Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy

Circulating anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (anti-PLA2R) have been described in 70% to 80% of the patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN), but not in patients with secondary membranous nephropathy or other glomerular diseases. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the assay for anti-PLA2R in the diagnosis of iMN. Anti-PLA2R IgG, Elisa and immunofluorescence tests were used to detect circulating anti-PLA2R. These tests were applied in 53 patients who had a kidney biopsy. Of these, 38 had histological diagnosis of membranous nephropathy (MN) and the remaining had other glomerular diseases. The MN was classified as idiopathic in 33 patients after clinical exclusion of secondary causes. Anti-PLA2R were positive in 57.6% of the patients with iMN. All patients with secondary membranous nephropathy or other glomerular diseases did not show circulating anti-PLA2R. The sensitivity was 57.6% (CI 39.2-74.5) and specificity 100% (CI 47.8-100), AUC 0.788; p < 0.0001 for the detection of iMN. 71.4% of the iMN patients that tested negative for anti-PLA2R were in partial or complete remission. The detection of anti-PLA2R in the studied population had a specificity of 100% for the iMN diagnosis. Prior treatments seem to make the test negative and contribute to a lower sensitivity.

Case histories of infectious disease management in developing countries: Phnom Penh and Kabul

Healthcare in developing countries is affected by severe poverty, political instability and diseases that may be of lesser importance in industrialized countries. The aim of this paper was to present two cases and histories of physicians working in hospitals in developing countries and to discuss the opportunities for clinical investigation and collaboration. Cases of patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, with histoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, crusted scabies, cerebral lesions and human immunodeficiency virus and of patients in Kabul, Afghanistan, with liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and facial ulcer are discussed. Greater developmental support is required from industrialized nations, and mutually beneficial cooperation is possible since similar clinical problems exist on both sides (e.g. opportunistic cardiovascular infections). Examples for possible support of hospital medicine include physician interchange visits with defined objectives (e.g. infection control or echocardiography training) and collaboration with clinical investigations and projects developed locally (e.g. epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases or nosocomial bloodborne infections).

Pressure sores among malnourished necropsied adults - preliminary data

Pressure sores are common among bedridden, elderly, or malnourished patients, and may occur in terminal ill patients because of impaired mobility, fecal or urinary incontinence, and decreased healing capacity. The aim of this study was to compare frequency of pressure sores between malnourished and non-malnourished necropsied adults. METHOD: All (n = 201) adults (age ³ 18 years) autopsied between 1986 and 1996 at the Teaching Hospital of Triangulo Mineiro Medical School (Uberaba) were eligible for the study. Gender, race, weight, height and main diagnoses were recorded. Ninety-six cases were excluded because of probable body water retention (congestive heart failure, hepatic insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome) or pressure sores secondary to peripheral vascular ischemia. Body mass index (BMI) was used to define malnourished (BMI < 18.5 kg/m²) and non-malnourished (BMI > 18.5kg/m²) groups. RESULTS: Except for weight (42.5kg; range: 28-57 vs. 60; 36-134.5kg) and BMI (16.9; range: 12.4-18.5 vs. 22.7; range: 18.5-54.6kg/m²), respectively, there were no statistical differences among 43 malnourished and 62 non-malnourished cases in relation to age (54.9 ± 20.4 vs. 52.9 ± 17.9 years), percentage of white persons (74.4 vs. 64.5%), male gender (76.7 vs. 69.3%) and main diagnoses. Five malnourished (11.6%) and 7 (11.5%) non-malnourished cases had pressure sores (p=0.89). CONCLUSION: Pressure sores were equally common findings in necropsied persons with protein-energy malnutrition, as assessed by body mass index.

Schistosomal glomerular disease (a review)

In this review paper schistosomal glomerulopathy is defined as an immune-complex disease. The disease appears in 12-15 per cent of the individuals with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Portal hypertension with collateral circulation helps the by pass of the hepatic clearance process and the parasite antigens can bind to antibodies in the circulation and be trapped in the renal glomerulus. Chronic membranousproliferative glomerulonephritis is the most commom lesion present and the nephrotic syndrome is the usual form of clinical presentation. The disease can be experimentally produced, and schistosomal antigens and antibodies, as well as complement, can be demonstrated in the glomerular lesions. Specific treatment of schistosomiasis does not seem to alter the clinical course of schistosomal nephropathy.

