Patentes e licenciamentos compulsórios de medicamentos: o marco regulatório internacional e a ação dos países em desenvolvimento

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A república paraense em festa (1890-1911)

A proposta desta dissertação é discutir a formação do poder simbólico da República Paraense nos seus primeiros anos (1890-1911), observando eventos como a mudança dos nomes de algumas ruas em homenagem ao novo regime, assim como a formulação do calendário republicano, com destaque para os festejos republicanos de 15 e 16 de novembro, datas da Proclamação da República e sua Aclamação no Pará, com o objetivo de analisar seus significados, organização e, principalmente, o entendimento da idéia de fortalecer as práticas do novo governo perante a sociedade. Além dessas festas, destacam-se nessa abordagem os banquetes, reuniões políticas promovidas pela elite da época. Essa pesquisa apresentou-se como possibilidade a ser trabalhada, uma vez que partindo de outro enfoque, serão discutidas as idéias, os personagens, os discursos, as intrigas e as alianças que estiveram presentes nesse período político marcante da história regional e nacional a partir dessas comemorações.

Aplicação do gravímetro de poço em problemas de avaliação de formação no Brasil

No período de outubro a novembro de 1990, foi realizado na Bacia Sergipe-Alagoas o primeiro levantamento gravimétrico de poço no Brasil, através de um programa com a participação da Universidade Federal do Pará, a PETROBRÁS e o U.S.G.S. (United States Geological Survey). Este levantamento teve como objetivos o teste do equipamento, a resposta dos perfis gravimétricos em relação aos problemas encontrados nas bacias sedimentares brasileiras e a comparação com os dados de densidade obtidos com o perfil de densidade compensada (CDL). Os levantamentos foram realizados em três poços e os dados obtidos passaram por um processo de redução, onde os valores foram transformados para miligals e corrigidos dos efeitos de maré, deriva e terreno, para obter as densidades preliminares. Porém, a região onde foram realizados os levantamentos apresenta além do embasamento muito raso, uma seqüência evaporítica com contraste de densidade grande em relação ao resto do pacote sedimentar, gerando gradientes verticais anômalos. Estes efeitos foram então corrigidos e obtidos os valores finais de densidade. Com base em uma caracterização litológica prévia, os valores de densidade foram então comparados com o perfil CDL. Verificou-se a boa qualidade dos dados, o que permitiu o cálculo de valores de porosidade, mostrando assim possíveis intervalos de interesse à exploração de hidrocarbonetos, tanto no embasamento, reservatório mais importante, quanto no intervalo sedimentar.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de uma vacina inativada contra estirpe variante brasileira do vírus da bronquite infecciosa aviária

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Areal Geology of the Post-Paleozoic Surface of the Northwest Plains

Probably most of the area included in this report has been ex­amined to some extent by oil geologists, and most, if not all, of the important domes have been discovered and surveyed thoroughly. In parts of the area, the bedrock is covered by glacial drift or alluvium materi­al, but it is reasonable to believe that no new domal structure will be found. This means that surface examination alone will be insufficient in locating new oil fields, so future prospecting will be dependent, to a great extent, on studies of sub-surface stratigraphy.

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposure in North Americans: Cause for concern?

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that have been widely produced and used as flame retardants since the 1970’s in many consumer products such as carpet and drape linings, plastics used in electronics, computer and television casings and polyurethane foam used in chairs, sofas and mattresses. PBDEs are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which, by definition, are toxic in nature, persistent in the environment and accumulative in living organisms. Animal studies have found PBDEs to cause health defects such as fetal malformations, delayed onset of puberty, decreased sperm count, behavioral changes, permanent learning and memory impairment, endocrine disruption, as well as cancer at high doses. Recent research involving humans reported that elevated breast milk PBDEs levels in their mothers are associated with cryptorchidism (absence of one or both testes from the scrotum) in newborn boys and adverse birth outcomes as well as elevated serum PBDE levels in mothers are associated with low sperm count in young men. There are three commonly manufactured PBDE commercial mixtures: Penta-, Octa-, and Deca-BDEs. Two of them (Octa- and Penta-BDEs) have been banned by the European Union and are being voluntarily phased out in the United States. However, Deca continues to be manufactured, used, and imported in the United States. This MPH thesis consists of a literature review of peer reviewed scientific articles concerned with PBDEs in the environment and in humans, as well as a discussion concerning different routes of exposure to PBDEs and their blood, milk and tissue levels as surrogates for body burdens in North Americans and in people from other countries. Results of this literature review shows PBDE levels in human blood, milk and tissues are higher in North Americans than people from other countries worldwide. To date, the highest level of PBDEs was found in a toddler’s blood in a California study. Despite the fact that PBDEs are associated with adverse health effects, and highest levels of PBDEs in North Americans, Deca-BDE is still manufactured, used and imported in the United States. There is an urgent need of new federal regulatory policy to ban completely the production, importation and use of all commercial mixtures of PBDEs.^

