Distinct reactivities of interleukin-4-specific antibodies with recombinant and native canine interleukin-4 in various assays

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) plays a central role in immune responses to parasites and allergens. IL-4 drives the differentiation of naive T cells into Th2 cells and regulates immunoglobulin class switching to IgE.Little is known about the role of IL-4 in canine allergies and parasite infections. Most of the information derives from measurement of IL-4 mRNA expression in dog tissues, but detection of IL-4 protein has been difficult so far, probably due to low sensitivity of available methods. Antibodies (Ab) specific for canine IL-4 are available from various sources, but these Ab have been produced against recombinant Escherichia coli-expressed canine IL-4 and there is only limited information on their reactivities with native canine IL-4. Therefore, in the present study, we tested six available canine IL-4-specific Ab for their reactivities with recombinant canine IL-4 expressed in E. coli (rec.IL-4) or in mammalian cells (mam.IL-4), and with supernatants from stimulated canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using several detection methods, including Western blotting, ELISA, cytokine bead assay, and intracellular IL-4 staining. Additionally, we tested a bovine IL-4-specific antibody that has been previously shown to cross-react with canine IL-4. All tested Ab except anti-bovine IL-4 reacted with rec.IL-4, and most of them reacted with mam.IL-4. However, only the cytokine bead assay was sensitive enough to allow the detection of IL-4 in supernatants of canine PBMCs.

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Mode of access: Internet.

Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie.

New Testament abstracts

Quick Reads, Feb 12, 2008

IDPH Quick Reads is an electronic newsletter produced by the Director’s Office at the Iowa Department of Public Health. IDPH Quick Reads are published every three to four weeks.

Induction of oral tolerance and the effect of interleukin-4 on murine skin allograft rejection

We studied the effect of oral and portal vein administration of alloantigens on mouse skin allograft survival. Graft receptor BALB/c mice received spleen cells (30, 90, 150 or 375 x 10(6)) from donor C57BL/6 mice intragastrically on three successive days, starting seven days before the skin graft. Allograft survival was significantly increased with the feeding of 150 x 10(6) allogeneic spleen cells by one gavage (median survival of 12 vs 14 days, P <= 0.005) or when 300 x 10(6) cells were given in six gavage (12 vs 14 days, P < 0.04). A similar effect was observed when 150 x 10(6) spleen cells were injected into the portal vein (12 vs 14 days, P <= 0.03). Furthermore, prolonged allograft survival was observed with subcutaneous (12 vs 16 days, P <= 0.002) or systemic (12 vs 15 days, P <= 0.016) application of murine interleukin-4 (IL-4), alone or in combination with spleen cell injection into the portal vein (12 vs 18 days, P <= 0.0018). Taken together, these results showed that tolerance induction with spleen cells expressing fully incompatible antigens by oral administration or intraportal injection partially down-modulates skin allograft rejection. Furthermore, these findings demonstrated for the first time the effect of subcutaneous or systemic IL-4 application on allograft skin survival suggesting its use as a beneficial support therapy in combination with a tolerance induction protocol.

Microstructural, structural and electrical properties of La(3+)-modified Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12) ferroelectric ceramics

Bi(4-x)La(x)Ti(3)O(12) (BLT) ceramics were prepared and studied in this work in terms of La(3+)-modified microstructure and phase development as well as electrical response. According to the results processed from X-ray diffraction and electrical measurements, the solubility limit (XL) of La(3+) into the Bi(4)Ti(3)O(12) (BIT) matrix was here found to locate slightly above x = 1.5. Further, La(3+) had the effect of reducing the material grain size, while changing its morphology from the plate-like form, typical of BIT ceramics, to a spherical-like one. The electrical results presented and discussed here also include the behavior of the temperature of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition as well as the normal or diffuse and/or relaxor nature of this transition depending on the La(3+) content. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.

Federal farm loan act. Hearings before the Committee on banking and currency of the House of representatives, Sixty-seventh Congress, fourth session, on H.R. 13125 (as revised and numbered H.R. 14041) To amend sections 3, 4, 9, 12, 15, 21, 22, and 25 of the Act of Congress approved July 17, 1916, known as the Federal farm loan act. December 21, 1922; January 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, and 15, 1923 ....

Louis T. McFadden, chairman.

Unit, direct support, and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists) : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, diesel engine driven, 12-1/2 ton capacity, rated with 3/4 cu yd (NSN 3810-00-937-3939), Thew-Lorain model L-36M.

"August 1992."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, 12-1/2 ton, 3/4 cu. yd, diesel engine driven, NSN 3810-00-869-3092, Bucyrus-Erie model 22BM.

Includes index.

Direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, diesel engine driven, 12-1/2 ton capacity, rated, w/3/4 cu yd, NSN 3810-00-937-3939, Thew-Lorain model L36M.

Includes index.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, 12 1/2-ton, 3/4-cu yd, diesel engine driven (Bucyrus-Erie) model 22BM), FSN 3810-869-3092.

Includes index.

Direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists) : crane-shovel, crawler, mounted, 12-1/2 ton, 3/4 cu. yd, diesel engine driven (NSN 3810-00-869-3092) : Bucyrus-Erie model 22BM.

"December 1984."

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, 12-1/2 ton, 3/4 cu. yd, diesel engine driven, NSN 3810-00-869-3092 : Bucyrus-Erie model 22BM.

Includes index.

Operator, organizational, direct and general support, and depot maintenance manual : crane-shovel, crawler mounted, diesel engine driven, 12-1/2 ton capacity, rated w/3/4 cu yd (Thew-Lorain model L-36M), FSN 3810-937-3939.

"September 1967."