Osteoblast, fibroblast and in vivo biological response to poly(vinylidene fluoride) based composite materials

Electroactivematerials can be taken to advantage for the development of sensors and actuators as well as for novel tissue engineering strategies. Composites based on poly(vinylidenefluoride),PVDF,have been evaluated with respect to their biological response. Cell viability and proliferation were performed in vitro both with Mesenchymal Stem Cells differentiated to osteoblasts and Human Fibroblast Foreskin 1. In vivo tests were also performed using 6-week-old C57Bl/6 mice. It was concluded that zeolite and clay composites are biocompatible materials promoting cell response and not showing in vivo pro-inflammatory effects which renders both of them attractive for biological applications and tissue engineering, opening interesting perspectives to development of scaffolds from these composites. Ferrite and silver nanoparticle composites decrease osteoblast cell viability and carbon nanotubes decrease fibroblast viability. Further, carbon nanotube composites result in a significant increase in local vascularization accompanied an increase of inflammatory markers after implantation.

Multi-scale modeling of the mechanical behavior of polymer-based materials

Polymers have become the reference material for high reliability and performance applications. In this work, a multi-scale approach is proposed to investigate the mechanical properties of polymeric based material under strain. To achieve a better understanding of phenomena occurring at the smaller scales, a coupling of a Finite Element Method (FEM) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) modeling in an iterative procedure was employed, enabling the prediction of the macroscopic constitutive response. As the mechanical response can be related to the local microstructure, which in turn depends on the nano-scale structure, the previous described multi-scale method computes the stress-strain relationship at every analysis point of the macro-structure by detailed modeling of the underlying micro- and meso-scale deformation phenomena. The proposed multi-scale approach can enable prediction of properties at the macroscale while taking into consideration phenomena that occur at the mesoscale, thus offering an increased potential accuracy compared to traditional methods.

Predicting the mechanical behavior of amorphous polymeric materials under strain through multi-scale simulation

Polymeric materials have become the reference material for high reliability and performance applications. However, their performance in service conditions is difficult to predict, due in large part to their inherent complex morphology, which leads to non-linear and anisotropic behavior, highly dependent on the thermomechanical environment under which it is processed. In this work, a multiscale approach is proposed to investigate the mechanical properties of polymeric-based material under strain. To achieve a better understanding of phenomena occurring at the smaller scales, the coupling of a finite element method (FEM) and molecular dynamics (MD) modeling, in an iterative procedure, was employed, enabling the prediction of the macroscopic constitutive response. As the mechanical response can be related to the local microstructure, which in turn depends on the nano-scale structure, this multiscale approach computes the stress-strain relationship at every analysis point of the macro-structure by detailed modeling of the underlying micro- and meso-scale deformation phenomena. The proposed multiscale approach can enable prediction of properties at the macroscale while taking into consideration phenomena that occur at the mesoscale, thus offering an increased potential accuracy compared to traditional methods.

Tuneable micro- and nano-periodic structures in urethane/urea networks

Micro- and nano-patterned materials are of great importance for the design of new nanoscale electronic, optical and mechanical devices, ranging from sensors to displays. A prospective system that can support a designed functionality is elastomeric polyurethane thin films with nano- or micromodulated surface structures ("wrinkles"). These wrinkles can be induced on different lengthscales by mechanically stretching the films, without the need for any sophisticated lithographic techniques. In the present article we focus on the experimental control of the wrinkling process. A simple model for wrinkle formation is also discussed, and some preliminary results reported. Hierarchical assembly of these tunable structures paves the way for the development of a new class of materials with a wide range of applications, from electronics to biomedicine.