Estratégia de manutenção de equipamentos elétricos em unidades offshore de produção de petróleo e gás baseada na filosofia de operações integradas.

A função Manutenção é extremamente relevante para garantir o cumprimento do planejamento da produção de óleo e gás natural de uma unidade marítima de produção, pois impacta diretamente na eficácia do processo produtivo. Quando se trata de uma instalação offshore, a manutenção passa a ser ainda mais importante, pois falhas em equipamentos e sistemas industriais podem, além de causar perdas econômicas, causar graves acidentes às pessoas e ao meio ambiente. Gerir a manutenção de uma planta industrial flutuante, localizada a 300 quilômetros da costa, como no caso daquelas localizadas nos campos do pré-sal brasileiro, é uma tarefa que requer a aplicação das técnicas mais modernas de gerenciamento de manutenção e processos de trabalho ágeis e dinâmicos para garantir o suporte técnico adequado a partir de instalações localizadas em ambientes onshore. Neste contexto, esta tese tem como objetivo avaliar e propor uma metodologia para definição da estratégia de manutenção a ser implementada em novas unidades de produção de petróleo e gás natural destinadas a operar em ambiente offshore. Esta metodologia, pautada na manutenção centrada em confiabilidade, tem como objetivo garantir que a estratégia de manutenção, além de garantir a máxima disponibilidade e eficiência dos equipamentos e sistemas, também seja compatível com a filosofia das Operações Integradas, recentemente desenvolvida pela indústria norueguesa de exploração e produção de petróleo para otimizar a produção de seus campos que já estão em fase de amadurecimento. Dessa forma, este trabalho contribuirá para que, com base na metodologia proposta para definição da estratégia de manutenção, novas plataformas de petróleo e gás natural possam operar com ainda mais segurança e eficiência, garantindo o melhor aproveitamento possível das reservas de petróleo. Este trabalho inclui uma análise de custos simplificada para os estudos de caso propostos, não fazendo parte do escopo do trabalho uma análise de custos detalhada para toda instalação.

Modularisation épistatique des loci à trait quantitatif associés à la pression artérielle et identification de gènes candidats pour l’hypertension

