Synthesis and Surface Modification of CdSe and CdS Quantum Dots Exhibiting High Quantum Yield

The thesis investigates the effect of surface treatment with various reducing and oxidizing agents on the quantum yield (QY) of CdSe and CdS quantum dots (QDs). The QDs, as synthesized by the organometallic method, contained defect sites on their surface that trapped photons and prevented their radiative recombination, therefore resulting in adecreased QY. To passivate these defect sites and enhance the QY, the QDs were treated with various reducing and oxidizing agents, including: sodium borohydride (NaBH4), calcium hydride (CaH2), hydrazine (N2H4), benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4), and tert-butylhydroperoxide (C4H10O2). It was hypothesized that the reducing/oxidizing agents reduced the ligands on the QD surface, causing them to detach, thereby allowing oxygen from atmospheric air to bind to the exposed cadmium. This cadmium oxdide (CdO) layeraround the QD surface satisfied the defect sites and resulted in an increased QY. To correlate what effect the reducing and oxidizing agents were having on the optical properties of the QDs, we investigated these treatments on the following factors:chalcogenide (Se vs. S), ligand (oleylamine vs. OA), coordinating solvent (ODE vs.TOA), and dispersant solvent (chloroform vs. toluene) on the overall optical properties of the QDs. The QY of each sample was calculated before and after the various surface treatments from ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy data to determine if the treatment was successful.From our results, we found that sodium borohydride was the most effective surface treatment, with 10 of the 12 treatments resulting in an increased QY. Hydrazine, on the other hand, was the least effective treatments, as it quenched the QD fluorescence in every case. From these observations, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of the QD surface treatments was dependent on reaction rate. More specifically, when the surface treatment reaction happened too quickly, we hypothesize that the QDs began to aggregate, resulting in a quenched fluorescence. Furthermore, we believe that the reactionrate is dependent on concentration of the reducing/oxidizing agents, solubility of the agents in each solvent, and reactivity of the agents with water. The quantum yield of the QDs can therefore be maximized by slowing the reaction rate of each surface treatment toa rate that allows for the proper passivation of defect sites.

Identification of 5′-deoxyribose phosphate lyase activity in human DNA polymerase γ and its role in mitochondrial base excision repair in vitro

Mitochondria have been proposed to possess base excision repair processes to correct oxidative damage to the mitochondrial genome. As the only DNA polymerase (pol) present in mitochondria, pol γ is necessarily implicated in such processes. Therefore, we tested the ability of the catalytic subunit of human pol γ to participate in uracil-provoked base excision repair reconstituted in vitro with purified components. Subsequent to actions of uracil-DNA glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, human pol γ was able to fill a single nucleotide gap in the presence of a 5′ terminal deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) flap. We report here that the catalytic subunit of human pol γ catalyzes release of the dRP residue from incised apurinic/apyrimidinic sites to produce a substrate for DNA ligase. The heat sensitivity of this activity suggests the dRP lyase function requires a three-dimensional protein structure. The dRP lyase activity does not require divalent metal ions, and the ability to trap covalent enzyme-DNA complexes with NaBH4 strongly implicates a Schiff base intermediate in a β-elimination reaction mechanism.

Radical intermediates in chloroform reactions over triphenylphosphine-protected Au nanoparticles

Reactions of chloroform over triphenylphosphine-protected Au nanoparticles have been studied using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and a spin trapping technique. Two competing reactions, abstraction of hydrogen and halogen atoms, were identified. The hydrogen abstraction reaction showed an inverse kinetic isotope effect. Treatment of nanoparticles with oxidizing or reducing reagents made it possible to tune the selectivity of radical formation from halogen to hydrogen (deuterium) abstraction. Treatment with PbO2 promoted the deuterium abstraction reaction followed by the loss of nanoparticle activity, whereas treatment with NaBH4 regenerated the nanoparticle activity towards Cl atom abstraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed an increased Au:P ratio upon treatment with oxidizing reagents. This is likely due to the oxidation of some phosphine ligands to phosphine oxides which then desorb from the nanoparticle surface. © 2009 The Royal Societ of Chemistry.

