Caractérisation et délétion de tous les systèmes d'adhésion connus de Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhi

Les fimbriae sont des structures protéiques extracellulaires retrouvées chez une vaste diversité de bactéries. Ces structures ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études et sont maintenant reconnus pour leur implication dans l’adhésion et l’invasion aux cellules eucaryotes, mais aussi dans la production de biofilms. Ils sont groupés selon leur voie de sécrétion. Certains utilisent une machinerie spécifique et individuelle, c’est le cas des pili de type IV, tandis que d’autres utilisent la voie de sécrétion générale suivit d’une voie spécifique telle que la voie du chaperon-placier (« Chaperon Usher Pathway ») (fimbriae CUP) ou la voie de nucléation précipitation (« nucleation precipitation pathway ») (Curli). Malgré toutes les connaissances actuelles concernant les fimbriae, très peu d’informations sont disponibles quant aux fimbriae de Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhi (S. Typhi). Ce pathogène unique à l’homme est l’agent étiologique de la fièvre typhoïde. Puisque les fimbriae sont reconnus pour être impliqués dans l’adaptation à l’hôte, nous avons décidé d’étudier davantage l’arsenal fimbriaire de S. Typhi, dans l’espoir d’identifier des facteurs de virulence uniques à S. Typhi et impliqués dans la ségrégation de l’hôte. La souche S. Typhi ISP1820 possède 14 opérons codant pour des systèmes d’adhésion, mais plusieurs contiennent des pseudogènes et leur expression n’a jamais été observée in vitro. Afin d’étudier les systèmes d’adhésion de S. Typhi, nous avons supprimé chaque opéron du génome individuellement et cumulativement à l’aide une technique de mutagénèse par échange allélique. Ainsi, nous avons testé chaque mutant individuel et la souche mutante pour tous les systèmes d’adhésion dans plusieurs essais tels que des infections de cellules épithéliales et de macrophages, de mobilité et de formation de biofilm. Nous avons aussi évalué l’expression des fimbriae lors de différentes conditions de croissance en laboratoire par RT-PCR. Tous les tests réalisés nous ont permis de découvrir que plusieurs opérons fimbriaires de S. Typhi sont opérationnels et utilisés pour différentes fonctions par la bactérie.

Étude de la variation de phase des fimbriae F1651, Pap et CS31A et de l'impact des régulateurs homologues de PapI

Les Escherichia coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC) sont responsables d’une grande variété de maladies. Plus particulièrement, certaines souches ExPEC, du sous-groupe d’E. coli uropathogènes, sont porteuses de fimbriae de type P. Cette famille d’adhésines est soumise à une régulation transcriptionnelle appelée variation de phase; un mécanisme du tout ou rien. Il s’agit d’une compétition entre deux protéines régulatrices : la Dam méthylase et la nucléoprotéine Lrp. Ce mécanisme est aussi soumis à l’influence des régulateurs locaux PapB et PapI, deux régulateurs essentiels. Afin d’étudier PapI et ses homologues ainsi que leur impact sur la variation de phase des fimbriae F1651, Pap et CS31A. Grâce à une fusion chromosomique entre la région régulatrice de clp et les gènes lacZYA, nous avons étudié l’effet, en trans, de PapI et FooI qui ont pu restaurer la variation de phase avec une forte tendance pour la phase OFF. Pour étudier l’action de ces protéines sur foo et pap, nous avons utilisé un système utilisant gfp comme gène rapporteur de l’activité des promoteurs des opérons pap et foo. Cela a permis d’observer la variation de phase au niveau cellulaire par cytométrie en flux et en temps réel par microscopie à fluorescence. Ces expériences ont confirmé que la population de cellules F1651 positives a un phénotype d’expression de F1651 partielle alors que les cellules Pap sont en majorité en phase OFF. PapI et FooI n’ont pas la même influence sur la variation de phase, puisque FooI favorise une plus grande fréquence de variation de phase.

