Forma����o continuada e progress��o na carreira docente: o caso de um munic��pio do interior paulista

Como os professores do munic��pio focalizado v��em a forma����o continuada? E ainda: como lidam com essa quest��o dos cursos para progress��o na carreira? Com quais objetivos fazem os cursos? Se �� que fazem? Como ficam sabendo? Em que condi����es eles s��o oferecidos? O que esses professores acham da qualidade dos cursos? Da dura����o? O que efetivamente esses cursos mudam em suas pr��ticas? Acham importante faz��-los, n��o acham? �� poss��vel afirmar que para os docentes, a progress��o continuada n��o existe para suprir falhas da forma����o inicial conforme o discurso pol��tico atual, mas ela existe, para acrescentar e atualizar o conhecimento do professor perante as inova����es tecnol��gicas. Por meio da an��lise do estatuto, verifica-se que ao olhar do munic��pio �� condi����o sine qua non a realiza����o dos cursos de progress��o continuada na progress��o da carreira para atender ao discurso vigente (m�� forma����o inicial do professor). Neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa �� verificar qual a import��ncia da progress��o continuada para os docentes, al��m disso, analisar, identificar e entender os mecanismos que levaram um munic��pio do interior paulista a elaborar um novo Estatuto do Magist��rio com Plano de Carreira. Para a constata����o dos objetivos citados acima foram realizadas entrevistas com profissionais envolvidos na elabora����o do Estatuto, bem como com aqueles profissionais que s��o regidos pelo mesmo, ou seja, os professores do Ensino Fundamental I.

Pesquisa de genomas virais em primatas n��o humanos do novo mundo por metagen��mica

P��s-gradua����o em Medicina Veterin��ria - FMVZ

DE UMA CRISE A OUTRA, DE UM DARWINISMO A OUTRO: A IMPLANTA����O DA PROGRESS��O CONTINUADA NO ESTADO DE S��O PAULO

O presente trabalho investiga a implanta����o do regime de progress��o continuada nas escolas p��blicas do estado de S��o Paulo em 1998, de modo que tem como eixo de pesquisa e reflex��es a pol��tica p��blica progress��o continuada e seu processo de implanta����o e implementa����o. Houve o uso de duas linhas de pesquisa: pesquisa bibliogr��fica e pesquisa e an��lise do discurso oficial, n��o somente aquele que implanta o regime citado, mas tamb��m a grada����o das leis e suas caracter��sticas. O suporte central de pesquisa apoia-se em duas consagradas obras: ���A estrutura das revolu����es cient��ficas��� e ���A origem das esp��cies���, de Thomas Kuhn e Charles Darwin, respectivamente. As obras citadas far��o jus ao t��tulo desse trabalho, a qual utiliza das discuss��es propostas por Kuhn sobre ���crise���, tendo esta como uma das linhas mestras para analisar os per��odos pr�� e p��s implanta����o do regime combinado ao darwinismo, que aqui se denomina darwinismo pedag��gico. Para estabelecer uma conex��o entre o objeto central de pesquisa e as obras acima citadas, houve a necessidade de pesquisar e discutir tem��ticas diretamente relacionadas, como ���um rio e seus afluentes���. Os ���afluentes��� pesquisados e discutidos foram: pedagogia e ci��ncia, regime de seria����o, darwinismo, met��fora, pol��ticas p��blicas, grada����o das leis, identidade, resist��ncia e desist��ncia. Os ���afluentes��� n��o ficaram restritos a pesquisa bibliogr��fica, houve a necessidade de tamb��m no discurso oficial realizar esta linha metodol��gica. A pesquisa revelou que a partir das contribui����es de Kuhn, a implanta����o do regime de progress��o continuada nas escolas p��blicas do estado de S��o Paulo apenas fez com que a educa����o no estado sa��sse de uma crise e entrasse em outra. Al��m disso, revelou tamb��m que o darwinismo pedag��gico que imperava no regime de seria����o, muda de face no regime de progress��o continuada, por��m continua ativo, agora afetando diretamente os docentes, que resistem ativamente ou em oposi����o, ou desistem, seja de forma anunciada ou velada.

