Influência de fatores climáticos na decomposição de resíduos culturais de aveia e trigo.

RESUMO: Os efeitos de fatores climáticos sobre a dinâmica da decomposição de resíduos culturais, apesar de importantes para a compreensão de processos como a formação da matéria orgânica, são pouco conhecidos e estudados, sendo raros os estudos, principalmente os de longa duração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os impactos das temperaturas máxima e mínima, da quantidade de chuvas (precipitação) e da evaporação sobre a evolução da decomposição de resíduos de aveia e trigo, em semeadura direta e convencional, utilizando-se dados de um ensaio de longa duração (12 anos) conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Soja, em Londrina, PR. Enquanto as temperaturas mostraram não ser um fator limitante à decomposição dos resíduos, as maiores quantidades de chuvas foram diretamente relacionadas às maiores taxas de decomposição dos resíduos estudados, principalmente no sistema plantio convencional. ABSTRACT: Climatic effect studies on residue decomposition are scarce in spite of its importance to understand the formation of the soil organic matter. The infl uence of maximum and minimum temperatures, rain and evaporation was studied on oat and wheat residues with emphasis on decay levels, considering tillage and no-tillage practices, over 12 years, in a clayish soil at the experimental fi eld of Embrapa Soybean, Londrina-PR, Brazil. While temperatures showed no limitations on decomposition of residues studied, rainfall was directly associated with high levels of residue decay. Decomposition levels were greater for tillage systems in both crops.

Mix design process of polyester polymer mortars modified with recycled GFRP waste materials

In this study, the effect of incorporation of recycled glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by means of shredding and milling processes, on mechanical behaviour of polyester polymer mortars (PM) was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of GFRP recyclates, between 4% up to 12% in weight, were incorporated into polyester PM materials as sand aggregates and filler replacements. The effect of the addition of a silane coupling agent to resin binder was also evaluated. Applied waste material was proceeding from the shredding of the leftovers resultant from the cutting and assembly processes of GFRP pultrusion profiles. Currently, these leftovers as well as non-conform products and scrap resulting from pultrusion manufacturing process are landfilled, with additional costs to producers and suppliers. Hence, besides the evident environmental benefits, a viable and feasible solution for these wastes would also conduct to significant economic advantages. Design of experiments and data treatment were accomplish by means of full factorial design approach and analysis of variance ANOVA. Experimental results were promising toward the recyclability of GFRP waste materials as partial replacement of aggregates and reinforcement for PM materials, with significant improvements on mechanical properties of resultant mortars with regards to waste-free formulations.

A case study on the eco-efficiency performance of a composite processing industry: evaluation and quantification of potential improvements

In this study, an attempt was made in order to measure and evaluate the eco-efficiency performance of a pultruded composite processing company. For this purpose the recommendations of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WCSD) and the directives of ISO 14301 standard were followed and applied. The main general indicators of eco-efficiency, as well as the specific indicators, were defined and determined. With basis on indicators’ figures, the value profile, the environmental profile, and the pertinent eco-efficiency ratios were established and analyzed. In order to evaluate potential improvements on company eco-performance, new indicators values and eco-efficiency ratios were estimated taking into account the implementation of new proceedings and procedures, at both upstream and downstream of the production process, namely: i) Adoption of a new heating system for pultrusion die-tool in the manufacturing process, more effective and with minor heat losses; ii) Recycling approach, with partial waste reuse of scrap material derived from manufacturing, cutting and assembly processes of GFRP profiles. These features lead to significant improvements on the sequent assessed eco-efficiency ratios of the present case study, yielding to a more sustainable product and manufacturing process of pultruded GFRP profiles.