Risk assessment in a research laboratory during sol–gel synthesis of nano-TiO2

The occupational risks in the nanotechnology research laboratories are an important topic since a great number of researchers are involved in this area. The risk assessment performed by both qualitative and quantitative methods is a necessary step for the management of the occupational risks. Risk assessment could be performed by qualitative methods that gather consensus in the scientific community. It is also possible to use quantitative methods, based in different technics and metrics, as indicative exposure limits are been settled by several institutions. While performing the risk assessment, the information on the materials used is very important and, if it is not updated, it could create a bias in the assessment results. The exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles risk was assessed in a research laboratory using a quantitative exposure method and qualitative risk assessment methods. It was found the results from direct-reading Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) equipment and the CB Nanotool seem to be related and aligned, while the results obtained from the use of the Stoffenmanager Nano seem to indicate a higher risk level.

Concrete with triphasic conductive materials for self-monitoring of cracking development subjected to flexure

In this study, the macro steel fiber (SF), carbon fiber (CF) and nano carbon black (NCB) as triphasic conductive materials were added into concrete, in order to improve the conductivity and ductility of concrete. The influence of NCB, SF and CF on the post crack behavior and conductivity of concrete was explored. The effect of the triphasic conductive materials on the self-diagnosing ability to the load–deflection property and crack widening of conductive concrete member subjected to bending were investigated. The relationship between the fractional change in surface impedance (FCR) and the crack opening displacement (COD) of concrete beams with conductive materials has been established. The results illustrated that there is a linear relationship between COD and FCR.

An experimental investigation on nano-TiO2 and fly ash based high performance concrete

High performance concrete (HPC) offers several advantages over normal-strength concrete, namely, high mechanical strength and high durability. Therefore, HPC allows for concrete structures with less steel reinforcement and a longer service life, both of which are crucial issues in the eco-efficiency of construction materials. Nevertheless international publications on the field of concrete containing nanoparticles are scarce when compared to Portland cement concrete (around 1%) of the total international publications. HPC nanoparticle-based publications are even scarcer. This article presents the results of an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties and durability of HPC based on nano-TiO2 and fly ash. The durability performance was assessed by means of water absorption by immersion, water absorption by capillarity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, electric resistivity, chloride diffusion and resistance to sulphuric acid attack. The results show that the concretes containing an increased content of nano-TiO2 show decreased durability performance. The results also show that concrete with 1% nano-TiO2 and 30% fly ash as Portland cement replacement show a high mechanical strength (C55/C67) and a high durability. However, it should be noted that the cost of nano-TiO2 is responsible for a severe increase in the cost of concrete mixtures.

Micro/nano-structured superhydrophobic surfaces in the biomedical field: part I: basic concepts and biomimetic approaches.

Inspired by natural structures, great attention has been devoted to the study and development of surfaces with extreme wettable properties. The meticulous study of natural systems revealed that the micro/nano-topography of the surface is critical to obtaining unique wettability features, including superhydrophobicity. However, the surface chemistry also has an important role in such surface characteristics. As the interaction of biomaterials with the biological milieu occurs at the surface of the materials, it is expected that synthetic substrates with extreme and controllable wettability ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic regimes could bring about the possibility of new investigations of cellâ material interactions on nonconventional surfaces and the development of alternative devices with biomedical utility. This first part of the review will describe in detail how proteins and cells interact with micro/nano-structured surfaces exhibiting extreme wettabilities.

Síntesis y Caracterización de Materiales Nanoestructurados para el Almacenamiento de Hidrógeno. Hidrogen storage: Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials.