Rôle de la topoisomérase I dans la stabilité du génome chez Escherichia coli

Les topoisomérases (topos) de type IA jouent un rôle primordial dans le maintien et l’organisation du génome. Cependant, les mécanismes par lesquels elles contrôlent cette stabilité génomique sont encore à approfondir. Chez E. coli, les deux principales topoisomérases de type IA sont la topo I (codée par le gène topA) et la topo III (codée par le gène topB). Il a déjà été montré que les cellules dépourvues des topos I et III formaient de très longs filaments dans lesquels les chromosomes ne sont pas bien séparés. Comme ces défauts de ségrégation des chromosomes sont corrigés par l’inactivation de la protéine RecA qui est responsable de la recombinaison homologue, il a été émis comme hypothèse que les topoisomérases de type IA avaient un rôle dans la résolution des intermédiaires de recombinaison afin de permettre la séparation des chromosomes. D’autre part, des études réalisées dans notre laboratoire démontrent que le rôle majeur de la topoisomérase I est d’empêcher la formation des R-loops durant la transcription, surtout au niveau des opérons rrn. Ces R-loops on été récemment identifiés comme des obstacles majeurs à l’avancement des fourches de réplication, ce qui peut provoquer une instabilité génomique. Nous avons des évidences génétiques montrant qu’il en serait de même chez nos mutants topA. Tout récemment, des études ont montré le rôle majeur de certaines hélicases dans le soutien aux fourches de réplication bloquées, mais aussi une aide afin de supprimer les R-loops. Chez E. coli, ces hélicases ont été identifiées et sont DinG, Rep et UvrD. Ces hélicases jouent un rôle dans la suppression de certains obstacles à la réplication. Le but de ce projet était de vérifier l’implication de ces hélicases chez le mutant topA en utilisant une approche génétique. Étonnamment, nos résultats montrent que la délétion de certains de ces gènes d’hélicases a pour effet de corriger plutôt que d’exacerber des phénotypes du mutants topA qui sont liés à la croissance et à la morphologie des nucléoides et des cellules. Ces résultats sont interprétés à la lumière de nouvelles fonctions attribuées aux topoisomérases de types IA dans la stabilité du génome.

The genome of Rhizobium leguminosarum has recognizable core and accessory components

Background: Rhizobium leguminosarum is an alpha-proteobacterial N-2-fixing symbiont of legumes that has been the subject of more than a thousand publications. Genes for the symbiotic interaction with plants are well studied, but the adaptations that allow survival and growth in the soil environment are poorly understood. We have sequenced the genome of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae strain 3841. Results: The 7.75 Mb genome comprises a circular chromosome and six circular plasmids, with 61% G+C overall. All three rRNA operons and 52 tRNA genes are on the chromosome; essential protein-encoding genes are largely chromosomal, but most functional classes occur on plasmids as well. Of the 7,263 protein-encoding genes, 2,056 had orthologs in each of three related genomes ( Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Mesorhizobium loti), and these genes were overrepresented in the chromosome and had above average G+C. Most supported the rRNA-based phylogeny, confirming A. tumefaciens to be the closest among these relatives, but 347 genes were incompatible with this phylogeny; these were scattered throughout the genome but were over-represented on the plasmids. An unexpectedly large number of genes were shared by all three rhizobia but were missing from A. tumefaciens. Conclusion: Overall, the genome can be considered to have two main components: a 'core', which is higher in G+C, is mostly chromosomal, is shared with related organisms, and has a consistent phylogeny; and an 'accessory' component, which is sporadic in distribution, lower in G+C, and located on the plasmids and chromosomal islands. The accessory genome has a different nucleotide composition from the core despite a long history of coexistence.

Exposure of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification

Objectives: The use of triclosan within various environments has been linked to the development of multiple drug resistance (MDR) through the increased expression of efflux pumps such as AcrAB-ToIC. In this work, we investigate the effect of triclosan exposure in order to ascertain the response of two species to the presence of this widely used biocide. Methods: The transcriptomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 and Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 after exposure to the MIC of triclosan (0.12 mg/L) were determined in microarray experiments. Phenotypic validation of the transcriptomic data included RT-PCR, ability to form a biofilm and motility assays. Results: Despite important differences in the triclosan-dependent transcriptomes of the two species, increased expression of efflux pump component genes was seen in both. Increased expression of soxS was observed in Salmonella Typhimurium, however, within E. coli, decreased expression was seen. Expression of fabBAGI in Salmonella Typhimurium was decreased, whereas in E. coli expression of fabABFH was increased. Increased expression of ompR and genes within this regulon (e.g. ompC, csgD and ssrA) was seen in the transcriptome of Salmonella Typhimurium. An unexpected response of E. coli was the differential expression of genes within operons involved in iron homeostasis; these included fhu, fep and ent. Conclusions: These data indicate that whilst a core response to triclosan exposure exists, the differential transcriptome of each species was different. This suggests that E. coli K-12 should not be considered the paradigm for the Enterobacteriaceae when exploring the effects of antimicrobial agents.