Les Deixalles contra el crom

La nova alquímia consisteix a trobar un producte a les deixalles que sigui útil per transformar un residu contaminant en un altre d’innocu. D’alguna manera els científics busquen convertir el plom en or

Alternativas de optimización del proceso actual de recuperación de residuos sólidos en el centro de acopio del aeropuerto El Dorado de Bogotá

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal, presentar alternativas de optimización del proceso actual de recuperación de residuos sólidos en el Centro de Acopio obteniendo como resultado mejores prácticas para la recuperación de valor de los residuos sólidos que se generan en la Terminal de Pasajeros, Muelle de Carga Internacional, Muelle de Carga Nacional y edificio CISA. El estudio se constituye, como un ejercicio investigativo de carácter cualitativo analítico, que abarcara los factores que se tuvieron en cuenta para la presentación de alternativas que optimicen las instalaciones actuales y sus procesos.

Phosphorus sorption and availability in soils amended with animal manures and sewage sludge

Soils that receive large applications of animal wastes and sewage sludge are vulnerable to releasing environmentally significant concentrations of dissolved P available to subsurface flow owing to the gradual saturation of the soil's P sorption capacity. This study evaluated P sorption (calculated from Langmuir isotherms) and availability of P (as CaCl2-P and resin P) in soils incubated for 20 d with poultry litter, poultry manure, cattle slurry, municipal sewage sludge, or KH2PO4, added on a P-equivalent basis (100 mg P kg(-1)). All the P sources had a marked negative effect on P sorption and a positive effect on P availability in all soils. In the cattle slurry- and KH2PO4- treated soils, the decreases in P sorption maximum (19-66%) and binding energy (25-89%) were consistently larger than the corresponding decreases (7-41% and 11-30%) in poultry litter-, poultry manure-, and sewage sludge-treated soils. The effects of cattle slurry and KH2PO4 on P availability were, in most cases, larger than those of the other P sources. In the poultry litter, poultry manure, and sewage sludge treatments, the increase in soil solution P was inversely related (R-2 = 0.75) to the input of Ca from these relatively high Ca (13.5-42 g kg(-1)) sources. Correlation analyses implied that the magnitude of the changes in P sorption and availability was not related to the water-extractable P content of the P sources. Future research on the sustainable application of organic wastes to agricultural soils needs to consider the non-P- as well as P-containing components of the waste.

Modelling the economics of farm-based anaerobic digestion in a UK whole-farm context

Anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies convert organic wastes and crops into methane-rich biogas for heating, electricity generation and vehicle fuel. Farm-based AD has proliferated in some EU countries, driven by favourable policies promoting sustainable energy generation and GHG mitigation. Despite increased state support there are still few AD plants on UK farms leading to a lack of normative data on viability of AD in the whole-farm context. Farmers and lenders are therefore reluctant to fund AD projects and policy makers are hampered in their attempts to design policies that adequately support the industry. Existing AD studies and modelling tools do not adequately capture the farm context within which AD interacts. This paper demonstrates a whole-farm, optimisation modelling approach to assess the viability of AD in a more holistic way, accounting for such issues as: AD scale, synergies and conflicts with other farm enterprises, choice of feedstocks, digestate use and impact on farm Net Margin. This modelling approach demonstrates, for example, that: AD is complementary to dairy enterprises, but competes with arable enterprises for farm resources. Reduced nutrient purchases significantly improve Net Margin on arable farms, but AD scale is constrained by the capacity of farmland to absorb nutrients in AD digestate.

Fungal community associated with marine macroalgae from Antarctica

Filamentous fungi and yeasts associated with the marine algae Adenocystis utricularis, Desmarestia anceps, and Palmaria decipiens from Antarctica were studied. A total of 75 fungal isolates, represented by 27 filamentous fungi and 48 yeasts, were isolated from the three algal species and identified by morphological, physiological, and sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region and D1/D2 variable domains of the large-subunit rRNA gene. The filamentous fungi and yeasts obtained were identified as belonging to the genera Geomyces, Antarctomyces, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Phaeosphaeria, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Leucosporidium, Metschnikowia, and Rhodotorula. The prevalent species were the filamentous fungus Geomyces pannorum and the yeast Metschnikowia australis. Two fungal species isolated in our study, Antarctomyces psychrotrophicus and M. australis, are endemic to Antarctica. This work is the first study of fungi associated with Antarctic marine macroalgae, and contributes to the taxonomy and ecology of the marine fungi living in polar environments. These fungal species may have an important role in the ecosystem and in organic matter recycling.

