusions

O Núcleo genuíno lateral dorsal do tálamo do sagüi (callithrix jacchus): Pprojeção retiniana, caracterização citoarquitetônica e neuroquimica da principal estação visual primária.

The thalamus plays an important role in the sensorial processing information, in this particular case, the visual information. Several neuronal groups have been characterized as conductors and processors of important sensorial information to the cerebral cortex. The lateral geniculate complex is one to them, and appears as a group very studied once it is responsible, in almost all totality, for the processing of visual information. Among the nuclei that constitute the lateral geniculate complex we highlight the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (DLG), the main thalamic relay for the visual information. This nucleus is located rostral and lateral to medial geniculate nucleus and ventral to thalamic pulvinar nucleus in most of the mammals. In the primates humans and non-humans, it presents as a laminate structure, arranged in layers, when observed in coronal sections. The objective of this work was to do a mapping of the retinal projections and a citoarchictetonic and neurochemical characterization of DLG in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a New World primate. The retinal projections were traced by anterograde transport of subunit b of cholera toxin (CTb), the citoarchicteture was described by Nissl method, and to neurochemical characterization immunohistochemicals technical were used to examine the main neurotransmitters and neuroatives substances present in this neural center. In DGL of marmoset thalamus, in coronal sections labeled by Nissl method, was possible to visualize the division of this nucleus in four layers divided in two portions: magnocellular and parvocellular. The retinal projections were present being visualized fibers and terminals immunorreactives to CTb (IR-CTb) in the DLG ipsilateral and contralateral. And through the immunohistochemicals techniques was observed that DLG contain cells, fibers and/or terminals immunoreactives against neuronal nuclear protein, subunits of AMPA 15 glutamate receptors (GluR1, GluR2/3, GluR4), choline acetyltransferase, serotonin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, binding calcium proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin and calretinin), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and an astrocyte protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Avaliação das habilidades neurocognitivas em crianças e adolescentes sobreviventes da Leucemia Linfoide Aguda - LLA

The present study investigated the impact of the treatment modalities of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on neurocognitive abilities of children and adolescents survivors, aged between 6 and 16 years of age, accompanied in pediatric oncology sectors of public health services in the cities of Campina Grande-PB and Natal-RN. The study included 52 children, 13 of these being children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia and 39 healthy children matched in relation to the study group considering gender, age, school type and level of maternal education. Later the group of children with leukemia was subdivided into two subgroups depending on treatment modality which were submitted: Group 1A (only chemotherapy) and 1B (chemotherapy and radiotherapy). All participants were subjected to a battery of neuropsychological tests that investigated the following neurocognitive abilities: intellectual ability, memory system, attention, visuospatiality and visuoconstruction, processing speed and executive functions. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential measurements with the aid of the U test of Mann-Whitney and T test, considering the influence of the variables: sex, age at diagnosis, time since completion of treatment and level of schooling mothers, on the performance of children. Overall, it is concluded that the illness and the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia significantly favors the emergence of cognitive deficits, particularly in terms of visuospatial skills, and executive skills visoconstrutivas. In turn, the treatment modality of radiotherapy is associated with the presence of more severe deficits, highlighting the significant impact on the speed of information processing. It is hoped that the results presented here will contribute to a better understanding of the nature and extent of neurocognitive effects arising ALL treatment