El hidrógeno tiene, actualmente, una atención considerable por su posible uso como combustible limpio y otros usos industriales y se ha demostrado que es posible hacer funcionar motores de combustión interna, por lo tanto es una alternativa viable respecto de fuentes de energía no renovables como el petróleo y tal vez sea en el futuro la tecnología más prometedora para reducir la contaminación, conservando el suministro de combustibles fósiles. Uno de los principales problemas para la utilización del hidrógeno como combustible es el del almacenamiento para que pueda ser seguro y transportable con todos los riesgos que esto supone. En este sentido el estudio de la adsorción de polímeros conductores (tal como polianilina, PANI o polipirrol PPy) y su posterior polimerización sobre hospedajes como aluminosilicatos meso y microporosos y carbones mesoporosos, es de suma importancia por sus propiedades para el almacenamiento de H2. El objetivo general de este proyecto es Investigar el almacenamiento de hidrógeno en nuevos composites nano/microestructurados. La síntesis de materiales micro/mesoporosos (MFI, MEL, BEA, L, MS41, SBA-15, SBA-1, SBA-3, SBA-16, CMK-3) para usos como hospedaje se realizan por sol-gel o síntesis hidrotérmica y se modificarán con TiO2, CeO2, ZrO2 y eventualmente con Ir, Ni, Zr. Muestras de estos hospedajes serán expuestos a vapores del monómero puro (anilina o pirrol). Luego se polimerizarán por polimerización oxidativa. Los nanocomposites sintetizados se caracterizarán por XRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, TEM, EXFAS, XANES, UV-Vis. La adsorción de hidrógeno sobre los composites se llevará a cabo en un Reactor Parr, desde presiones atmosféricas y a altas presiones y varias temperaturas de adsorción . Los estudios de desorción de hidrogeno se llevarán a cabo en un equipo Chemisorb Micrometrics y se realizarán estudios termogravimétricos y de capacidad de retención de Hidrogeno por el nanocomposite. La importancia del estudio de este proceso tiene importantes implicancias económicas y sociales que serán preponderantes en el futuro debido a las cada vez más exigentes regulaciones ambientales. Además se contribuirá al avance del conocimiento científico, ya que es posible diseñar nuevos materiales, los que además permitirán generar reservorios de H2 con alta eficiencia. Por lo consiguiente: - Se desarrollarán nuevos materiales nanoestructurados, micro y mesoporosos y nanoclusters de especies activas en los hospedajes como así también la inclusión de polímeros (PANI, PPy) dentro de los canales de estos materiales. - Se caracterizarán estos materiales por métodos espectroscópicos (fisicoquímica de superficie). - Se estudiará la adsorción /absorcion de H2 en los nuevos materiales desarrollados. -Se aplicarán métodos de diseño de experimento (RDS), para optimizar el proceso de almacenamiento de H2, nivel de interacción de variables sinérgicas o colinérgicas.

'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts': summary of the Royal Society discussion meeting

Bio-nano interactions can be defined as the study of interactions between nanoscale entities and biological systems such as, but not limited to, peptides, proteins, lipids, DNA and other biomolecules, cells and cellular receptors and organisms including humans. Studying bio-nano interactions is particularly useful for understanding engineered materials that have at least one dimension in the nanoscale. Such materials may consist of discrete particles or nanostructured surfaces. Much of biology functions at the nanoscale; therefore, our ability to manipulate materials such that they are taken up at the nanoscale, and engage biological machinery in a designed and purposeful manner, opens new vistas for more efficient diagnostics, therapeutics (treatments) and tissue regeneration, so-called nanomedicine. Additionally, this ability of nanomaterials to interact with and be taken up by cells allows nanomaterials to be used as probes and tools to advance our understanding of cellular functioning. Yet, as a new technology, assessment of the safety of nanomaterials, and the applicability of existing regulatory frameworks for nanomaterials must be investigated in parallel with development of novel applications. The Royal Society meeting 'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts' provided an important platform for open dialogue on the current state of knowledge on these issues, bringing together scientists, industry, regulatory and legal experts to concretize existing discourse in science law and policy. This paper summarizes these discussions and the insights that emerged.