Catalytic hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene over supported palladium catalyst in buffered medium

The catalytic hydrodechlorination (HDC) reaction, which is an attractive abatement process for chlorinated organic wastes, was studied over a magnetically recoverable supported Pd(0) catalyst. We investigated the most favorable reaction conditions under which to obtain the highest substrate conversion rates while preserving the catalyst properties and morphology. Sodium hydroxide, triethylamine and buffered solutions were used as proton scavengers in the HDC of chlorobenzene under mild conditions. It was observed that sodium hydroxide caused corrosion of the silica support, triethylamine in 2-propanol preserved the morphology of the catalyst which could be recycled for up to five successive H DC reactions, and aqueous buffer solutions preserved the catalyst morphology and the catalytic activity for up to four successive HDC reactions. The use of buffer solutions to neutralize the HCl formed during the HDC reaction is an interesting, less aggressive, alternative approach to HDC reactions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Avaliação do processo de compostagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos

A crescente produção de resíduos sólidos urbanos e a escassez de áreas para uma destinação final tecnicamente adequada, via implantação de aterros sanitários, faz com que tome importância a técnica de tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos através das compostagem/vermicompostagem. Nesta pesquisa, foi realizada a avaliação destes processos, tendo sido observadas principalmente a influência da aeração e da umidade no desempenho destas técnicas de tratamento, em leiras de pequenos e grandes volumes. Nos experimentos, com leiras de pequenos volumes, realizados no IPH (Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas) da UFRGS, utilizou-se resíduos sólidos de poda (resíduos verdes, com alta concentração de carbono) codispostos (misturados em peso) com resíduos vegetais da CEASA (Companhia Estadual de Abastecimento Sociedade Anônima) e lodos provenientes de estações de tratamento de esgotos sanitários. Nos experimentos, com leiras de grandes volumes, realizados na UTC – Unidade de Triagem e Compostagem de Porto Alegre, utilizou-se resíduos orgânicos domiciliares codispostos com os mesmos resíduos utilizados nos primeiros experimentos. Paralelamente aos experimentos de compostagem, avaliou-se os lixiviados produzidos nos sistemas. Na compostagem de grandes volumes, também foi observado o desempenho de banhados construídos de fluxo subsuperficial para o tratamento desses efluentes líquidos. com teores de resíduos verdes menores que 35 %, o que se justifica pela maior concentração de resíduos de característica facilmente biodegradável e de maior palatabilidade para os vermes. Em todos os experimentos de compostagem, verificou-se que o controle efetivo do processo pode ser realizado através da avaliação sistemática das temperatura e umidade das leiras. Evidenciou-se também que para regiões de clima similar ao de Porto Alegre, com elevadas precipitações principalmente no inverno, é necessário adotar dimensões adequadas ao sistema de compostagem “windrow” para áreas descobertas. Comprovou-se também a necessidade de manutenção da umidade na faixa entre 50% e 70 %, inclusive com reposição desta, mesmo na situação de inverno. A avaliação dos lixiviados da compostagem demonstrou que, com os substratos utilizados nos experimentos, as concentrações de DBO5, DQO e de outras variáveis são elevadas ao início do processo de decomposição, devido à solubilização dos compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos presentes na matéria orgânica. Os lixiviados da compostagem possuem baixas concentrações de condutividade, DBO5, NH4 +, entre outros, quando comparados aos lixiviados de aterros sanitários. tratamento destes efluentes. Os resultados obtidos nos banhados construídos para baixas cargas hidráulicas (1cm/d) e concentrações de DBO5 do afluente abaixo de 150 mg/L apontaram uma eficiência média de remoção de 52,02%. No que se refere a nitrogênio (todas as formas), fósforo, metais, potencial redox e sólidos totais, as eficiências foram variáveis, com melhores resultados para nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo. A compostagem pode ser considerada uma alternativa viável de tratamento de resíduos orgânicos, utilizando-se o processo “windrow” com revolvimento mecânico, mesmo em pátios descobertos em climas subtropicais. Neste caso, sugere-se que os lixiviados gerados nos primeiros dias de compostagem (30 dias aproximandamente) sejam recirculados e o excedente tratado em ETE. Pode-se, também, utilizar o sistema de banhados construídos como complementação, principalmente para a remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo.

