Dialogue critique entre acteurs thérapeutiques : étude de la dynamique relationnelle chamanique/pentecôtiste au Guatemala

Depuis la seconde moitié du 19e siècle, le paysage religieux guatémaltèque a subi d’importantes transformations. L’apparition et l’expansion phénoménale de nouveaux mouvements protestants ont entrainé une réorganisation progressive de l’espace religieux jusqu’alors homogène et déclenché l’affrontement idéologique de différents systèmes de croyances. Dans cette coexistence parfois tumultueuse, le chamanisme doit, à sa façon, lutter pour conserver une place de choix et éviter d’être relégué au passé. Par l’analyse de l’activité thérapeutique, ce mémoire vise la compréhension de la dynamique relationnelle chamanique/pentecôtiste. Le portrait du contexte religieux et l’historique des développements servent tout d’abord de base à l’étude des perceptions mutuelles entre chamanes, pasteurs et convertis. Cette dernière permet non seulement d’apporter un élément nouveau en se penchant sur la vision qu’ont développée curanderos et brujos à l’égard du pasteur pentecôtiste au sein du pluralisme médico-religieux guatémaltèque, mais permet également l’approfondissement et la compréhension de la perception dégradante et archaïsante de cette mouvance évangélique à l’égard des croyances ancestrales. Ce croisement des regards et l’observation des rituels curatifs respectifs m’amènent ainsi à considérer de près les prolongements entre ces deux univers à priori distincts alors que certaines continuations sur le plan thérapeutique sont perceptibles. L’enquête de terrain révèle finalement qu’en parallèle à ces opinions et concordances, des impacts négatifs sont engendrés sur les pratiques chamaniques, amenant les détenteurs du savoir traditionnel à opérer des modifications apparentes sur le plan de leurs propres pratiques rituelles et croyances en fonction du système de valeurs pentecôtiste.

Social movements and environmentalism, a Luhmannian view

Depuis les années cinquante la sociologie a été concernée par le phénomène des mouvements sociaux. Diverses théories ont essayé de les expliquer. Du collective behaviour à la mobilisation des ressources, par l`entremise de processus politiques, et de la perspective de framing jusqu'à la théorie des nouveaux mouvements sociaux, la sociologie a trouvé certains moyens pour expliquer ces phénomènes. Bien que toutes ces perspectives couvrent et saisissent des facettes importantes des angles de l'action collective, ils le font de manière disparate, en regardant un côté et en omettant l'autre. Les différences entre les points de vue proviennent, d'une part, d'un changement dans les contextes sociaux, historiques et scientifiques, et d'autre part du fait que les différentes approches ne posent pas les mêmes questions, même si certaines questions se chevauchent. Poser des questions différentes amène à considérer des aspects différents. En conséquence, ce n'est pas seulement une question de donner une réponse différente à la même question, mais aussi une question de regarder le même objet d'étude, à partir d'un angle différent. Cette situation réside à la base de la première partie de ma thèse principale: le champ de la théorie des mouvements sociaux n'est pas suffisant, ni suffisamment intégré pour expliquer l'action collective et nous avons besoin d'une théorie plus complète afin d'obtenir une meilleure compréhension des mouvements et la façon dont ils remplissent leur rôle de précurseurs de changement dans la société. Par conséquent, je considère que nous avons besoin d'une théorie qui est en mesure d'examiner tous les aspects des mouvements en même temps et, en outre, est capable de regarder au-delà de la forme de l'objet d’étude afin de se concentrer sur l'objet lui-même. Cela m'amène à la deuxième partie de l'argument, qui est l'affirmation selon laquelle la théorie générale des systèmes telle que formulée par Niklas Luhmann peut contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l'action collective. Il s'agit d'une théorie intégrale qui peut compléter le domaine de la théorie de l`action collective en nous fournissant les outils nécessaires pour rechercher dynamiquement les mouvements sociaux et de les comprendre dans le contexte social en perpétuel changement. Une analyse du mouvement environnementaliste sera utilisé pour montrer comment les outils fournis par cette théorie nous permettent de mieux comprendre non seulement les mouvements sociaux, mais également le contexte dans lequel ils fonctionnent, comment ils remplissent leur rôle, comment ils évoluent et comment ils changent aussi la société.