Nano vitrocerâmica de escória de aciaria

The manufacture of glass-ceramics is an alternative route for the commercial use of metallurgical slags. Such types of glass-ceramics may find commercial applications owing to their low cost, good mechanical properties and superior visual aspect. Besides, due to the elimination of that industrial residue from the environment and also due to the possibility of replacement of natural stones such as marbles and granites, the use of slags is an activity with strong ecological appeal. While the use of blast-furnace slags for the production of glass-ceramics is well known, the utilization of steel making slags constitutes a challenge, because these materials possess low concentration of SiO2. In this work a novel composition for producing glasses and glass-ceramics from a steelmaking slag is presented. The crystal nucleation kinetics, the characterization of the resulting microstructures for two different thermal treatments and mechanical properties of the glass-ceramics are discussed. A glass-ceramic having a marble aspect, fine volumetric crystallization, high degree of crystallization and improved mechanical strength was obtained.

Química de (nano)materiais

An overview of different aspects related to Materials and Nanomaterials Chemistry is presented and discussed. The insertion of this field in Brazil is evaluated on the basis of the communications presented on the 30th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ). The importance of the Materials Chemistry Division of SBQ for the growth and consolidation of Materials Chemistry in Brazil is also discussed.

Effect of annealing on the spectral and nonlinear optical characteristics of thin films of nano-ZnO

The annealing effect on the spectral and nonlinear optical NLO characteristics of ZnO thin films deposited on quartz substrates by sol-gel process is investigated. As the annealing temperature increases from 300–1050 °C, there is a decrease in the band gap, which indicates the changes of the interface of ZnO. ZnO is reported to show two emission bands, an ultraviolet UV emission band and another in the green region. The intensity of the UV peak remains the same while the intensity of the visible peak increases with increase in annealing temperature. The role of oxygen in ZnO thin films during the annealing process is important to the change in optical properties. The mechanism of the luminescence suggests that UV luminescence of ZnO thin films is related to the transition from conduction band edge to valence band, and green luminescence is caused by the transition from deep donor level to valence band due to oxygen vacancies. The NLO response of these samples is studied using nanosecond laser pulses at off-resonance wavelengths. The nonlinear absorption coefficient increases from 2.9 ×10−6 to 1.0 ×10−4 m/W when the annealing temperature is increased from 300 to 1050 °C, mainly due to the enhancement of interfacial state and exciton oscillator strength. The third order optical susceptibility x(3) increases with increase in annealing temperature (T) within the range of our investigations. In the weak confinement regime, T2.4 dependence of x(3) is obtained for ZnO thin films. The role of annealing temperature on the optical limiting response is also studied.

Laser Induced Photothermal Investigations on Thermal and Transport Properties of Certain Selected Photonic Materials

Discovery of coherent optical sources four decades ago has revolutionized all fields of scientific development. One of the path breaking applications of lasers is the emergence of various thermo optic techniques to unravel some of the mysteries of light matter interactions.Thermo optic technique is a valuable tool to evaluate optical and thermal properties of materials in solid,liquid and gaseous states .This technique can also be employed effectively in nondestructive quality evaluation. In this doctoral thesis , the use of photothermal techniques based on photoacoustic and photothermal deflection phenomena for the study of certain class of photonics materials such as semiconductors, nano metal dispersed ceramics, composites of conducting polymers and liquid crystals is elaborated.

Sol-Gel Alumina Nano Composites for Functional Applications

The thesis entitled "Sol-Gel Alumina Nano Composites for Functional Applications" investigate sol-gel methods of synthesis of alumina nanocomposites special reference to alumina-aluminium titanate and alumina-lanthanum phosphate composites. The functional properties such as thermal expansion coefficient and thermal shock resistance, machinability of composites as well as thermal protection are highlighted in addition to novel approach in synthesis of composites.A general introduction of alumina matrix composites materials, followed by brief coverage of alumina-aluminium titanate and alumina-lanthanum phosphate composites is highlight of the first chapter. The second chapter deals with the sol-gel synthesis of aluminium titanate and alumina-aluminium titanate composite. The synthesis of machinable substrate, based on alumina and lanthanum phosphate forms the basis of the third chapter. The fourth chapter describes the sol-gel coating of mullite on SiC substrate for the possible gas filtration application.