Transmitter-side antennas correlation in SVD-assisted MIMO systems

MIMO techniques allow increasing wireless channel performance by decreasing the BER and increasing the channel throughput and in consequence are included in current mobile communication standards. MIMO techniques are based on benefiting the existence of multipath in wireless communications and the application of appropriate signal processing techniques. The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a popular signal processing technique which, based on the perfect channel state information (PCSI) knowledge at both the transmitter and receiver sides, removes inter-antenna interferences and improves channel performance. Nevertheless, the proximity of the multiple antennas at each front-end produces the so called antennas correlation effect due to the similarity of the various physical paths. In consequence, antennas correlation drops the MIMO channel performance. This investigation focuses on the analysis of a MIMO channel under transmitter-side antennas correlation conditions. First, antennas correlation is analyzed and characterized by the correlation coefficients. The analysis describes the relation between antennas correlation and the appearance of predominant layers which significantly affect the channel performance. Then, based on the SVD, pre- and post-processing is applied to remove inter-antenna interferences. Finally, bit- and power allocation strategies are applied to reach the best performance. The resulting BER reveals that antennas correlation effect diminishes the channel performance and that not necessarily all MIMO layers must be activated to obtain the best performance.

[evaluation Of Data On Live Birth Certificates From The Information System On Live Births (sinasc) In Campinas, São Paulo, 2009].

To assess the completeness and reliability of the Information System on Live Births (Sinasc) data. A cross-sectional analysis of the reliability and completeness of Sinasc's data was performed using a sample of Live Birth Certificate (LBC) from 2009, related to births from Campinas, Southeast Brazil. For data analysis, hospitals were grouped according to category of service (Unified National Health System, private or both), 600 LBCs were randomly selected and the data were collected in LBC-copies through mothers and newborns' hospital records and by telephone interviews. The completeness of LBCs was evaluated, calculating the percentage of blank fields, and the LBCs agreement comparing the originals with the copies was evaluated by Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients. The percentage of completeness of LBCs ranged from 99.8%-100%. For the most items, the agreement was excellent. However, the agreement was acceptable for marital status, maternal education and newborn infants' race/color, low for prenatal visits and presence of birth defects, and very low for the number of deceased children. The results showed that the municipality Sinasc is reliable for most of the studied variables. Investments in training of the professionals are suggested in an attempt to improve system capacity to support planning and implementation of health activities for the benefit of maternal and child population.

Detection Of Explosives On The Surface Of Banknotes By Raman Hyperspectral Imaging And Independent Component Analysis.

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology using Raman hyperspectral imaging and chemometric methods for identification of pre- and post-blast explosive residues on banknote surfaces. The explosives studied were of military, commercial and propellant uses. After the acquisition of the hyperspectral imaging, independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to extract the pure spectra and the distribution of the corresponding image constituents. The performance of the methodology was evaluated by the explained variance and the lack of fit of the models, by comparing the ICA recovered spectra with the reference spectra using correlation coefficients and by the presence of rotational ambiguity in the ICA solutions. The methodology was applied to forensic samples to solve an automated teller machine explosion case. Independent component analysis proved to be a suitable method of resolving curves, achieving equivalent performance with the multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method. At low concentrations, MCR-ALS presents some limitations, as it did not provide the correct solution. The detection limit of the methodology presented in this study was 50μgcm(-2).

Validação de uma bateria de testes de habilidades motoras para atletas de handebol em cadeira de rodas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Seleções olimpicas de basquetebol feminino do Brasil (2000 e 2004) : correlação entre variaveis tecnicas e fisicas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Comparação entre protocolos de determinação do limiar anaerobio e suas correlações com o desempenho aerobio em nadadores adolescentes

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Accuracy of three electronic apex locators in the presence of different irrigating solutions