La dimensión transnacional del movimiento feminista marroquí: génesis, desarrollo e impacto social (1980-2008)

Esta monografía busca explicar cómo han incidido el contexto internacional y las relaciones transnacionales en el movimiento feminista de Marruecos. De este modo, este estudio defiende que las Conferencias Mundiales sobre la Mujer de la ONU crearon una estructura de oportunidad política que favoreció el surgimiento y el desarrollo de este movimiento. Asimismo, dicho contexto construyó un espacio para que las activistas feministas marroquíes crearan y se insertaran en Redes de Defensa Transnacional, las cuales contribuyeron a cambiar la condición de la mujer en Marruecos, a través de reformas a los Códigos de Familia y Nacionalidad y el levantamiento de las reservas a la CEDAW. Para esto se hará un estudio interdisciplinario haciendo uso de la teoría de los movimientos sociales y del activismo transnacional. Igualmente, se utilizará una metodología cualitativa, principalmente a través de las herramientas del análisis de contenido y el trabajo de campo de la autora.

Comunidades "no sentido social da evangelização": CEBs, camponeses e quilombolas na Amazônia Oriental Brasileira

O estudo sobre novos movimentos eclesiais na Igreja Católica, desenvolvido na Amazônia Oriental brasileira, permite uma reflexão sobre a influência dessa Igreja em duas áreas rurais do estado do Pará: a Transamazônica e a microrregião de Tomé Açu. Em ambas, sua atuação, através das chamadas Comunidades Eclesiais de Base (CEBs), muito ativas, desempenha papel relevante entre as populações dessas áreas. O artigo se propõe a analisar a condição social dessas populações que, em função de suas vivências e práticas, incorporando criticamente a influência de agentes de pastoral, assumem novas identidades e novas práticas de natureza política e religiosa, antes não existentes em seu meio.

Juventude sobre pressão: um fórum alemão e uma obra de Octávio Ianni

In the 20th century, youth has become a western myth rather than an important social category in the projection of future societies. The Right-wing was ahead of left-wing movements supporting national political projects. The crisis in the Welfare state and socialism system disoriented the right and left-wing movements. The myth of youth as reference for the progressive development of history was destroyed. Youth movements, consolidated in some student movements and supported by some religious organizations took over this reference position. However, these new youth movements are rarely engaged in political or environmentalist projects. The violence that originates from disturbing practices of social reproduction puts youth under pressure.

Moral Politics: The Religious Factor in Referenda Voting

This article combines the research strands of moral politics and political behavior by focusing on the effect of individual and contextual religiosity on individual vote decisions in popular initiatives and public referenda concerning morally charged issues. We rely on a total of 13 surveys with 1,000 respondents each conducted after every referendum on moral policies in Switzerland between 1992 and 2012. Results based on cross-classified multilevel models show that religious behaving instead of nominal religious belonging plays a crucial role in decision making on moral issues. This supports the idea that the traditional confessional cleavage is replaced by a new religious cleavage that divides the religious from the secular. This newer cleavage is characterized by party alignments that extend from electoral to direct democratic voting behavior. Overall, our study lends support to previous findings drawn from American research on moral politics, direct democracies, and the public role of religion.

ESPIRITISMO E CONVERSÃO: FATORES MOTIVACIONAIS DA MIGRAÇÃO RELIGIOSA PARA O ESPIRITISMO, NO BRASIL.