Problématique: L’hypertension artérielle essentielle, facteur de risque majeur dans le développement des maladies cardiovasculaires, est un trait multigénique complexe dont les connaissances sur le déterminisme génétique nécessitent d’être approfondies. De nombreux loci à trait quantitatif (QTLs); soit des gènes responsables de faire varier la pression artérielle (PA), ont été identifiés chez l’humain et le modèle animal. Cependant, le mystère plane encore sur la façon dont ces gènes fonctionnent ensemble pour réguler la PA. Hypothèse et objectif: Plutôt qu’une addition de QTLs ayant chacun une action infinitésimale sur la PA, une interaction épistatique entre les gènes serait responsable du phénotype hypertendu. Ainsi, l’étude de cette épistasie entre les gènes impliqués, directement ou indirectement, dans l’homéostasie de la PA nous permettrait d’explorer de nouvelles voies de régulation moléculaire en cause dans cette maladie. Méthodes: Via la réalisation de souches congéniques de rats, où un segment chromosomique provenant d’une souche receveuse hypertendue (Dahl Salt Sensitive, SS/Jr) est remplacé par son homologue provenant d’une souche donneuse normotendue (Lewis, LEW), des QTLs peuvent être mis en évidence. Dans ce contexte, la combinaison de QTLs via la création de doubles ou multiples congéniques constitue la première démonstration fonctionnelle des interactions intergéniques. Résultats: Vingt-sept combinaisons au total nous ont menés à l’appréciation d’une modularisation des QTLs. Ces derniers ont été catégorisés selon deux principaux modules épistatiques (EMs) où les QTLs appartenant à un même EM sont épistatiques entre eux et participent à une même voie régulatrice. Les EMs/cascades agissent alors en parallèle pour réguler la PA. Grâce à l’existence de QTLs ayant des effets opposés sur la PA, nous avons pu établir l’ordre hiérarchique entre trois paires de QTLs. Cependant, lorsque cette suite régulatrice ne peut être déterminée, d’autres approches sont nécessaires. Nos travaux nous ont mené à l’identification d’un QTL situé sur le chromosome 16 du rat (C16QTL), appartenant au EM1 et qui révélerait une nouvelle voie de l’homéostasie de la PA. Le gène retinoblastoma-associated protein 140 (Rap140)/family with sequence similarity 208 member A (Fam208a), présentant une mutation non synonyme entre SS/Jr et LEW est le gène candidat le plus plausible pour représenter C16QTL. Celui-ci code pour un facteur de transcription et semblerait influencer l’expression de Solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system) member 12 (Slc7a12), spécifiquement et significativement sous exprimé dans les reins de la souche congénique portant C16QTL par rapport à la souche SS/Jr. Rap140/Fam208a agirait comme un inhibiteur de la transcription de Slc7a12 menant à une diminution de la pression chez Lewis. Conclusions: L’architecture complexe de la régulation de la PA se dévoile mettant en scène de nouveaux acteurs, pour la plupart inconnus pour leur implication dans la PA. L’étude de la nouvelle voie de signalisation Rap140/Fam208a - Slc7a12 nous permettra d’approfondir nos connaissances quant à l’homéostasie de la pression artérielle et de l’hypertension chez SS/Jr. À long terme, de nouveaux traitements anti-hypertenseurs, ciblant plus d’une voie de régulation à la fois, pourraient voir le jour.

Our Saturday nights,

On spine: By "Brick" Pomeroy.

Following the equator : a journey around the world /

Facsimile of author's inscription on verso of series t.p.

Attentional inhibition determines emotional responses to unfamiliar faces

Complex abstract images that are ignored in a simple localization task are subsequently judged more negatively in an emotional evaluation task than previously unseen or attended images, suggesting that attentional inhibition may have affective consequences (Raymond, Fenske, & Tavassoli, in press). We examined the generality of this finding by asking whether inhibitory processes might also influence the generation of emotional responses to unfamiliar faces. To do this, we incorporated an emotional evaluation task within a paradigm that has been used to demonstrate long-term inhibition-of-return (IOR) of attention (Tipper, Grison, & Kessler, in press). On each 2-task trial, observers were first shown a unique pair of unfamiliar faces while performing a speeded go/no-go task. In this task, observers were required to withhold a response if there was an abrupt onset of an exogenous cue (no-go trials), and to make a response if a different stimulus was presented (go ‘catch’ trials). Following the completion of an intervening task, observers where asked to make an affective evaluation about the faces they had previously seen in the go/no-go task (e.g., Which of these people looks more friendly?). We found that observers were less likely to make positive affective responses to faces that attention had been exogenously drawn to in no-go trials than to faces to which attention had never been exogenously allocated. These results converge with our previous finding to suggest that inhibition may be associated with an episode encoded into memory, and that later retrieval acts to reinstate inhibitory processing. Importantly, our results suggest that this inhibitory processing involves affective devaluation, which may serve to encourage examination of new information.

Criação de zonas de alta permeabilidade em fraturas: modelagem numérica do Lajedo de Soledade, Formação Jandaíra, Bacia Potiguar

The fracturing in carbonate rocks has been attracting increasingly attention due to new oil discoveries in carbonate reservoirs. This study investigates how the fractures (faults and joints) behave when subjected to different stress fields and how their behavior may be associated with the generation of karst and consequently to increased secondary porosity in these rocks. In this study I used satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle UAV images and field data to identify and map faults and joints in a carbonate outcrop, which I consider a good analogue of carbonate reservoir. The outcrop comprises rocks of the Jandaíra Formation, Potiguar Basin. Field data were modeled using the TECTOS software, which uses finite element analysis for 2D fracture modeling. I identified three sets of fractures were identified: NS, EW and NW-SE. They correspond to faults that reactivate joint sets. The Ratio of Failure by Stress (RFS) represents stress concentration and how close the rock is to failure and reach the Mohr-Coulomb envelopment. The results indicate that the tectonic stresses are concentrated in preferred structural zones, which are ideal places for carbonate dissolution. Dissolution was observed along sedimentary bedding and fractures throughout the outcrop. However, I observed that the highest values of RFS occur in fracture intersections and terminations. These are site of karst concentration. I finally suggest that there is a relationship between stress concentration and location of karst dissolution in carbonate rocks.