A IMPORT��NCIA DAS TICS E DA EDUCA����O COMO PROCESSO COMUNICACIONAL DIAL��GICO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR: Um Estudo da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul

Esta tese teve por objetivo saber como o corpo docente da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) percebe, entende e reage ante a incorpora����o e utiliza����o das Tecnologias de Informa����o e Comunica����o (TICs) nos cursos de gradua����o dessa Institui����o, considerando os novos processos comunicacionais dial��gicos que elas podem proporcionar na sociedade atual. Metodologicamente, a tese �� composta por pesquisa bibliogr��fica, buscando fundamentar as ��reas da Educa����o e Comunica����o, assim como a Educomunica����o; pesquisa documental para contextualiza����o do l��cus da pesquisa e de uma pesquisa explorat��ria a partir da aplica����o de um question��rio online a 165 docentes da UEMS, que responderam voluntariamente. Verificou-se que os professores utilizam as TICs cotidianamente nas atividades pessoais e, em menor escala, nos ambientes profissionais. Os desafios est��o em se formar melhor esse docente e oferecer capacita����o continuada para que utilizem de forma mais eficaz as TICs nas salas de aula. Destaca-se ainda que os avan��os em tecnologia e os novos ecossistemas comunicacionais constru��ram novas e outras realidades, tornando a aprendizagem um fator n��o linear, exigindo-se revis��o nos projetos pedag��gicos na educa����o superior para que estes viabilizem di��logos propositivos entre a comunica����o e a educa����o. A infraestrutura institucional para as TICs �� outro entrave apontado, tanto na aquisi����o como na manuten����o desses aparatos tecnol��gicos pela Universidade. Ao final, prop��e-se realizar estudos e pesquisas que possam discutir altera����es nos regimes contratuais de trabalho dos docentes, uma vez que, para atuar com as TICs de maneira apropriada, exige-se mais tempo e dedica����o do docente.

EL INFINITO EN LA PALMA DE LA MANO (2013): UM NOVO G��NESIS DESDE A PERSPECTIVA LATINO-AMERICANA DE GIOCONDA BELLI

RESUMO: A ideia da escrita desse texto surgiu como resposta a algumas inquietudes suscitadas ao longo dos estudos sobre Literatura Comparada na Am��rica Latina[1] e as posi����es defendidas por te��ricos como Coutinho (1995-2004), Santiago (2000), Bernd (1998), entre outros. Entre elas est�� a necessidade imperiosa de tomar consci��ncia das especificidades das diversas literaturas, assim como a de se estabelecer um di��logo em p�� de igualdade entre as mesmas. Isso equivale a abordar especificamente a literatura dos distintos pa��ses latino-americanos como uma dial��tica entre o local e o universal porque �� nessa pluralidade onde ela pode e deve ser entendida, j�� que as literaturas latino-americanas sempre receberam uma grande influ��ncia das europeias e assimilaram destas, como de outras, aspectos e caracter��sticas que, sem d��vida, no presente, s��o substancialmente modificadas no momento da apropria����o. Por isso este artigo analisar�� a reconstru����o da hist��ria de Ad��o e Eva desde uma perspectiva comparatista, isso ��, remeter�� o romance El infinito en la palma de la mano (2013), de Gioconda Belli n��o somente �� sua individualidade, mas tamb��m ao jogo dial��tico/intertextual com a narra����o b��blica e alguns textos ap��crifos ��� vers��es do Velho e Novo Testamentos que n��o foram incorporados ao c��none eclesi��stico mas que Gioconda descobre de maneira acidental ��� com a finalidade de mostrar que n��o h�� nada mais original e intr��nseco a um texto que alimentar-se de outros textos e que nesse ritual latino-americano de transgress��o ao modelo est�� subjacente o descobrimento e a conquista do para��so latino-americano.[1]El presente trabajoest�� enmarcado dentro dela producci��n colaborativa propuesta a partir del curso ���Actualizaci��n te��rica y pr��ctica en el campo de la Literatura Comparada en el ��mbito latinoamericano���, ofrecido por la Secretar��a de Posgrado de la Facultad de Filosof��a y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Tucum��n-UNT, en noviembre de 2013. Dicho curso fue dictado por el profesor invitado de la UNT Doctor Gilmei Francisco Fleck, profesor adjunto de la ���Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran��- Cascavel-PR/Brasil.

