Ultrasonic and Electrokinetic Remediation of Low Permeability Soil Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants

Electrokinetics has emerged as a potential technique for in situ soil remediation and especially unique because of the ability to work in low permeability soil. In electrokinetic remediation, non-polar contaminants like most organic compounds are transported primarily by electroosmosis, thus the process is effective only if the contaminants are soluble in pore fluid. Therefore, enhancement is needed to improve mobility of these hydrophobic compounds, which tend to adsorb strongly to the soil. On the other hand, as a novel and rapidly growing science, the applications of ultrasound in environmental technology hold a promising future. Compared to conventional methods, ultrasonication can bring several benefits such as environmental friendliness (no toxic chemical are used or produced), low cost, and compact instrumentation. It also can be applied onsite. Ultrasonic energy applied into contaminated soils can increase desorption and mobilization of contaminants and porosity and permeability of soil through developing of cavitation. The research investigated the coupling effect of the combination of these two techniques, electrokinetics and ultrasonication, in persistent organic pollutant removal from contaminated low permeability clayey soil (with kaolin as a model medium). The preliminary study checked feasibility of ultrasonic treatment of kaolin highly contaminated by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The laboratory experiments were conducted in various conditions (moisture, frequency, power, duration time, initial concentration) to examine the effects of these parameters on the treatment process. Experimental results showed that ultrasonication has a potential to remove POPs, although the removal efficiencies were not high with short duration time. The study also suggested intermittent ultrasonication over longer time as an effective means to increase the removal efficiencies. Then, experiments were conducted to compare the performances among electrokinetic process alone and electrokinetic processes combined with surfactant addition and mainly with ultrasonication, in designed cylinders (with filtercloth separating central part and electrolyte parts) and in open pans. Combined electrokinetic and ultrasonic treatment did prove positive coupling effect compared to each single process alone, though the level of enhancement is not very significant. The assistance of ultrasound in electrokinetic remediation can help reduce POPs from clayey soil by improving the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds and degrading these contaminants through pyrolysis and oxidation. Ultrasonication also sustains higher current and increases electroosmotic flow. Initial contaminant concentration is an essential input parameter that can affect the removal effectiveness.

Persistent organic pollutants in sediments and fish from Lake Victoria, Uganda

This thesis describes the occurrence and sources of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the northern watershed of Lake Victoria. Sediments and fish were collected from three highly polluted embayments (i.e. Murchison Bay, Napoleon Gulf and Thurston Bay) of the lake. The analysis for PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs was done using a high resolution mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC), and a GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used for HCHs. Total (Σ) PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in sediments ranged from 3.19 to 478, 313 to 4325 and 60.8 to 179 pg g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. The highest concentrations of pollutants were found at sites close to industrial areas and wastewater discharge points. The maximum concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and HCHs in fish muscle homogenates were 49, 779, 495 and 45,900 pg g-1 wet weight (ww), respectively. The concentrations of the pollutants in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) were significantly greater than those in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), possibly due to differences in trophic level and dietary feeding habits among fish species. World Health Organization-toxic equivalency quotient (WHO2005-TEQ) values in the sediments were up to 4.24 pg g-1 dw for PCDD/Fs and 0.55 pg TEQ g-1 dw for the 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs). 23.1% of the samples from the Napoleon Gulf were above the interim sediment quality guideline value of 0.85 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 dw set by the Canadian Council for Ministers of the Environment. The WHO2005-TEQs in fish were 0.001-0.16 pg g-1 for PCDD/Fs and 0.001-0.31 pg g-1 ww for dl- PCBs. The TEQ values were within a permissible level of 3.5 pg g−1 ww recommended by the European Commission. Based on the Commission set TEQs and minimum risk level criteria formulated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the consumption of fish from Lake Victoria gives no indication of health risks associated to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic activities such as agricultural straw open burning, medical waste incinerators and municipal solid waste combustors were the major sources of PCDD/Fs in the watershed of Lake Victoria. The ratios of α-/γ-HCH varied from 0.89 to 1.68 suggesting that the highest HCH residues mainly came from earlier usage and fresh γ-HCH (lindane). In the present study, the concentration of POPs in fish were not significantly related to those in sediments, and the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) concept was found to be a poor predictor of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants.