Structural Characterization of Metal Hydrides for Energy Applications

Hydrogen can be an unlimited source of clean energy for future because of its very high energy density compared to the conventional fuels like gasoline. An efficient and safer way of storing hydrogen is in metals and alloys as hydrides. Light metal hydrides, alanates and borohydrides have very good hydrogen storage capacity, but high operation temperatures hinder their application. Improvement of thermodynamic properties of these hydrides is important for their commercial use as a source of energy. Application of pressure on materials can have influence on their properties favoring hydrogen storage. Hydrogen desorption in many complex hydrides occurs above the transition temperature. Therefore, it is important to study the physical properties of the hydride compounds at ambient and high pressure and/or high temperature conditions, which can assist in the design of suitable storage materials with desired thermodynamic properties. ^ The high pressure-temperature phase diagram, thermal expansion and compressibility have only been evaluated for a limited number of hydrides so far. This situation serves as a main motivation for studying such properties of a number of technologically important hydrides. Focus of this dissertation was on X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies of Mg2FeH6, Ca(BH4) 2, Mg(BH4)2, NaBH4, NaAlH4, LiAlH4, LiNH2BH3 and mixture of MgH 2 with AlH3 or Si, at different conditions of pressure and temperature, to obtain their bulk modulus and thermal expansion coefficient. These data are potential source of information regarding inter-atomic forces and also serve as a basis for developing theoretical models. Some high pressure phases were identified for the complex hydrides in this study which may have better hydrogen storage properties than the ambient phase. The results showed that the highly compressible B-H or Al-H bonds and the associated bond disordering under pressure is responsible for phase transitions observed in brorohydrides or alanates. Complex hydrides exhibited very high compressibility suggesting possibility to destabilize them with pressure. With high capacity and favorable thermodynamics, complex hydrides are suitable for reversible storage. Further studies are required to overcome the kinetic barriers in complex hydrides by catalytic addition. A comparative study of the hydride properties with that of the constituting metal, and their inter relationships were carried out with many interesting features.^

Transformações químicas, caracterizações e estudo de modelagem molecular do clerodano bioativo trans-desidrocrotonina

In this work it were developed synthetic and theoretical studies for clerodane-type diterpenes obtained from Croton cajucara Benth which represents one of the most important medicinal plant of the Brazil amazon region. Specifically, the majoritary biocompound 19-nor-clerodane trans-dehydrocrotonin (t-DCTN) isolated from the bark of this Croton, was used as target molecule. Semi-synthetic derivatives were obtained from t-DCTN by using the followed synthetic procedures: 1) catalytic reduction with H2, 2) reduction using NaBH4 and 3) reduction using NaBH4/CeCl3. The semi-synthetic 19-nor-furan-clerodane alcohol-type derivatives were denominated such as t-CTN, tCTN-OL, t-CTN-OL, t-DCTN-OL, t-DCTN-OL, being all of them characterized by NMR. The furan-clerodane alcohol derivatives t-CTN-OL and tCTN-OL were obtained form the semi-synthetic t-CTN, which can be isolated from the bark of C. cajucara. A theoretical protocol (DFT/B3LYP) involving the prevision of geometric and magnetic properties such as bond length and angles, as well as chemical shifts and coupling constants, were developed for the target t-DCTN in which was correlated NMR theoretical data with structural data, with satisfactory correlation with NMR experimental data (coefficients ranging from 0.97 and 0.99) and X-ray diffraction data. This theoretical methodology was also validated for all semi-synthetic derivatives described in this work. In addition, topological data from the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) showed the presence of H-H and (C)O--H(C) intramolecular stabilized interactions types for t-DCTN e t-CTN, contributing to the understanding of the different reactivity of this clerodanes in the presence of NaBH4.