Androgen levels increase by intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis during progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Although systemic androgen deprivation prolongs life in advanced prostate cancer, remissions are temporary because patients almost uniformly progress to a state of a castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) as indicated by recurring PSA. This complex process of progression does not seem to be stochastic as the timing and phenotype are highly predictable, including the observation that most androgen-regulated genes are reactivated despite castrate levels of serum androgens. Recent evidence indicates that intraprostatic levels of androgens remain moderately high following systemic androgen deprivation therapy, whereas the androgen receptor (AR) remains functional, and silencing the AR expression following castration suppresses tumor growth and blocks the expression of genes known to be regulated by androgens. From these observations, we hypothesized that CRPC progression is not independent of androgen-driven activity and that androgens may be synthesized de novo in CRPC tumors leading to AR activation. Using the LNCaP xenograft model, we showed that tumor androgens increase during CRPC progression in correlation to PSA up-regulation. We show here that all enzymes necessary for androgen synthesis are expressed in prostate cancer tumors and some seem to be up-regulated during CRPC progression. Using an ex vivo radiotracing assays coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-radiometric/mass spectrometry detection, we show that tumor explants isolated from CRPC progression are capable of de novo conversion of [(14)C]acetic acid to dihydrotestosterone and uptake of [(3)H]progesterone allows detection of the production of six other steroids upstream of dihydrotestosterone. This evidence suggests that de novo androgen synthesis may be a driving mechanism leading to CRPC progression following castration.

Insulin increases De Novo Steroidogenesis in prostate cancer cells

Androgen-dependent pathways regulate maintenance and growth of normal and malignant prostate tissues. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) exploits this dependence and is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer; however, regression initially seen with ADT gives way to development of incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although ADT generates a therapeutic response, it is also associated with a pattern of metabolic alterations consistent with metabolic syndrome including elevated circulating insulin. Because CRPC cells are capable of synthesizing androgens de novo, we hypothesized that insulin may also influence steroidogenesis in CRPC. In this study, we examined this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of insulin on steroid synthesis in prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with 10 nmol/L insulin increased mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes and upregulated the insulin receptor substrate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2). Similarly, insulin treatment upregulated intracellular testosterone levels and secreted androgens, with the concentrations of steroids observed similar to the levels reported in prostate cancer patients. With similar potency to dihydrotestosterone, insulin treatment resulted in increased mRNA expression of prostate-specific antigen. CRPC progression also correlated with increased expression of IRS-2 and insulin receptor in vivo. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the elevated insulin levels associated with therapeutic castration may exacerbate progression of prostate cancer to incurable CRPC in part by enhancing steroidogenesis.

Detection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2(PAI-2) in gingival crevicular fluid from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients

Background: The regulation of plasminogen activation is a key element in controlling proteolytic events in the extracellular matrix. Our previous studies had demonstrated that in inflamed gingival tissues, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is significantly increased in the extracellular matrix of the connective tissue and that interleukin 1�� (IL-1��) can up regulate the level of t-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts. Method: In the present study, the levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured from healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis sites and compared before and after periodontal treatment. Crevicular fluid from106 periodontal sites in 33 patients were collected. 24 sites from 11 periodontitis patients received periodontal treatment after the first sample collection and post-treatment samples were collected 14 days after treatment. All samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for t-PA and PAI-2. Results: The results showed that significantly high levels of t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF were found in the gingivitis and periodontitis sites. Periodontal treatment led to significant decreases of PAI-2, but not t-PA, after 14 days. A significant positive linear correlation was found between t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF (r=0.80, p<0.01). In the healthy group, different sites from within the same subject showed little variation of t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF. However, the gingivitis and periodontitis sites showed large variation. These results suggest a good correlation between t-PA and PAI-2 with the severity of periodontal conditions. Conclusion: This study indicates that t-PA and PAI-2 may play a significant r��le in the periodontal tissue destruction and tissue remodeling and that t-PA and PAI-2 in GCF may be used as clinical markers to evaluate the periodontal diseases and assess treatment.