Environmental Challenges in the Joint Border Area of Norway, Finland and Russia

This report examines the human impact on the subarctic environment of the joint border area of Norway, Finland and Russia. The aim is to present the current state and recent changes that have taken place in the region. The main threat to the environment is the Pechenganikel mining and metallurgical industrial combine in the towns of Nikel and Zapolyarny in the Kola Peninsula. Emissions from this complex include high levels of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and sulfur dioxide. Pollution, along with climate change, water level regulation and other anthropogenic effects, has affected the aquatic ecosystems in the joint border area. The main heavy metals in the area are copper and nickel, the highest concentrations of which are measured near the combine. Direct discharge of sewage into the river continues and airborne heavy metal particles are also deposited to areas farther away. Climate changeinduced increase in temperature and precipitation in the Kola Peninsula is evident. Water level regulation with seven hydropower plants in the Pasvik River have changed it into a series of lakes and lake-like reservoirs. This report discusses modelling, which was enabled to estimate the effect of climate change on Lake Inarijärvi and the Pasvik River hydrology, water level fluctuation and ecology and to follow the sulfur dioxide emissions emitted from the Pechenganikel. Effects of pollution on the nature and concentrations of the main pollutants were studied and climate change in the border area and its effects on the ecology were estimated. Also the effects of water level regulation on the ecological status of the aquatic ecosystems were addressed.

iPad opetuksessa – Uhka vai mahdollisuus? Noviisi- ja eksperttiopettajien kokemuksia iPad-opetuksesta

Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin opettajien kokemuksia iPad-opetuksesta. Aineisto kerättiin Facebookin iPad opetuksessa -ryhmässä jaetulla Webropol-kyselylomakkella (N=62) ja tapaustutkimuskoulun yksilöhaastatteluilla (N=6). Tutkimuksessa näkökulmana oli, minkälaisia haasteita ja onnistumisia opettaja kokee iPad-opetuksessaan sekä onko noviisi- ja eksperttiopettajan työkokemuksella yhteyttä koettuun asiantuntijuuteen iPadin käytössä. Lisäksi selvitettiin erilaisia opetukseen, oppimiseen ja työyhteisöön liittyviä tekijöitä iPadin käytössä. Tulosten mukaan opettajilla on pääosin myönteinen suhtautuminen iPadin opetuskäyttöön. Opettajat kokivat eniten teknisiä haasteita iPadin käytössä. Onnistumisen kokemuksia opettajat kokivat eniten olleen oppilaiden motivaation, aktiivisuuden ja innostuneisuuden lisääntymisessä. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella opettajien kokemusten mukaan iPadin käyttö lisää oppilaiden motivaatiota ja oppimista. Noviisi- ja eksperttiopettajien kokemassa asiantuntijuudessa ilmeni lieviä eroja. Opetuskäytössä eksperttiopettajat käyttivät iPadia työtehtävissään hieman enemmän kuin noviisiopettajat. Opettajien keskuudessa ilmeni jaettua asiantuntijuutta iPadin käyttöön liittyen. Hieman yli 80 % opettajista oli osittain tai täysin samaa mieltä, että heidän työyhteisössään jaetaan tietoteknistä osaamista. Lähes kaikki opettajat, noin 80 %, olivat osittain tai täysin samaa mieltä, että iPadien käyttö koulussa valmistaa oppilaita tulevaisuutta varten. Lisäksi opettajat olivat yksimielisiä siitä, että tietoteknisten taitojen hallitseminen on välttämätöntä tulevaisuudessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin sitä, voivatko iPadit syrjäyttää oppikirjat lähitulevaisuudessa. Lisäksi tutkittiin opetusteknologian tuomia haas-teita ja mahdollisuuksia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset lisäävät ymmärrystä uusista teknologian mahdollisuuksista opetuksessa. Tutkimus on ajankohtainen, sillä tällä hetkellä hankitaan jatkuvasti uusia teknisiä laitteita oppilaiden henkilökohtaiseen opiskelukäyttöön. Tästä aiheesta olisi hyvä tehdä pitkittäistutkimusta iPadin käytön laaja-alaisesta vaikutuksesta oppimiseen ja opetukseen. Tämä tutkimus haastaa opettajaa kehittämään omaa asiantuntijuuttaan. Vireillä oleva opetussuunnitelmauudistus (POPS 2016) painottaa TVT:n lisäämistä eri oppiaineissa, joten opettajien ja työyhteisöjen tietoteknisiä valmiuksia on hyvä kartoittaa tässä vaiheessa.