e-Resíduos: A influência da norma européia WEEE na estratégia da indústria de celulares no Brasil e no mundo e o impacto ambiental do descarte inadequado

This present Thesis, is explorer work and presents an analysis of e-wastes of the industry of cellular mobile telephony, evaluating the evolution of the telecommunications nets and as if it holds the global and Brazilian market of cellular telephony. It approaches the elements gifts in the cellular devices that can badly cause to the environment and the health, the discarding of the devices in end of life cycle is made. It analyzes the new European regulation of electric equipment residues and electronic, the WEEE, as it influenced the strategy of the companies manufacturers of mobile phone cellular and of that she forms is possible to create a Brazilian national industry for recycling of devices of cellular, with conditions to globally competition. For this some possible models of being implanted in Brazil are presented. The project of law 203/91 on solid residues is argued and as it would be interesting if to persist some proposals presented to the project, to create a Brazilian market of recycling with capacity of global competition for use to advantage of the European regulation if to get a competitive advantage

Chemical properties of soils treated with biological sludge from gelatin industry

O impacto dos resíduos orgânicos agroindustriais no ambiente pode ser reduzido com o seu uso agrícola. do ponto de vista da fertilidade do solo, o que se deseja com a aplicação dos resíduos é aumentar o teor de matéria orgânica e fornecer nutrientes para as plantas. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do lodo biológico de indústria de gelatina em atributos químicos de dois Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos (PVA-arenoso e PVA-textura média) e de um Latossolo Vermelho (LV-argiloso). O experimento foi conduzido por 120 dias em laboratório, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial combinando os três solos e seis doses de lodo (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 m³ ha-1), com três repetições. A aplicação de até 500 m³ ha-1 de lodo diminui a acidez do solo e aumenta a CTC efetiva e a disponibilidade de N, Ca, Mg e P, sem ultrapassar o limite de tolerância para Na. O aumento do teor de bases, maior do que o da CTC efetiva, indica que a maior parte dos cátions adicionados pelo lodo permanece em solução e pode ser perdida por lixiviação.

O uso da serragem no processo de minicompostagem

In this work used four cylindrical PVC (polyvinyl chloride) mini compost bins, they all had the same size and were identical, with 40 cm diameter and 75 cm length, they also were opened on both sides. Each mini compost bean received 35,5 kg of solid organic wastes, which were previously crushed and 6 kg of sawdust. It was evaluated during the composting process the C/N analyses, temperature measurement, humidity and pH. Results showed that the use of sawdust as a source of high carbon inputs on the mini compost beans and using low quantities of organic solid wastes reached temperatures as high as 65° C, keeping on the thermophilic phase for almost 6 days. After 18 days the environmental temperature was reached, the organic wastes were then laid to reach full maturity for 55 more days. The C/N ratio was initially around 30/1 and after 73 days it was around 12/1.

Clastogenicity of landfarming soil treated with sugar cane vinasse

The addition of nutrients and/or soil bulking agents is used in bioremediation to increase microbial activity in contaminated soils. For this purpose, some studies have assessed the effectiveness of vinasse in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum waste. The present study was aimed at investigating the clastogenic/aneugenic potential of landfarming soil from a petroleum refinery before and after addition of sugar cane vinasse using the Allium cepa bioassay. Our results show that the addition of sugar cane vinasse to landfarming soil potentiates the clastogenic effects of the latter probably due the release of metals that were previously adsorbed into the organic matter. These metals may have interacted synergistically with petroleum hydrocarbons present in the landfarming soil treated with sugar cane vinasse. We recommend further tests to monitor the effects of sugar cane vinasse on soils contaminated with organic wastes. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.