Este trabalho faz um estudo analítico do fenômeno da conversão religiosa. Particularmente, dos fatores que motivam o trânsito de fiéis de uma religião qualquer para o Espiritismo, no Brasil. Os grupos em estudo, dos quais são provenientes os novos espíritas foram divididos em sete blocos: Catolicismo, Protestantismo, afro-brasileiras, Umbanda, orientais, outras e, nenhuma. Essa análise privilegia os fatores sociais e psicológicos que levam um indivíduo a mudar de religião. Ao explorar o caso brasileiro, este trabalho aborda também, a multiplicidade de religiões, seitas, crenças e movimentos religiosos presentes no cenário brasileiro, dentro da dinâmica de forças que envolvem esse campo religioso. Para isso, é apresentado um resumo da história dos principais movimentos religiosos no caso brasileiro. Dá-se ênfase ao Espiritismo no Brasil e no mundo, como forma de caracterizar os processos de evolução da Doutrina Espírita e os argumentos com que a essa Doutrina compete nesse mosaico de convicções religiosas. A pesquisa se apoia em um questionário distribuído em todo território nacional, que coleta dos respondentes, dados que permitem qualificá-los sob diversos aspectos: renda, educação, localização regional, conhecimento e prática da Doutrina Espírita, etc. Dentro dos quesitos de consulta estão sugeridas 18 opções, como razões da mudança da religião para o Espiritismo e, em outros vinte quesitos, um aprofundamento da opção que, no conjunto anterior se apresentou como a mais frequente. As opções iniciais se distribuem entre as razões mais frequentes da mudança de religião observadas pelo autor em sua experiência pessoal e na literatura. Os dados estatísticos foram coletados de mais de 2.300 depoentes, em mais de 400 municípios, em todos os Estados do Brasil.

PENTECOSTALISMOS E SOCIEDADE DE CONSUMO: ANÁLISE DE COMUNIDADES PENTECOSTAIS NO DISTRITO DE RIACHO GRANDE, EM SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO

A dissertação analisa as relações do pentecostalismo com a sociedade de consumo e quais as influências sofridas pelo pentecostalismo a partir desse diálogo. Em um primeiro momento procuramos, em pesquisa bibliográfica, compreender as movimentações da sociedade moderna, mais especificamente definimos a chamada sociedade de consumo. Analisamos as diversas teorias sobre o consumo e buscamos estabelecer os parâmetros que regem as relações entre religião, mercado e consumismo. Em um segundo momento, entendemos a composição do que é conhecido atualmente como pentecostalismos, compreendendo quais características delimitam o pentecostalismo desde seus primórdios, e como se deu sua evolução dentro do século 20, para, a partir daí, classificar sua diversidade atual e os novos rumos tomados pelo mesmo. Estabelecemos diálogo com os mais recentes dados censitários para entender a evolução desse campo religioso no cenário brasileiro. Ainda nesse momento, qualificamos o campo etnográfico da pesquisa: localizamos a cidade de São Bernardo do Campo e o distrito do Riacho Grande, onde ocorreu a pesquisa de campo com sujeitos religiosos de origem pentecostal. Finalmente entendemos, por meio de questionários e entrevistas, quais características assumem atualmente os pentecostais e as modificações observadas em suas práticas religiosas, fruto do diálogo entre o pentecostalismo e a sociedade de consumo. Entendemos que, como consequência da relação, novas maneiras de se relacionar com o sagrado são adotadas, configurando o que definimos como novo sujeito religioso pentecostal.

Cracking capitalist realism: the new student movement and its post-capitalist politics

There is much talk of =the crisis‘ in higher education, often expressed in fatalistic narratives about the (im)possibility of critical resistance or alternatives to the deepening domination of neoliberal rationality and capitalist power throughout social life. But how precisely are we to make sense of this situation? In what ways is it experienced? And what knowledges and practices may help us to respond? These questions form the basis for a series of explorations of the history and character of this crisis, the particular historical conjuncture that we occupy today, and the different types of theoretical analysis and political response it seems to be engendering. Our talk will explore the tensions between readings of the situation as a paralyzing experience of domination, loss and impossibility, on the one hand, and radical transformation and the opening of future possibilities, on the other. We will finally consider what implications new forms of political theory being created in the new student movements have for reconceptualising praxis in higher education today, and perhaps for a wider imagination of post-capitalist politics.