Criação de zonas de alta permeabilidade em fraturas: modelagem numérica do Lajedo de Soledade, Formação Jandaíra, Bacia Potiguar

The fracturing in carbonate rocks has been attracting increasingly attention due to new oil discoveries in carbonate reservoirs. This study investigates how the fractures (faults and joints) behave when subjected to different stress fields and how their behavior may be associated with the generation of karst and consequently to increased secondary porosity in these rocks. In this study I used satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle UAV images and field data to identify and map faults and joints in a carbonate outcrop, which I consider a good analogue of carbonate reservoir. The outcrop comprises rocks of the Jandaíra Formation, Potiguar Basin. Field data were modeled using the TECTOS software, which uses finite element analysis for 2D fracture modeling. I identified three sets of fractures were identified: NS, EW and NW-SE. They correspond to faults that reactivate joint sets. The Ratio of Failure by Stress (RFS) represents stress concentration and how close the rock is to failure and reach the Mohr-Coulomb envelopment. The results indicate that the tectonic stresses are concentrated in preferred structural zones, which are ideal places for carbonate dissolution. Dissolution was observed along sedimentary bedding and fractures throughout the outcrop. However, I observed that the highest values of RFS occur in fracture intersections and terminations. These are site of karst concentration. I finally suggest that there is a relationship between stress concentration and location of karst dissolution in carbonate rocks.

The European union

Introduction An overview of media markets shows that rapid growth and the integration of some of the most dynamic market segments are characteristics of this fast-moving industry. The main players are the established incumbents upstream and the delivery segments of media downstream. The presence of incumbents, inheritors of previous public monopolies, has led Member States to use regulation in a complementary role with competition. In these markets, strategies to deliver new products and services and to serve new geographic markets focus less on organic growth than on alliances and mergers in order to create multi-media offshoots, bid for control of content rights, increase the diffusion of products and services, and develop technologies for conditional access and transmission standards to capture advantages through proprietary technology. As a result, vertically integrated dominant positions either upstream or downstream have tended to emerge. There is nothing wrong with vertical integration except when there is market power at one stage of the vertical chain. Indeed, as far as the media industry is concerned, there are some specific challenges at the European level. The new EU regulatory framework grants some specific competition principles which can be integrated into ex ante regulation. EU merger control may also prevent potential distortion of competition resulting from the creation or the strengthening of a single or collective dominant position in the media sector at a horizontal level, or from foreclosure effects at a vertical level.

Cinemática de partículas em fluidos de viscosidade variável com o tempo e sua aplicação na construção de poços de petróleo: avaliação durante paradas operacionais

The new oil reservoirs discoveries in onshore and ultra deep water offshore fields and complex trajectories require the optimization of procedures to reduce the stops operation during the well drilling, especially because the platforms and equipment high cost, and risks which are inherent to the operation. Among the most important aspects stands out the drilling fluids project and their behavior against different situations that may occur during the process. By means of sedimentation experiments, a correlation has been validated to determe the sedimentation particles velocity in variable viscosity fluids over time, applying the correction due to effective viscosity that is a shear rate and time function. The viscosity evolution over time was obtained by carrying out rheologic tests using a fixed shear rate, small enough to not interfere in the fluid gelling process. With the sedimentation particles velocity and the fluid viscosity over time equations an iterative procedure was proposed to determine the particles displacement over time. These equations were implemented in a case study to simulate the cuttings sedimentation generated in the oil well drilling during stops operation, especially in the connections and tripping, allowing the drilling fluid project in order to maintain the cuttings in suspension, avoiding risks, such as stuck pipe and in more drastic conditions, the loss of the well