Psyykkinen hyvinvointi, liikunta-aktiivisuus ja ruutuaika 5–8-luokkalaisilla oppilailla

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin liikunta-aktiivisuuden ja psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin välistä yhteyttä 5–8-luokkalaisilla oppilailla. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin myös erikseen oppilaiden psyykkistä hyvinvointia, liikunta-aktiivisuuden kriteerien täyttymistä sekä ruutuajan suositusten ylittymistä. Taustalla on ajatus siitä, kuinka kehon liikuttaminen liikuttaa myös mieltä, jolloin liikkuminen ei ole hyväksi vain keholle vaan koko mielelle. Vaikka aikaisemmin on tutkittu sekä lasten liikkumista että psyykkistä hyvinvointia, niin niiden välisistä yhteyksistä on vähän tutkimustietoa. Kvantitatiivinen tutkimus toteutettiin maaliskuussa 2015 keräämällä kyselylomakkeella tietoa 127 oppilaalta kahdesta kantahämäläisestä koulusta. Kyselylomake koostui sekä psyykkistä hyvinvointia että liikunta-aktiivisuutta mittaavista osioista. Lisäksi kyselylomake sisälsi kysymyksiä ruudun ääressä vietetystä ajasta. Tässä tutkimuksessa ei löydetty yhteyttä liikunta-aktiivisuuden ja psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin välillä, joka saattaa selittyä sillä, että liikunta-aktiivisuuden kriteerit täyttivät vähän alle puolet oppilaista ja suurin osa oppilaista oli psyykkisesti hyvinvoivia. Psyykkisellä hyvinvoinnilla oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä yhteys sukupuoleen ja siihen, oliko oppilas ala- vai yläkoulussa. Tytöt olivat psyykkisesti huonovointisempia kuin pojat ja yläkoululaiset psyykkisesti huonovointisempia kuin alakoululaiset. Ruutuajan suositukset ylittyivät suurimmalla osasta oppilaista, ja ruutuajalla oli tilastollisesti merkitsevä yhteys sekä liikunta-aktiivisuuteen että psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin. Ruudun ääressä yli kaksi tuntia päivässä viettävät oppilaat olivat psyykkisesti huonovointisempia ja liikunnallisesti passiivisempia, kuin alle kaksi tuntia ruudun ääressä aikaa viettävät oppilaat. Liikunta-aktiivisuuden ja psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin välisen yhteyden puute saattaa selittyä sillä, että enemmistö tutkittavista oli psyykkisesti hyvinvoivia riippumatta siitä, olivatko he liikunnallisesti aktiivisia vai passiivisia. Positiivista oli, ettei luokka-asteella ollut merkitystä, vaan yläkoululaiset liikkuvat yhä. Ruutuajan ylittyminen on huolestuttava asia, koska uudessa POPS:ssa tulee esille teknologian lisääminen oppitunneille. Lasten jo suurta ruudun ääressä vietettyä aikaa siis vielä lisätään koulun toimesta. Opettaja voi esimerkillään vaikuttaa oppilaiden psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin ja liikunnallisen elämäntavan löytämiseen. Oppilaita tulee ohjata ymmärtämään liikunnan terveydellinen vaikutus sekä fyysiseen että psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin. Ruutuajan vähentäminen on myös yksi haaste tulevaisuudessa lasten ja nuorten keskuudessa.

'What ever happened to breakdancing?' : transnational b-boy/b-girl networks, underground video magazines and imagined affinities

In 1997, Paul Gilroy was able to write: "I have been asking myself, whatever happened to breakdancing" (21), a form of vernacular dance associated with urban youth that emerged in the 1970s. However, in the last decade, breakdancing has experienced a massive renaissance in movies (You Got Served), commercials ("Gotta Have My Pops!") and documentaries (the acclaimed Freshest Kids). In this thesis, 1 explore the historical development of global b-boy/bgirl culture through a qualitative study involving dancers and their modes of communication. Widespread circulation of breakdancing images peaked in the mid-1980s, and subsequently b-boy/b-girl culture largely disappeared from the mediated landscape. The dance did not reemerge into the mainstream of North American popular culture until the late 1990s. 1 argue that the development of major transnational networks between b-boys and b-girls during the 1990s was a key factor in the return of 'b-boying/b-girling' (known formerly as breakdancing). Street dancers toured, traveled and competed internationally throughout this decade. They also began to create 'underground' video documentaries and travel video 'magazines.' These video artefacts circulated extensively around the globe through alternative distribution channels (including the backpacks of traveling dancers). 1 argue that underground video artefacts helped to produce 'imagined affinities' between dancers in various nations. Imagined affinities are identifications expressed by a cultural producer who shares an embodied activity with other practitioners through either mediated texts or travels through new places. These 'imagined affinities' helped to sustain b-boy/b-girl culture by generating visual/audio representations of popularity for the dance movement across geographical regions.