Radical Ambition: A Portrait of the Toronto New Left, 1958-1985

This thesis examines the rise and decline of the New Left in Toronto from 1958 to 1985. It argues that New Leftism — whose three leading ideals were self-management, national liberation, and community — arose as much from the Old Left as it did from the peace movement. In contrast to earlier readings that interpret the New Left narrowly — essentially, as the combined forces of the white student and peace movements evident mainly on university campuses — this thesis documents the extent to which New Leftism, interpreted as a political formation, provided a framework for a diversity of radical social movements, especially feminism, Black Power, gay liberation, resistance to the capitalist redevelopment of the city, and transnational solidarity. It also questions a declensionist narrative that adopts a “decadal” approach to the radicalism of the sixties, according to which 1970 spelled the end of “60s” radicalism. Quite the contrary, this thesis argues: in Toronto, it would be truer to say that 1970s were “the sixties,” in that only in this later decade did many New Left movements attain their full maturity. New Leftists successfully challenged a host of institutions, sometimes with permanent effects. The educational system was transformed. Cultural institutions and practices were revolutionized. Questions of race and gender, once peripheral to the left, were made central to it. Democratic community institutions became far more powerful. A token of the strength and durability of the New Left in Toronto was the extent to which it remained the bête noir of a series of other radical groups upholding the model of the vanguard communist party — which challenged the New Leftists’ prominence but many members of which often wound up agreeing with their positions. It was only in the early 1980s, with the ascent of a new right, that Toronto’s New Left unmistakably entered a period of decline. Yet, even then, many of its key themes were picked up by fast-growing anarchist and socialist feminist currents. Far from constituting a minor phenomenon, Toronto’s New Left, one of the largest movements for social justice in Canadian history, bequeathed to its progressive successors an imposing legacy of struggle and cultural achievements. It is the purpose of this thesis to evaluate, both critically and sympathetically, the extent to which the New Left attained its radical ambition.

The Internet as opportunity and challenge in contemporary social movements

This paper explores the relationship between the rise of “new” social movements (15-M and Occupy) and the Internet. The new social media gives rise to new kinds of social movements  which embed this technology from the moment of conception. The future of social movements will be characterised by movinets, which will have the effect of developing new efficient ways of activism. The movinets, with their embedded technology and capacity to circulate ideas among different spheres of reality, have a potential to alter the dynamics of social mobilisation.

Against fundamentalism: the silence of the Divine in the work of Karen Armstrong

Three and a half centuries after the treaty of Westphalia ended the bloody religious wars in Europe, religious zealots are again threatening to undo the progress of Western civilised society, the achievements of science, the Enlightenment and liberal democracy. Such is the charge of the 'new atheist' movements of which Michael Onfray is but one example. Onfray's self-confessed task is to rekindle the Enlightenment, to shine 'Atheology's dazzling light' on the tyranny and darkness of monotheism. And in just 219 pages, Onfray exposes 4,000 years of evil and darkness perpetrated by the three monotheistic religions-or so his Atheist Manifesto claims (2007: 219).It is the new atheists' rejection of the Enlightenment principle of toleration that prompted Karen Armstrong to write her book The Case for God. The Case for God is an argument and demonstration that all forms of fundamentalism represent a 'defiantly unorthodox form of faith that frequently misrepresents the tradition it is trying to defend' (2009: 7). As a modem twentieth century movement, fundamentalist movements are essentially pragmatic, 'modem, innovative, and modernizing' and have a symbiotic relationship 'with an aggressive liberalism or secularism' (Armstrong 2000: 178).

Unlikely friends? Oprah Winfrey and restorative justice

In recent years, restorative justice has surfaced as a new criminal justice practice in diverse parts of the world. Often, it appears that these practices have emerged in complete isolation from one another. This prompts us to question what it is that has allowed restorative justice to become an acceptable way of dealing with criminal justice issues, or in Foucault's terms, the ‘conditions of emergence’ of restorative justice. This article explores one of numerous potential ‘conditions of emergence’ of restorative justice — the discourses of the ‘therapeutic’, ‘recovery’, ‘self-help’ and ‘New Age’ movements. It aims to investigate the ways in which the taken-for-granted nature of these discourses have, in part, permitted restorative practices to become an approved way of ‘doing justice’.