IGF2 increases de novo steroidogenesis in prostate cancer cells

Androgen-dependent pathways regulate maintenance and growth of normal and malignant prostate tissues. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) exploits this dependence and is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer; however, regression initially seen with ADT gives way to development of incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although ADT generates a therapeutic response, it is also associated with a pattern of metabolic alterations consistent with metabolic syndrome including elevated circulating insulin. Because CRPC cells are capable of synthesizing androgens de novo, we hypothesized that insulin may also influence steroidogenesis in CRPC. In this study, we examined this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of insulin on steroid synthesis in prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with 10 nmol/L insulin increased mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes and upregulated the insulin receptor substrate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2). Similarly, insulin treatment upregulated intracellular testosterone levels and secreted androgens, with the concentrations of steroids observed similar to the levels reported in prostate cancer patients. With similar potency to dihydrotestosterone, insulin treatment resulted in increased mRNA expression of prostate-specific antigen. CRPC progression also correlated with increased expression of IRS-2 and insulin receptor in vivo. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the elevated insulin levels associated with therapeutic castration may exacerbate progression of prostate cancer to incurable CRPC in part by enhancing steroidogenesis.

De Novo Transcriptome Sequence Assembly and Analysis of RNA Silencing Genes of Nicotiana benthamiana

Background: Nicotiana benthamiana has been widely used for transient gene expression assays and as a model plant in the study of plant-microbe interactions, lipid engineering and RNA silencing pathways. Assembling the sequence of its transcriptome provides information that, in conjunction with the genome sequence, will facilitate gaining insight into the plant's capacity for high-level transient transgene expression, generation of mobile gene silencing signals, and hyper-susceptibility to viral infection. Methodology/Results: RNA-seq libraries from 9 different tissues were deep sequenced and assembled, de novo, into a representation of the transcriptome. The assembly, of16GB of sequence, yielded 237,340 contigs, clustering into 119,014 transcripts (unigenes). Between 80 and 85% of reads from all tissues could be mapped back to the full transcriptome. Approximately 63% of the unigenes exhibited a match to the Solgenomics tomato predicted proteins database. Approximately 94% of the Solgenomics N. benthamiana unigene set (16,024 sequences) matched our unigene set (119,014 sequences). Using homology searches we identified 31 homologues that are involved in RNAi-associated pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana, and show that they possess the domains characteristic of these proteins. Of these genes, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase gene, Rdr1, is transcribed but has a 72 nt insertion in exon1 that would cause premature termination of translation. Dicer-like 3 (DCL3) appears to lack both the DEAD helicase motif and second dsRNA binding motif, and DCL2 and AGO4b have unexpectedly high levels of transcription. Conclusions: The assembled and annotated representation of the transcriptome and list of RNAi-associated sequences are accessible at www.benthgenome.com alongside a draft genome assembly. These genomic resources will be very useful for further study of the developmental, metabolic and defense pathways of N. benthamiana and in understanding the mechanisms behind the features which have made it such a well-used model plant. �� 2013 Nakasugi et al.