The present study compared the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) - Elements Diagnostic®, Root ZX® and Apex DSP® - in the presence of different irrigating solutions (0.9% saline solution and 1% sodium hypochlorite). The electronic measurements were carried out by three examiners, using twenty extracted human permanent maxillary central incisors. A size 10 K file was introduced into the root canals until reaching the 0.0 mark, and was subsequently retracted to the 1.0 mark. The gold standard (GS) measurement was obtained by combining visual and radiographic methods, and was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen. Electronic length values closer to the GS (± 0.5 mm) were considered as accurate measures. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to verify inter-examiner agreement. The comparison among the EALs was performed using the McNemar and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The ICCs were generally high, ranging from 0.8859 to 0.9657. Similar results were observed for the percentage of electronic measurements closer to the GS obtained with the Elements Diagnostic® and the Root ZX® EALs (p > 0.05), independent of the irrigating solutions used. The measurements taken with these two EALs were more accurate than those taken with Apex DSP®, regardless of the irrigating solution used (p < 0.05). It was concluded that Elements Diagnostic® and Root ZX® apex locators are able to locate the cementum-dentine junction more precisely than Apex DSP®. The presence of irrigating solutions does not interfere with the performance of the EALs.

Expressão da proteína erbB-2 e dos receptores de hormônios na transição das regiões in situ para invasora de tumores da mama

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a expressão de erbB-2 e dos receptores hormonais para estrógeno e progesterona (RE/RP) nas regiões de transição entre as frações in situ e invasoras de neoplasias ductais da mama (CDIS e CDI, respectivamente). MÉTODOS: oitenta e cinco casos de neoplasias mamárias, contendo regiões contíguas de CDIS e CDI, foram selecionados. Espécimes histológicos das áreas de CDIS e de CDI foram obtidos através da técnica de tissue microarray (TMA). As expressões da erbB-2 e dos RE/RP foram avaliadas por meio de imunoistoquímica convencional. A comparação da expressão da erbB-2 e dos RE/RP nas frações in situ e invasoras da mama foi realizada com emprego do teste de McNemar. Os intervalos de confiança foram determinados em 5% (p=0,05). Foram calculados coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (ICC) para avaliar a concordância na tabulação cruzada da expressão de erbB-2 e RE/RP nas frações de CDIS e CDI. RESULTADOS: a expressão da erbB-2 não diferiu entre as áreas de CDIS e CDI (p=0,38). Comparando caso a caso suas áreas de CDIS e CDI, houve boa concordância na expressão da erbB-2 (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, ICC=0,64), dos RP (ICC = 0,71) e dos RE (ICC = 0,64). Considerando apenas tumores cujo componente in situ apresentasse áreas de necrose (comedo), o ICC para erbB-2 foi de 0,4, comparado a 0,6 no conjunto completo de casos. Os ICC não diferiram substancialmente daqueles obtidos com o conjunto completo de espécimes em relação aos RE/RP: para RE, ICC=0,7 (versus 0,7 no conjunto completo), e para RP, ICC=0,7 (versus 0,6 no conjunto completo). CONCLUSÕES: nossos achados sugerem que as expressões de erbB-2 e RE/RP não diferem nos componentes contíguos in situ e invasivo em tumores ductais da mama.

Production and body composition traits of broilers in relation to breast weight evaluated by path analysis

Breast weight has great economic importance in poultry industry, and may be associated with other variables. This work aimed to estimate phenotypic correlations between performance (live body weight at 7 and 28 days, and at slaughter, and depth of the breast muscle measured by ultrasonography), carcass (eviscerated body weight and leg weight) and body composition (heart, liver and abdominal fat weight) traits in a broiler line, and quantify the direct and indirect influence of these traits on breast weight. Path analysis was used by expanding the matrix of partial correlation in coefficients which give the direct influence of one trait on another, regardless the effect of the other traits. The simultaneous maintenance of live body weight at slaughter and eviscerated body weight in the matrix of correlations might be harmful for statistical analysis involving systems of normal equations, like path analysis, due to the observed multicollinearity. The live body weight at slaughter and the depth of the breast muscle as measured by ultrasonography directly affected breast weight and were identified as the most responsible factors for the magnitude of the correlation coefficients obtained between the studied traits and breast weight. Individual pre-selection for these traits could favor an increased breast weight in the future reproducer candidates of this line if the broilers' environmental conditions and housing are maintained, since the live body weight at slaughter and the depth of breast muscle measured by ultrasonography were directly related to breast weight.