Keskeytyksiä elämässä : Naisten toimijuudet aborttikertomuksissa

The present study focuses on the question of agency in the narratives of women who have experienced an abortion. The study scrutinizes agency by analyzing narratives and their context, that is, how narratives are entwined with cultural discourses and societal practices. The study thus addresses also the wider framework within which experiences and actions can be constructed in abortion narratives in the contemporary Finnish society. The women who wrote their stories or were interviewed were of different ages and had different social and religious backgrounds. Many variations of agency were found when abortion experiences were analyzed through the women s embodied and historically specific accounts. Independent and rational choices are entwined with emotions and choices made together with other people. Intimate relationships with family and friends have an important role in the choices regarding abortion. These relationships do not, however, simply belong in the private sphere but reflect the wider socio-cultural meanings of social bonds and family ties. Women s agency with regard to abortion is also constructed in encounters with the medical profession and within the wider framework of abortion legislation. The Finnish legislation grants women an abortion within certain parameters but not solely on the basis of a woman s wish to have an abortion. The data consists primarily of written narratives and interviews. All together 39 women shared their experiences with the researcher. The analysis focuses on decision-making regarding abortion, depictions of freedom and responsibility, emotions around abortion and expressions of values and religious views. The links between the women's experiences and the wider socio-cultural norms and institutions are analyzed through materials consisting of public debate on abortion in the media, ethical statements as well as literature and legislation on abortion. The analysis sheds light on the tensions apparent in the women's narratives between the legal status of abortion and more traditional views on abortion. The study demonstrates that the freedom linked to abortion is not solely to do with the right to have an abortion but also how abortion can be experienced, understood and where one can talk about the experience afterwards. The analysis reveals that Christian values shape women's experiences but that there are also new religious ways to deal with the ethical considerations brought about by abortion. Annually over 10 000 Finnish women experience an abortion, which is a situation involving ethical considerations. The study provides a nuanced account of the ways in which one can think and act when going through an abortion.

Um estudo sobre a participação de jovens mulheres em movimentos sociais de gênero no Rio de Janeiro

Compreendido como um fenômeno da contemporaneidade, a partir da década de 80 o movimento feminista é um exemplo do que se convencionou denominar por novos movimentos sociais. A partir desse momento, verifica-se uma tendência de as demandas dos movimentos expandirem-se para lutas estruturadas em torno de opressões sofridas, principalmente identitárias, no lugar de militâncias da esfera estritamente econômica. Neste contexto é que o presente estudo insere-se. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar as motivações de jovens brasileiras, de origens pobres, moradoras em áreas de favelas ou bairros populares, em movimentos feministas no Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas suas motivações iniciais e as que as manteriam militando, observando-se algumas tensões existentes nessas participações políticas. Visando ao mapeamento da ambientação histórica e política dos movimentos sociais que se abriam como possibilidades a estas jovens, buscamos traçar um breve histórico dos movimentos sociais na contemporaneidade e, em especial, nos contextos latino-americano e brasileiro, a partir da bibliografia disponível sobre o tema. Para o caso específico dos movimentos no Rio de Janeiro, foram realizadas entrevistas com antigas militantes. Tendo em vista que as entrevistadas advinham de famílias pobres, consideramos importante enveredar nas discussões sobre as exclusões sociais, a partir de uma literatura crítica ao conceito, e procurando verificar os rebatimentos das teorias à situação especial em estudo. A pesquisa de campo contou com entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com cinco jovens, com idades entre 19 e 29 anos. Para efeitos analíticos, compreendemos suas histórias a partir da metodologia da História Oral, a qual visa evidenciar a multiplicidade de vozes outrora desprezadas pelo saber científico, sublinhando o caráter militante do entrevistador. Buscando conhecer as histórias de vida das entrevistadas, foram focalizados aspectos tais como: suas origens familiares, suas condições de jovens; situação de moradia e circulações pela cidade; percursos escolares e trajetórias de trabalho. A partir desses dados abordarmos suas trajetórias militantes.