Schistosomal glomerulopathy and changes in the distribution of histological patterns of glomerular diseases in Bahia, Brazil

Distinct patterns of glomerular lesions, including membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, are associated with infection by Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. Evidence suggests that immune complex deposition is the main mechanism underlying the different forms of schistosomal glomerulonephritis and that immune complex deposition may be intensified by portal hypertension. The relationship between focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and schistosomiasis remains poorly understood. A clinicopathologic classification of schistosomal glomerulopathies was proposed in 1992 by the African Association of Nephrology. In Brazil, mass treatment with oral medications has led to a decrease in the occurrence of schistosomal glomerulopathy. In a survey of renal biopsies performed in Salvador, Brazil, from 2003-2009, only 24 (4%) patients were identified as positive for S. mansoni infection. Among these patients, only one had the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was found in seven patients and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was found in four patients. Although retrospective studies on the prevalence of renal diseases based on kidney biopsies may be influenced by many patient selection biases, a change in the distribution of glomerulopathies associated with nephrotic syndrome was observed along with a decline in the occurrence of severe forms of schistosomiasis.

Severe hypertension and massive proteinuria in a newborn with renal artery stenosis.

Renal vein thrombosis and the congenital nephrotic syndrome have been associated with nephrotic-range proteinuria/nephrotic syndrome and hypertension in the newborn period. We describe a newborn with severe hypertension and proteinuria secondary to unilateral renal artery stenosis. Proteinuria completely disappeared with blood pressure control (with sodium nitroprusside and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor). Although renin was not measured, we speculate that proteinuria might have been induced by a high renin state, and was controlled by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.

Two new families with hereditary minimal change disease.

BACKGROUND: Steroid-sensitive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (SSINS) is most often encountered in sporadic cases of minimal change disease (MCD). Only rare cases of familial forms of MCD have been reported and most of them only in one generation. The scarcity of data has precluded unraveling the underlying genetic defect and candidate gene approaches have been unsuccessful. Here we report two families with related SSINS cases and review the related literature. CASE PRESENTATION: Two siblings and a cousin (first family), and a father and his son (second family), are reported with SSINS due to MCD. Patients have been followed up for more than 12 years and a renal biopsy was performed in three cases, demonstrating typical features of MCD. The course of the disease was remarkable because of several relapses treated with steroids. In three cases, mycophenolate mofetil or cyclosporine was added. CONCLUSION: Familial SSINS due to MCD is extremely rare and no genetic defect has been identified so far. Reporting cases of hereditary MCD will allow further genetic studies which will ultimately help unravel the molecular basis of this disease.

Cyclophosphamide in the treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Prednisone is the initial treatment of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However, when immunosuppressive agents in combination with steroids are used in the treatment of prednisone-dependent and prednisone-resistant patients the remission rate is variable. We report a long-term trial using cyclophosphamide (2.0 to 3.0 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks) in combination with prednisone (1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg body weight), as compared with prednisone alone for the treatment of prednisone-resistant and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Fifty-four patients (34 males and 20 females) with a diagnosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, followed-up for an average of 86.1 ± 82.4 months, were evaluated. Complete remission occurred in 20.4% and partial remission in 14.8% of the patients treated with steroids and in 26.7 and 20.0% of the patients treated with cyclophosphamide + prednisone, respectively. Of the 24 prednisone-resistant patients treated with steroids in combination with cyclophosphamide, 33.3% obtained a complete/partial response. At the time of final evaluation, 25% of the patients treated with prednisone and 10.0% of those treated with prednisone in combination with cyclophosphamide had reached end-stage renal disease. Persistent nephrotic syndrome and progressive renal insufficiency were more frequently observed among the patients treated with prednisone alone (50.0 vs 33.3% and 33.3 vs 16.7%, respectively). The treatments were well tolerated and no patient experienced adverse reactions requiring discontinuation of medications. Although open-label and non-randomized, the present trial showed that cyclophosphamide is a reasonable choice for the treatment of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and prednisone-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

ChIP-seq analysis of histone H3K9 trimethylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of membranous nephropathy patients

Membranous nephropathy (MN), characterized by the presence of diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and subepithelial in situimmune complex disposition, is the most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults, with an incidence of 5-10 per million per year. A number of studies have confirmed the relevance of several experimental insights to the pathogenesis of human MN, but the specific biomarkers of MN have not been fully elucidated. As a result, our knowledge of the alterations in histone methylation in MN is unclear. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) to analyze the variations in a methylated histone (H3K9me3) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 MN patients and 10 healthy subjects. There were 108 genes with significantly different expression in the MN patients compared with the normal controls. In MN patients, significantly increased activity was seen in 75 H3K9me3 genes, and decreased activity was seen in 33, compared with healthy subjects. Five positive genes, DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 6 (DGCR6), sorting nexin 16 (SNX16), contactin 4 (CNTN4), baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), and baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2 (BIRC2), were selected and quantified. There were alterations of H3K9me3 in MN patients. These may be candidates to help explain pathogenesis in MN patients. Such novel findings show that H3K9me3 may be a potential biomarker or promising target for epigenetic-based MN therapies.