Identification of core and variable components of the Salmonella enterica subspecies I genome by microarray

We have performed microarray hybridization studies on 40 clinical isolates from 12 common serovars within Salmonella enterica subspecies I to identify the conserved chromosomal gene pool. We were able to separate the core invariant portion of the genome by a novel mathematical approach using a decision tree based on genes ranked by increasing variance. All genes within the core component were confirmed using available sequence and microarray information for S. enterica subspecies I strains. The majority of genes within the core component had conserved homologues in Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655. However, many genes present in the conserved set which were absent or highly divergent in K-12 had close homologues in pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella flexneri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Genes within previously established virulence determinants such as SPI1 to SPI5 were conserved. In addition several genes within SPI6, all of SPI9, and three fimbrial operons (fim, bcf, and stb) were conserved within all S. enterica strains included in this study. Although many phage and insertion sequence elements were missing from the core component, approximately half the pseudogenes present in S. enterica serovar Typhi were conserved. Furthermore, approximately half the genes conserved in the core set encoded hypothetical proteins. Separation of the core and variant gene sets within S. enterica subspecies I has offered fundamental biological insight into the genetic basis of phenotypic similarity and diversity across S. enterica subspecies I and shown how the core genome of these pathogens differs from the closely related E. coli K-12 laboratory strain.

Genetic diversity of heat-labile toxin expressed by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans

The natural diversity of the eft operons, encoding the heat-labile toxin LT-I (LT), carried by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains isolated from humans was investigated. For many years, LT was supposed to be represented by a rather conserved toxin, and one derivative, produced by the reference H10407 strain, was intensively studied either as a virulence factor or as a vaccine adjuvant. Amplicons encompassing the two LT-encoding genes (eltA and eltB) of 51 human-derived ETEC strains, either LT+ (25 strains) only or LT+/ST+ (26 strains), isolated from asymptomatic (24 strains) or diarrheic (27 strains) subjects, were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. Seven polymorphic RFLP types of the H10407 strain were detected with six (BsaI, DdeI, HhaI, HincII, HphI, and MspI) restriction enzymes. Additionally, the single-nucleotide polymorphic analysis revealed 50 base changes in the eft operon, including 21 polymorphic sites at eltA and 9 at eltB. Based on the deduced amino acid sequences, 16 LT types were identified, including LT1, expressed by the H10407 strain and 23 other strains belonging to seven different serotypes, and LT2, expressed by 11 strains of six different serotypes. In vitro experiments carried out with purified toxins indicated that no significant differences in GM1-binding affinity could be detected among LT1, LT2, and LT4. However, LT4, but not other toxin types, showed reduced toxic activities measured either in vitro with cultured cells (Y-1 cells) or in vivo in rabbit ligated ileal loops. Collectively, these results indicate that the natural diversity of LTs produced by wild-type ETEC strains isolated from human hosts is considerably larger than previously assumed and may impact the pathogeneses of the strains and the epidemiology of the disease.

Replacement of the arginine biosynthesis operon in Xanthomonadales by ateral gene transfer

The role of lateral gene transfer (LGT) in prokaryotes has been shown to rapidly change the genome content, providing new gene tools for environmental adaptation. Features related to pathogenesis and resistance to strong selective conditions have been widely shown to be products of gene transfer between bacteria. The genomes of the gamma-proteobacteria from the genus Xanthomonas, composed mainly of phytopathogens, have potential genomic islands that may represent imprints of such evolutionary processes. In this work, the evolution of genes involved in the pathway responsible for arginine biosynthesis in Xanthomonadales was investigated, and several lines of evidence point to the foreign origin of the arg genes clustered within a potential operon. Their presence inside a potential genomic island, bordered by a tRNA gene, the unusual ranking of sequence similarity, and the atypical phylogenies indicate that the metabolic pathway for arginine biosynthesis was acquired through LGT in the Xanthomonadales group. Moreover, although homologues were also found in Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteria group), for many of the genes analyzed close homologues are detected in different life domains (Eukarya and Archaea), indicating that the source of these arg genes may have been outside the Bacteria clade. The possibility of replacement of a complete primary metabolic pathway by LGT events supports the selfish operon hypothesis and may occur only under very special environmental conditions. Such rare events reveal part of the history of these interesting mosaic Xanthomonadales genomes, disclosing the importance of gene transfer modifying primary metabolism pathways and extending the scenario for bacterial genome evolution.

Transcriptional Processing of the pst Operon of Escherichia coli

The pst operon of Escherichia coli is composed of five genes that encode a high-affinity phosphate transport system. pst belongs to the PHO regulon, which is a group of genes and operons that are induced in response to phosphate limitation. The pst operon also has a regulatory role in the repression of PHO genes` transcription under phosphate excess conditions. Transcription of pst is initiated at the promoter located upstream to the first gene, pstS. Immediately after its synthesis, the primary transcript of pst is cleaved into shorter mRNA molecules in a ribonuclease E-dependent manner. Other ribonucleases, such as RNase III and MazF, do not play a role in pst mRNA processing. RNase E is thus at least partially responsible for processing the pst primary transcript.