Structural and chemical basis for anticancer activity of a series of 'beta'-tubulin ligands: molecular modeling and 3D QSAR studies

An important approach to cancer therapy is the design of small molecule modulators that interfere with microtubule dynamics through their specific binding to the ²-subunit of tubulin. In the present work, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) studies were conducted on a series of discodermolide analogs with antimitotic properties. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained (CoMFA(i), q² =0.68, r²=0.94; CoMFA(ii), q² = 0.63, r²= 0.91), indicating the good internal and external consistency of the models generated using two independent structural alignment strategies. The models were externally validated employing a test set, and the predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental results. The final QSAR models and the 3D contour maps provided important insights into the chemical and structural basis involved in the molecular recognition process of this family of discodermolide analogs, and should be useful for the design of new specific ²-tubulin modulators with potent anticancer activity.

Validação e reprodutibilidade de uma escala de auto-eficácia para adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral em pais ou cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV/AIDS

OBJETIVO: Validar uma escala de auto-eficácia para adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral em crianças e adolescentes com HIV/AIDS, levando em consideração a perspectiva dos pais/responsáveis, e avaliar a sua reprodutibilidade. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no Hospital-Dia do Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados os pais/responsáveis de 54 crianças e adolescentes de 6 meses a 20 anos que passaram em consulta de rotina pelo serviço. Os dados de auto-eficácia foram levantados pela escala de auto-eficácia para seguir prescrição anti-retroviral (AE), que foi calculada de duas maneiras: análise fatorial e fórmula já definida. A consistência interna da escala foi verificada pelo coeficiente ade Cronbach. A validade foi avaliada pela comparação das médias dos escores entre grupos de pacientes aderentes e não aderentes ao tratamento anti-retroviral (teste de Mann-Whitney) e cálculo do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre os escores e parâmetros clínicos. A reprodutibilidade foi verificada por meio do teste de Wilcoxon, pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e pelo gráfico de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: A escala de AE apresentou boa consistência interna (a= 0,87) e boa reprodutibilidade (CCI = 0,69 e CCI = 0,75). Quanto à validade, a escala de AE conseguiu discriminar pacientes aderentes e não aderentes ao tratamento anti-retroviral (p = 0,002) e apresentou correlação significativa com a contagem de CD4 (r = 0,28; p = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: A escala de AE pode ser utilizada para avaliar a adesão à terapia anti-retroviral em crianças e adolescentes com HIV/AIDS, levando em consideração a perspectiva dos pais/cuidadores.

Confiabilidade do questionário Lista de Atividades Físicas em crianças

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade do questionário Lista de Atividades Físicas em crianças. MÉTODOS: O estudo é parte da adaptação transcultural do questionário, realizado com 83 escolares de sete a dez anos, matriculados do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental da cidade de São Paulo, SP, em 2008. O questionário foi respondido pela criança por meio de entrevista individual, apresenta lista com 21 atividades físicas moderadas a vigorosas realizadas no dia anterior, é dividido em períodos (antes, durante e após a escola) e possui seção de avaliação da entrevista. O questionário permite quantificar: tempo em atividades físicas e sedentárias; e custos metabólicos total e ponderado. A confiabilidade foi avaliada comparando-se duas entrevistas realizadas com intervalo médio de três horas. Para a seção C (avaliação da entrevista), compararam-se dados da primeira entrevista e de um avaliador externo. Utilizaram-se a proposta de Bland & Altman e os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e de correlação de concordância de Lin na avaliação da confiabilidade. RESULTADOS: Os limites inferiores dos coeficientes de correlação intraclasse para os desfechos analisados variaram de 0,84 a 0,96. A precisão e concordância variaram, respectivamente, de 0,83 a 0,97 e de 0,99 a 1. A reta estimada a partir de pares de valores obtidos nas duas aplicações para atividade física indica elevada precisão dos dados. O item da entrevista com pior resultado foi a habilidade em estimar tempo (regular em 27,7% das entrevistas). Os itens da seção C apresentaram coeficientes de correlação intraclasse entre 0,60 e 0,70, exceto o nível de cooperação (0,46). CONCLUSÕES: A Lista de Atividades Físicas apresenta alta confiabilidade para aferir atividade física e sedentária do dia anterior em crianças.

Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the consumption of carotenoids, fruits and vegetables among adolescents: the method of triads

The aim of this study was to validate the intake of carotenoids, fruits and vegetables estimated by the Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adolescents (FFQA) using the method of triads. Blood samples were collected from 80 elementary school adolescents to assess serum levels of β-carotene. Partial correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between an estimated intake of carotenoids, fruits and vegetables and the serum levels of β-carotene. Validity coefficients were calculated using the method of triads. With the exception of carotenoids, partial r from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were greater than those of the 24-hour recall (24hR). The fruit/vegetable group showed the highest partial r for the FFQ (r = 0.235) and the 24hR (r = 0.137). The highest validity coefficient was obtained for the vegetable group, as assessed by the FFQ (r = 0.873). On average, the validity coefficient values for the FFQ were greater than those obtained for the 24hR or the β-carotene serum levels. The FFQA is an accurate tool for estimating the intake of carotenoids, fruits and vegetables in this population group.

Assessing the validity of a food frequency questionnaire among low-income women in São Paulo, southeastern Brazil

This study describes the validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 93 low-income women (20-65 years), participating in a case-control study in São Paulo, Brazil. Two FFQ (FFQ1 and FFQ2, 12 months apart) and three 24-hour dietary recalls (24hR) were conducted between 2003 and 2004 to estimate dietary intake during the past year. The Pearson correlation coefficients (crude, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated) were used for comparisons between FFQ and 24hR. The agreement between the methods was further examined by the Bland-Altman analysis. For the assessment of long-term reliability, the energy-adjusted intra-class correlation coefficients were mostly around 0.40, but higher for vitamin A and folate (0.50-0.56). Energy-adjusted, attenuation-corrected Pearson validity correlations between FFQ and DR ranged from 0.30-0.54 for macronutrients to 0.20-0.48 for micronutrients, with higher value for calcium (0.75). There were small proportions of grossly misclassified nutrient intakes, while Bland-Altman plots indicated that the FFQ is accurate in assessing nutrient intake at a group level.

Análise de diferentes medidas antropométricas na identificação de síndrome metabólica, com ou sem alteração do metabolismo glicídico

OBJETIVO: Este estudo comparou parâmetros antropométricos e de resistência à insulina de indivíduos sem e com síndrome metabólica (SM), subestratificados pela presença de anormalidades glicêmicas. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 454 indivíduos (66% mulheres, 54% brancos), sendo 155 alocados para o grupo 1 (sem SM, sem anormalidade glicêmica), 32 para o grupo 2 (sem SM, com anormalidade glicêmica), 104 no grupo 3 (com SM, sem anormalidade glicêmica) e 163 no grupo 4 (com SM e anormalidade glicêmica). Os grupos foram comparados por ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Os grupos com SM (3 e 4) apresentaram os piores perfis antropométrico e lipídico; no grupo 2, apesar de glicemias significantemente mais elevadas, as médias das variáveis antropométricas e lipídicas não diferiram do grupo 1. Os maiores valores médios de HOMA-IR foram encontrados nos grupos com SM, enquanto o grupo 2 apresentou o menor HOMA-β. A trigliceridemia foi a variável metabólica com coeficientes de correlação mais elevados com a antropometria. Porém, as correlações mais fortes foram da circunferência da cintura (r = 0,503) e da razão cintura-altura (r = 0,513) com o HOMA-IR (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados revelam que, em amostra da população brasileira, qualquer das medidas antropométricas identifica indivíduos com SM, mas não parece capaz de diferenciar aqueles com distúrbio glicêmico. Reforçamos a relação mais forte das medidas de adiposidade central com resistência à insulina, sugerindo utilidade da razão cintura-altura. É possível que componente autoimune contribua para o comprometimento do metabolismo glicídico dos indivíduos do grupo 2.