Characterization of silver nanoparticles prepared by wet chemical method and their antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities

Purpose: To investigate the efficiency of silver nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical method, and evaluate their antibacterial and anti-cancer activities. Methods: Wet chemical method was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver nitrate, trisodium citrate dehydrate (C6H5O7Na3.2H2O) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reducing agent. The AgNPs and the reaction process were characterized by UV–visible spectrometry, zetasizer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by agar diffusion method and MTT assay respectively. Results: The silver nanoparticles formed were spherical in shape with mean size of 10.3 nm. The results showed good antibacterial properties, killing both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and its aqueous suspension displayed cytotoxic activity against colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) cell line. Conclusion: The findings indicate that silver nanoparticles synthesized by wet chemical method demonstrate good cytotoxic activity in colon adenocarcinoma (HCT-116) cell lines and strong antibacterial activity against various strains of bacteria.

Avenues de synthèse d’un matériau magnétique multifonctionnel à des fins de catalyse hétérogène

La catalyse est à la base de la fabrication de médicaments, de produits textiles, d‘engrais, des pots d’échappement, et une multitude d’autres applications de notre quotidien. En effet, dans les pays industrialisés jusqu’à 80% des produits manufacturés utilisés au quotidien ont nécessité au moins une étape de catalyse lors de leur fabrication. Outre être actif, il est primordial pour un catalyseur performant d’être résistant à la désactivation qui se traduit par la perte d’activité ou de sélectivité d’un catalyseur au cours du temps. La synthèse d’un matériau multifonctionnel permet de répondre à ces différents critères. L’objectif d’un design intelligent de matériaux est de mener à des effets synergiques de chacune des composantes. Pour un catalyseur, en plus d’être actif et sélectif pour le produit désiré, il faut en plus qu’il soit durable, stable dans le temps, et permette d’être réutilisable. L’objectif de ce projet est de faire une synthèse originale, simple et reproductible d’un catalyseur actif et résistant à la désactivation. De base, un catalyseur se compose d’un support et d’un matériau actif. La nature, la morphologie et l’agencement de ces derniers dictent le comportement chimique du catalyseur final. Comme matériau actif, les nanoparticules d’or sont très prisées en raison de leur potentiel de catalyse élevée pour de nombreuses réactions. Cependant, aux températures de fonctionnement de la catalyse, les nanoparticules d’or ont tendance à se désactiver par coalescence. Pour remédier à cela, il est possible de déposer une couche de silice mésoporeuse afin de protéger les NPs d’or des rudes conditions de réaction tout en étant perméables aux espèces réactives. Plusieurs types de matériaux peuvent servir de support aux nanoparticules d’or. À ce titre, les particules d’oxydes de fer magnétiques telles que la magnétite (Fe[indice inférieur 3]O[indice inférieur 4]) sont intéressantes pour leur potentiel hyperthermique, phénomène par lequel des nanoparticules (NPs) magnétiques transforment de l’énergie électromagnétique provenant d’un champ externe haute fréquence en chaleur, créant ainsi des nano-fours. Une première couche de silice est utilisée comme matrice de greffage afin de fixer les nanoparticules d’or sur la magnétite. La structure visée est illustrée à la Figure ci-dessous. Figure 1 Structure du catalyseur de Fe2O4@SiO2-Au-SiO2m (Ge, Zhang, Zhang, & Yin, 2008) Plusieurs avenues d’assemblage et de synthèse sont explorées pour chacune des composantes de la structure visée. Les avantages et inconvénients ainsi que des mécanismes sont proposés pour chaque voie de synthèse. Le matériau est utilisé comme catalyseur pour la réaction de réduction du 4-Nitrophénol par du NaBH4. Pour ce qui est de la synthèse de magnétite par voie solvothermique, il a été démontré qu’il était important d’être dans un milieu sous pression puisque l’étape limitante de la réaction est la solubilité des particules de magnétites dans le milieu. Cela est en accord avec le principe de mûrissement d’Ostwald selon lequel les petites particules ont tendance à se dissoudre dans le milieu et précipiter à la surface des plus grosses particules de façon à diminuer l’énergie interfaciale. Cette synthèse a été reproduite avec succès et a mené à la production de nanoparticules de Fe[indice inférieur 3]O[indice inférieur 4] sphériques creuses d’une taille de 150 [plus ou moins] 30nm. Ces sphères creuses ont été recouvertes d’une couche de silice dense par une méthode de Stöber modifiée. Le recouvrement forme des amas de particules et est non uniforme en raison de la présence de poly(éthlyène glycol) à la sur face de la magnétite, un adjuvant présent lors de sa synthèse afin d’améliorer la dispersion de la magnétite. La synthèse et le greffage d’AuNPs sont bien maîtrisés : les AuNPs ont une taille de 17 [plus ou moins] 6nm et la quantité d’or greffé est assez élevée. Ultimement, une méthode de greffage alternative tel que le greffage par croissance in situ de nanoparticules d’or pourrait être emprunté afin d’obtenir des particules plus petites. Pour ce qui est de la formation d’une couche de silice mésoporeuse, la méthode par calcination est une meilleure option que par gravure chimique en raison de sa sélectivité envers la couche externe de silice plus élevée ainsi que la formation apparente de pores.