A transcriptomic analysis of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in response to salinity adaptation: De novo assembly, gene annotation and marker discovery

The striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) culture industry in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam has developed rapidly over the past decade. The culture industry now however, faces some significant challenges, especially related to climate change impacts notably from predicted extensive saltwater intrusion into many low topographical coastal provinces across the Mekong Delta. This problem highlights a need for development of culture stocks that can tolerate more saline culture environments as a response to expansion of saline water-intruded land. While a traditional artificial selection program can potentially address this need, understanding the genomic basis of salinity tolerance can assist development of more productive culture lines. The current study applied a transcriptomic approach using Ion PGM technology to generate expressed sequence tag (EST) resources from the intestine and swim bladder from striped catfish reared at a salinity level of 9 ppt which showed best growth performance. Total sequence data generated was 467.8 Mbp, consisting of 4,116,424 reads with an average length of 112 bp. De novo assembly was employed that generated 51,188 contigs, and allowed identification of 16,116 putative genes based on the GenBank non-redundant database. GO annotation, KEGG pathway mapping, and functional annotation of the EST sequences recovered with a wide diversity of biological functions and processes. In addition, more than 11,600 simple sequence repeats were also detected. This is the first comprehensive analysis of a striped catfish transcriptome, and provides a valuable genomic resource for future selective breeding programs and functional or evolutionary studies of genes that influence salinity tolerance in this important culture species.

Assembly and annotation of a non-model gastropod (Nerita melanotragus) transcriptome: a comparison of De novo assemblers

Background The sequencing, de novo assembly and annotation of transcriptome datasets generated with next generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled biologists to answer genomic questions in non-model species with unprecedented ease. Reliable and accurate de novo assembly and annotation of transcriptomes, however, is a critically important step for transcriptome assemblies generated from short read sequences. Typical benchmarks for assembly and annotation reliability have been performed with model species. To address the reliability and accuracy of de novo transcriptome assembly in non-model species, we generated an RNAseq dataset for an intertidal gastropod mollusc species, Nerita melanotragus, and compared the assembly produced by four different de novo transcriptome assemblers; Velvet, Oases, Geneious and Trinity, for a number of quality metrics and redundancy. Results Transcriptome sequencing on the Ion Torrent PGM��� produced 1,883,624 raw reads with a mean length of 133 base pairs (bp). Both the Trinity and Oases de novo assemblers produced the best assemblies based on all quality metrics including fewer contigs, increased N50 and average contig length and contigs of greater length. Overall the BLAST and annotation success of our assemblies was not high with only 15-19% of contigs assigned a putative function. Conclusions We believe that any improvement in annotation success of gastropod species will require more gastropod genome sequences, but in particular an increase in mollusc protein sequences in public databases. Overall, this paper demonstrates that reliable and accurate de novo transcriptome assemblies can be generated from short read sequencers with the right assembly algorithms. Keywords: Nerita melanotragus; De novo assembly; Transcriptome; Heat shock protein; Ion torrent

Optimizing de novo transcriptome assembly and extending genomic resources for striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a commercially important freshwater fish used in inland aquaculture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The culture industry is facing a significant challenge however from saltwater intrusion into many low topographical coastal provinces across the Mekong Delta as a result of predicted climate change impacts. Developing genomic resources for this species can facilitate the production of improved culture lines that can withstand raised salinity conditions, and so we have applied high-throughput Ion Torrent sequencing of transcriptome libraries from six target osmoregulatory organs from striped catfish as a genomic resource for use in future selection strategies. We obtained 12,177,770 reads after trimming and processing with an average length of 97 bp. De novo assemblies were generated using CLC Genomic Workbench, Trinity and Velvet/Oases with the best overall contig performance resulting from the CLC assembly. De novo assembly using CLC yielded 66,451 contigs with an average length of 478 bp and N50 length of 506 bp. A total of 37,969 contigs (57%) possessed significant similarity with proteins in the non-redundant database. Comparative analyses revealed that a significant number of contigs matched sequences reported in other teleost fishes, ranging in similarity from 45.2% with Atlantic cod to 52% with zebrafish. In addition, 28,879 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 55,721 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the striped catfish transcriptome. The sequence collection generated in the current study represents the most comprehensive genomic resource for P. hypophthalmus available to date. Our results illustrate the utility of next-generation sequencing as an efficient tool for constructing a large genomic database for marker development in non-model species.