Analyse systématique de la relation entre l’exposition prénatale aux biphényles polychlorés et les effets neurodéveloppementaux et thyroïdiens chez l’enfant

Les biphényles polychlorés (BPC) sont des contaminants de l’environnement, omniprésents dans la chaîne alimentaire, qui ont une propension à la bioaccumulation dans le corps humain. Ils traversent la barrière placentaire et sont suspectés d’induire des altérations du développement mental ou moteur chez des enfants exposés aux BPC pendant la vie intrautérine. Ces effets s’expliqueraient notamment par la capacité des BPC à perturber l’homéostasie de la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte ou le nouveau-né. Malgré le nombre considérable d’études épidémiologiques réalisées, la relation entre l’exposition prénatale aux BPC et les altérations du développement mental et moteur ou de la fonction thyroïdienne n’a pas encore été clairement établie ; d’une part, différents bioindicateurs de l’exposition ont été employés (différents congénères de BPC mesurés et différentes matrices biologiques ou unités de mesure) limitant la comparaison directe entre les études et, d’autre part, le lien de causalité entre les BPC et les effets ciblés n’a pas été vérifié avec des critères épidémiologiques reconnus. Cette étude a été réalisée afin d’analyser la relation « concentration biologique de BPC – effet » entre l'exposition aux BPC de la mère pendant la grossesse et le développement mental et moteur de l’enfant ainsi que les paramètres de la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né à partir d’une analyse systématique des études épidémiologiques disponibles en standardisant les données biologiques entre les études. Sur la base de considérations toxicocinétiques et en appliquant des facteurs de conversion établis à partir de la littérature épidémiologique publiée, les concentrations des BPC rapportées dans les différentes études revues ont été standardisées en termes d’équivalent de BPC totaux par kilogramme de lipides dans le plasma maternel (µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides). Afin d’analyser la possibilité d’une association causale entre l’exposition aux BPC et les effets d’intérêt, les critères de Hill ont été appliqués systématiquement à l’ensemble des associations « concentrations biologiques standardisées – effet ciblés ». En appliquant cette approche aux données publiées de 20 études épidémiologiques sur la relation entre les BPC et le poids à la naissance, l’exposition prénatale aux BPC, aux niveaux décrits (moyenne < 1920 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides), n’apparaît pas associée de manière significative à un poids à la naissance inférieur à 2500 g dans les populations étudiées. Par ailleurs, en considérant des études menées sur le suivi de neuf cohortes d’enfants, la probabilité qu’une altération cognitive ou motrice cliniquement significative, qui persiste entre la naissance et l’âge scolaire, soit observée à des concentrations de BPC totaux inférieures à 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides semble faible. Aussi, à partir de l’analyse systématique des données de 17 études épidémiologiques, l’exposition aux BPC aux niveaux standardisés décrits (moyenne < 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides) ne semble pas induire de variation des hormones thyroïdiennes ou de TSH en dehors des intervalles physiologiques reconnus chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né. Ainsi, la valeur biologique de référence établie à 1000 µg PCBMPEQ/kg de lipides pour prévenir les effets sur le développement devrait aussi prévenir les effets sur le poids à la naissance et la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte ou le nouveau-né. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse fournissent aux autorités de santé publique responsables de l’établissement de directives et des normes de l’information utile à la révision des critères sanitaires visant à protéger des effets des BPC sur le développement de l’enfant et la fonction thyroïdienne chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né.

Environmental oestrogens and breast cancer: long-term low-dose effects of mixtures of various chemical combinations

The incidence of breast cancer has risen worldwide to unprecedented levels in recent decades, making it now the major cancer of women in many parts of the world.1 Although diet, alcohol, radiation and inherited loss of BRCA1/2 genes have all been associated with increased incidence, the main identified risk factors are life exposure to hormones including physiological variations associated with puberty/pregnancy/menopause,1 personal choice of use of hormonal contraceptives2 and/or hormone replacement therapy.3–6 On this basis, exposure of the human breast to the many environmental pollutant chemicals capable of mimicking or interfering with oestrogen action7 should also be of concern.8 Hundreds of such environmental chemicals have now been measured in human breast tissue from a range of dietary and domestic exposure sources7 ,9 including persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs),10 polybrominated diphenylethers and polybromobiphenyls,11 polychlorinated biphenyls,12 dioxins,13 alkyl phenols,14 bisphenol-A and chlorinated derivatives,15 as well as other less lipophilic compounds such as parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid),16 but studies investigating any association between raised levels of such compounds and the development of breast cancer remain inconclusive.7–16 However, the functionality of these chemicals has continued to be assessed on the basis of individual chemicals rather than the environmental reality of long-term low-dose exposure to complex mixtures. This misses the potential for individuals to have high concentrations of different compounds but with a common mechanism of action. It also misses the complex interactions between chemicals and physiological hormones which together may act to alter the internal homeostasis of the oestrogenic environment of mammary tissue.