Multiple facets of HIV-associated renal disease

HIV infection has a broad spectrum of renal manifestations. This study examined the clinical and histological manifestations of HIV-associated renal disease, and predictors of renal outcomes. Sixty-one (64% male, mean age 45 years) HIV patients were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical presentation and renal histopathology were assessed, as well as CD4 T-cell count and viral load. The predictive value of histological lesion, baseline CD4 cell count and viral load for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death were determined using the Cox regression model. The outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESRD or death were evaluated by baseline CD4 cell count. The percent distribution at initial clinical presentation was non-nephrotic proteinuria (54%), acute kidney injury (28%), nephrotic syndrome (23%), and chronic kidney disease (22%). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (28%), mainly the collapsing form (HIVAN), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) (26%), and immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) (25%) were the predominant renal histology. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was a protective factor against CKD (hazard ratio=0.997; 95%CI=0.994-0.999; P=0.012). At last follow-up, 64% of patients with baseline CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 had eGFR >60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 compared to the other 35% of patients who presented with CD4 <200 cells/mm3 (log rank=9.043, P=0.003). In conclusion, the main histological lesion of HIV-associated renal disease was HIVAN, followed by AIN and ICGN. These findings reinforce the need to biopsy HIV patients with kidney impairment and/or proteinuria. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was associated with better renal function after 2 years of follow-up.

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy: a case report of a rare disease in a brazilian child

Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is a rare autosomal recessive glomerulopathy associated with the deposition of lipoprotein thrombi in the capillary lumina due to apoE gene mutations. Abnormal plasma lipoprotein profile and marked increase in serum apoliprotein E (apoE) are characteristic clinical data. The compromised patients can present nephrotic syndrome, hematuria, and progressive renal failure. Herein, the authors present the first described case of LPG in a Brazilian male patient, 11 years, who presented with a steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Renal function was normal. Kidney biopsy showed markedly enlarged glomerulus, with dilated capillary loops and weak eosinophilic lipoprotein thrombi in the capillary lumina. Interstitium, tubules, arteries, and veins showed normal histologic aspect. Genotypic study for the apoE gene showed the presence of the alleles E3 and E4. The diagnosis of LPG was then performed. The patient received lipid-lowering treatment. After 2 years of follow-up, renal function is gradually decreasing, with persisting heavy proteinuria, despite a marked decrease in serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels.

Identification et caractérisation de gènes différemment exprimés dans les tubules proximaux de reins diabétiques et impliqués dans le développement de la néphropathie diabétique

La néphropathie diabétique est une maladie rénale caractérisée par un syndrome néphrotique et de la glomérulosclérose. Celle-ci est reliée à l’angiopathie de capillaires suite au diabète. Il s’agit d’une importante cause d’insuffisance rénale en Amérique. Or, les anomalies tubulaires comme l’apoptose ou le détachement de tubules des glomérules sont reconnues comme étant de bons marqueurs de progression de cette maladie. Ainsi, il a été proposé au cours des travaux reliés à cette thèse d’étudier les différents mécanismes moléculaires reliés à l’apoptose des tubules proximaux, en particulier dans un thème de relation avec les dommages reliés aux espèces réactives oxygénées (ROS). Une des hypothèses développée au cours de précédents travaux faisait état que l’une des sources initiales qui entrainent le développement de dommages tubulaires soit régulée à travers la production de ROS dérivés des NADPH oxydases. Ainsi, une des premières séries d’expériences entreprises au cours de cette thèse a été effectuée sur un modèle animal de diabète de type 2, la souris db/db. Suite à la caractérisation des différentes pathologies rénales et leur réduction par la surexpression de l’enzyme antioxydante catalase dans les tubules proximaux, des expériences de micro-puces d’expression génétiques furent effectuées. À l’aide de cet outil et par des analyses bioinformatiques, il a été possible d’établir un profilage de gènes reliés à différentes voies de signalisation modulées par le diabète et la catalase. Ainsi, il a été possible d’effectuer de plus amples études sur des gènes reliés à l’apoptose surexprimé dans les tubules proximaux de souris diabétiques. Un des gènes pro-apoptotique mieux caractérisé durant cette thèse fut le gène Bmf, un membre de la famille des régulateurs de Bcl-2 impliqués dans l’apoptose via le relâchement de cytochrome c de la mitochondrie. Ainsi, il a été déterminé que ce gène est surexprimé dans les tubules proximaux de souris diabétiques, et que celui-ci était augmenté dans différents modèles in vitro de diabète. Cela a permis de conclure que Bmf joue sans doute un rôle important la régulation de l’apoptose et de l’atrophie des tubules proximaux. Une autre étude effectuée dans le cadre de cette thèse était reliée avec l’utilisation d’un modèle transgénique afin de mieux définir le rôle que jouent les dommages reliés au stress oxydatif dans la progression des pathologies rénales reliées à l’induction du système rénine-angiotensine. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de déterminer que la surexpression de l’enzyme antioxydante catalase a permis de réduire les différentes pathologies rénales observées dans les souris transgéniques, ce qui permet de conclure que les espèces réactives oxygénées jouen un rôle important dans le développement de l’hypertension et des dommages rénaux.

Causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec, 2000-2004

Afin d'effectuer les classements et les analyses portant sur la mortalité selon la cause médicale de décès, il est d'usage d'utiliser uniquement la cause initiale de décès, qui représente la maladie ou le traumatisme ayant initié la séquence d'événements menant au décès. Cette méthode comporte plusieurs limites. L'analyse de causes multiples, qui a la qualité d'utiliser toutes les causes citées sur le certificat de décès, serait particulièrement indiquée pour mieux expliquer la mortalité puisque les décès sont souvent attribuables à plusieurs processus morbides concurrents. L'analyse des causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec pour les années 2000-2004 permet d'identifier plusieurs conditions ayant contribué au décès, mais n'ayant toutefois pas été sélectionnées comme cause ayant initié le processus morbide. C'est particulièrement le cas de l'hypertension, de l'athérosclérose, de la septicémie, de la grippe et pneumonie, du diabète sucré et de la néphrite, syndrome néphrotique et néphropathie. Cette recherche démontre donc l'importance de la prise en compte des causes multiples afin de dresser un portrait plus juste de la mortalité québécoise aux âges où se concentrent principalement les décès que le permet l'analyse de la cause initiale seule.

Prevalencia de nefropatía de cambios mínimos en biopsia renal en niños con síndrome nefrótico idiopático en una institución en Bogotá

Introducción: El síndrome nefrótico idiopático es una entidad con una tasa de prevalencia de 16/100.000 niños, en la cual ocurre pérdida de proteínas a través del filtro glomerular; la proteinuria > 40mg/sc/hora, se acompaña de edema, hipoproteinemia, albumina < 2,5g/dL. La ausencia de datos de prevalencia de nefropatía de cambios mínimos en nuestro medio limita la perspectiva real para lograr un manejo integral de nuestros niños y el enfoque a seguir por parte del grupo de pediatría. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo, se revisan historias clínicas de los niños con síndrome nefrótico idiopático con biopsia renal, que asistieron a la consulta de nefrología pediátrica en la Fundación Cardio Infantil durante un período de 14 años. Resultados: La prevalencia de nefropatía de cambios mínimos en nuestro subgrupo de pacientes con biopsia renal es de 24,2%. En esta, se presentaron 50% con hematuria macroscópica y 43,7% con hematuria microscópica. La insuficiencia renal crónica se presentó en un sólo paciente con 6,25% y la corticoresistencia en 3 pacientes con 18,7%. Discusión: La prevalencia de nefropatía de cambios mínimos en nuestra población es la tercera parte de lo reportado en la literatura mundial en población general con síndrome nefrótico idiopático. Esta prevalencia menor en nuestro estudio se puede deber posiblemente por tratarse la población de nuestro estudio un subgrupo de pacientes con indicación de biopsia renal además de ser la Fundación Cardio Infantil, central de referencia que llegan remitidos patologías más complejas.

Síndrome nefrótica primária grave em crianças: descrição clínica e dos padrões histológicos renais de seis casos

Os autores relatam os casos de seis crianças com síndrome nefrótica primária grave de padrão histológico renal incomum na rotina cotidiana dos nefrologistas e patologistas. O diagnóstico da doença foi realizado nas faixas etárias de 3 a 9 meses de idade (n = 4), aos 2 anos e 4 meses (n = 1) e aos 11 anos (n = 1). Um paciente foi prematuro, duas pacientes eram irmãs e seus pais eram primos de primeiro grau. Todos apresentavam edema generalizado; dois pacientes apresentavam desnutrição e hipotireoidismo e dois apresentavam hipertensão arterial e insuficiência renal. A histologia renal mostrou esclerose mesangial difusa (n = 3), proliferação mesangial (n = 2) e síndrome nefrótica do tipo finlandês (n = 1). Quatro pacientes faleceram, as causas de óbito foram infecção (n = 2), insuficiência renal (n = 1) e acidose metabólica (n = 1). Entre os sobreviventes, um paciente foi tratado com vitaminas, tiroxina, captopril e indometacina, apresentando aumento da albumina sérica e melhora do crescimento. O outro paciente apresentava insuficiência renal terminal, sendo tratado com diálise e transplante renal.