A Broad-spectrum mer Operon in a Multi-drug Resistant Strain of the Fish Pathogen, Aeromonas salmonicida.

Aeromonas salmonicida AS03, a potential fish pathogen, was isolated from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in 2003. This strain was found to be resistant to ≥1000 mM HgCl2 and ≥32 mM phenylmercuric acetate as well as multiple antimicrobials. Mercury (Hg) and antibiotic resistance genes are often located on the same mobile genetic elements, so the genetic determinants of both resistances and the possibility of horizontal gene transfer were examined. Specific PCR primers were used to amplify and sequence distinctive regions of the mer operon. A. salmonicida AS03 was found to have a pDU1358-like broad-spectrum mer operon, containing merB as well as merA, merD, merP, merR and merT, most similar to Klebsiella pneumonaie plasmid pRMH760. To our knowledge, the mer operon has never before been documented in Aeromonas spp. PCR and gene sequencing were used to identify class 1 integron associated antibiotic resistance determinants and the Tet A tetracycline resistance gene. The transposase and resolvase genes of Tn1696 were identified through PCR and sequencing with Tn21 specific PCR primers. We provide phenotypic and genotypic evidence that the mer operon, the aforementioned antibiotic resistances, and the Tn1696 transposition module are located on a single plasmid or conjugative transposon that can be transferred to E. coli DH5α through conjugation in the presence of low level Hg and absence of any antibiotic selective pressure. Additionally, the presence of low-level Hg or chloramphenicol in the mating media was found to stimulate conjugation, significantly increasing the transfer frequency of conjugation above the transfer frequency measured with mating media lacking both antibiotics and Hg. This research demonstrates that mercury indirectly selects for the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance genes of A. salmonicida AS03.

The contribution of genes required for anaerobic respiration to the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum for chickens

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative genomics analyses of citrus-associated bacteria

Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c (XF-9a5c) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (XAC) are bacteria that infect citrus plants. Sequencing of the genomes of these strains is complete and comparative analyses are now under way with the genomes of other bacteria of the same genera. In this review, we present an overview of this comparative genomic work. We also present a detailed genomic comparison between XF-9a5a and XAC. Based on this analysis, genes and operons were identified that might be relevant for adaptation to citrus. XAC has two copies of a type II secretion system, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes and sugar transporters, a complete energy metabolism, a whole set of avirulence genes associated with a type III secretion system, and a complete flagellar and chemotatic system. By contrast, XF-9a5c possesses more genes involved with type IV pili biosynthesis than does XAC, contains genes encoding for production of colicins, and has 4 copies of Type I restriction/modification system while XAC has only one.

Participation of genes involved in the process of anaerobic respiration of infection in chickens by salmonella typhimurium

Intestinal pathogens are exposed to various stress conditions during their infectious cycle. Anaerobiosis, one of such hostile condition, is offered by the host within gut and intestinal lumen, where survival, multiplication and entry into intestinal epithelial cells are priority for the invasion of the pathogen. The fumarate reductase (frdABCD), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) reductase (dmsABC), and nitrate reductase (narGHIJ) operons in Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumarate, DMSO, TMAO, and nitrate, respectively. They are regulated in response to nitrate and oxygen availability and changes in cell growth rate. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is synthesized by Salmonella Typhimurium only under anaerobic growth conditions used as a cofactor in four known reactions. The deletion of cobS and cbiA genes prevent any form of cobalamin production. In the present study we evaluate the infection of birds by mutants of STM, with the anaerobic respiratory system committed by mutations in the genes: narG, napA, cobS, cbiA, frdA, dmsA, and torC. Virulence was assessed by oral inoculation of groups of one-day-old broilers with 0.1 mL of culture contained 10 8 colony forming units (CFU)/mL or diluted at 10 -3 and 10 -2 of strains mutants of Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical signs and mortality were recorded over a period of 21 days. In general, the symptoms of chickens infected with the mutant strains were similar to those presenting by control birds. Except for STMNalr cbiA, all showed reduced capacity to cause mortality in comparison with the original strain. The mortality of group of chickens infected with STMNal r △narG, STMNal r △frdA, STMNal r △dmsA and STMNal r △cobS△cbiA showed significant decrease in mortality compared to control group (p<0.05).

Participação de genes associados ao processo de respiração anaeróbica na infecção de aves por Salmonella Typhimurium

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF GEITLERINEMA AND MICROCYSTIS ( CYANOBACTERIA) USING PC-IGS AND 16S-23S ITS AS MARKERS: INVESTIGATION OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)