Catalytic reduction of organic pollutants using supported metal nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticle catalysts have in the last decades been extensively researched for their enhanced performance compared to their bulk counterpart. Properties of nanoparticles can be controlled by modifying their size and shape as well as adding a support and stabilizing agent. In this study, preformed colloidal gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon were tested on the reduction of 4-nitrophenol by NaBH4, a model reaction for evaluating catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles and one with high significance in the remediation of industrial wastewaters. Methods of wastewater remediation are reviewed, with case studies from literature on two major reactions, ozonation and reduction, displaying the synergistic effects observed with bimetallic and trimetallic catalysts, as well as the effects of differences in metal and support. Several methods of preparation of nanoparticles are discussed, in particular, the sol immobilization technique, which was used to prepare the supported nanoparticles in this study. Different characterization techniques used in this study to evaluate the materials and spectroscopic techniques to analyze catalytic activities of the catalyst are reviewed: ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Optimization of catalytic parameters was carried out through modifications in the reaction setup. The effects of the molar ratio of reactants, stirring, type and amount of stabilizing agent are explored. Another important factor of an effective catalyst is its reusability and long-term stability, which was examined with suggestions for further studies. Lastly, a biochar support was newly tested for its potential as a replacement for activated carbon.

Sintesi assistita al microonde di nanoparticelle Au/Pt per applicazioni catalitiche

Negli ultimi decenni la necessità di salvaguardare l’ambiente ha portato ad un importante sviluppo dei processi catalitici con particolare attenzione agli aspetti di sostenibilità e impatto ambientale. Le nanoparticelle metalliche, note per le ottime proprietà catalitiche, ricoprono un ruolo fondamentale nel settore della catalisi. Al fine di innescare effetti sinergici e ottenere catalizzatori più performanti, la ricerca si sta orientando verso lo studio di nanoparticelle bimetalliche o multicomponente. Questo lavoro di tesi presenta la sintesi di nanoparticelle di Au, Pt e AuPt applicabili in catalisi e preparate mediante un processo a basso impatto ambientale assistito da microonde. Un’estesa caratterizzazione chimicofisica dei prodotti (DLS/ELS, UV-VIS, ICP-OES, XRD; TEM-EDS) ha consentito di ottimizzare le sintesi rispetto a distribuzione granulometrica, stabilità colloidale, resa di reazione e composizione di fase. Per AuPt NPs si sono sviluppate due preparazioni finalizzate all’ottenimento di diverse nanostrutture, core-shell e leghe. Infine, le prestazioni catalitiche dei campioni preparati sono state valutate mediante idrogenazione di 4-nitrofenolo (4-NP) a 4-amminofenolo (4-AP) in presenza di NaBH4, una reazione modello utilizzata per testare l'attività catalitica di nanometalli. Il campione in lega, Au97.5Pt2.5, e il campione core-shell, Au90@Pt10, hanno evidenziato effetti sinergici positivi con una migliore attività catalitica rispetto ai monometalli.