Avaliação de concreto com adição de fibras de PET submetido a altas temperaturas

The concrete for centuries constituted an essential structural element in the construction industry due to its relative ease of forming, before the weather durability, low cost, its lower maintenance compared to other materials such as steel. However, when the concrete is exposed to high temperatures tends to lose its mechanical characteristics, and may even result in loss of section, which undermines the stability and mechanical strength of structural elements. The pathologies resulting from exposure to elevated temperatures ranging from cracks, pops up chipping explosives (spalling). Recently, the technology of concrete is closely related to the study of its microstructure. The use of fibers added to concrete has been revealed as a solution to increase the mechanical strength of the concrete, it acts directly on the distribution of efforts to act in the play within the microstructure. In this work we used recycled PET fibers embedded in concrete with 15x2mm fck = 30MPa, water/cement ratio of 0.46, in works made for verification of mechanical strength of this mixture submitted to high temperature. The specimens of concrete with addition of PET fibers were tested after exposure to temperatures: ambient (30ºC), 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 600°C and 900°C. It was found that the concrete loses significant strength when exposed to temperatures above 300°C, however the use of fiber PET may delay the risk of collapse of structures for the formation of a network of channels that facilitate the escape of vapor 'water, reducing the pore pressure inside the structural element

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples in the northeastern part of São Paulo State, Brazil

Detailed analyses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloro ethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDTs) and congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil and surface water from the northeastern São Paulo, Brazil allowed the evaluation of the contamination status, distribution and possible pollution sources. The pesticides and PCBs demonstrated markedly different distributions, reflecting different agricultural, domestic and industrial usage in each region studied. The ranges of HCH, DDT, and PCBs concentrations in the soil samples were 0.05-0.92, 0.12-11.01, 0.02-0.25 ng g(-1) dry wt, respectively, and in the surface water samples were 0.02-0.6, 0.02-0.58 and 0.02-0.5 ng l(-1), respectively. Overall elevated levels of DDT and PCB were recorded in region 2, a site very close to melting, automotive batteries industries, and agricultural practice regions. High ratios of metabolites of DDT to DDT isomers revealed the recent use of DDT in this environment. The sources of contamination are closely related to human activities, such as domestic and industrial discharge, street runoff, agricultural pesticides and soil erosion, due to deforestation as well as atmospheric transport. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in the tropical freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus: Histopathological, physiological, and immunological findings

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Levels of selected persistent organic pollutants in blood from delivering women in seven selected areas of São Paulo State, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Persistent organic pollutants in juvenile Magellan penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) found on the northern shore of the state of São Paulo and southern shore of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Residues of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in some Brazilian municipal solid waste compost

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), listed as per the Stockholm Convention (α -HCH, β -HCH, γ -HCH, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, PCBs 28, 52, 118, 138, 153, and 180), were analyzed in municipal solid waste (MSW) compost samples from three different Brazilian composting plants located in three São Paulo State cities: Araras, Araraquara and São Paulo (Vila Leopoldinha). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out using gas chromatography electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Ion Trap, electron impact ionization), respectively. The samples were analyzed in triplicate and the target POPs were not detected by GC-ECD. Twelve pollutants were identified in two samples when qualitative analysis (GC-MS) was used (β -HCH, γ -HCH, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDE, PCBs 28, 118, 138, 153 and 180). The composting process has advantages such as urban solid waste reduction and landfill life-span increase, however the MSW compost quality, which can be utilized for agricultural purposes, should be evaluated and be controlled. This kind of study is the first step in making available information to answer questions regarding MSW compost for sustainable agricultural use, such as the pollutants accumulation in soil and in groundwater, and plants uptake. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Níveis de substâncias tóxicas persistentes (PTS) em sangue de parturientes de sete áreas selecionadas do Estado de São Paulo - Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)